Background: Glenoid version is a key morphometric parameter influencing glenohumeral joint biomechanics, stability, and load distribution. Alterations in glenoid orientation, particularly increased retroversion, have been implicated in abnormal joint kinematics, posterior humeral head translation, and degenerative shoulder conditions. While glenoid version has been extensively studied in normal and arthritic shoulders, its role in frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis) remains inadequately explored, especially in relation to repetitive overhead activity. Aim: To evaluate glenoid version in patients with frozen shoulder using computed tomography (CT) and to analyze its association with dominance and overhead activity. Materials and Methods: This observational study included 40 patients clinically diagnosed with frozen shoulder. Glenoid version was measured on axial CT images using the Friedman method. Comparisons were made between dominant and non-dominant shoulders and between patients with and without a history of repetitive overhead activity. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, with results expressed as mean, standard deviation, and p-values. Results: The mean glenoid version was −10.9 ± 3.4°, indicating overall retroversion. Increased retroversion (>10°) was observed in 45% of patients. Glenoid retroversion was significantly greater in patients with overhead activity compared to those without (p < 0.001) and on the dominant side compared to the non-dominant side (p = 0.002). Conclusion: Increased glenoid retroversion is common in frozen shoulder patients, particularly in those with dominant-side involvement and repetitive overhead activity, suggesting a possible biomechanical contribution to disease pathology. Keywords: Glenoid version, glenoid fossa, retroversion, observational study.

Introduction: The fibula is an important long bone of the leg that contributes to ankle stability, weight transmission, and serves as a preferred donor site for bone grafting. Knowledge of its morphometry and nutrient foramen characteristics is essential for orthopedic, reconstructive, and vascular procedures. Aim of the research was to study the morphology, morphometry, and position of nutrient foramina of the fibula in an Indian population. A descriptive osteometric study was conducted on 50 dried adult human fibulae, comprising 25 right- and 25 left-sided bones. Measurements of fibular length and articular facet dimensions were recorded using a digital Vernier caliper and osteometric board. Nutrient foramina were identified using a magnifying lens and their positions were classified according to the upper, middle, and lower thirds of the shaft. Result: The mean fibular length was slightly higher on the right side (34.52 ± 1.34 cm) compared to the left (34.24 ± 1.42 cm), with no statistically significant side-to-side difference (p > 0.05). Measurements of superior and inferior articular facets also showed no significant bilateral variation. A total of 47 nutrient foramina were identified, with the majority (78.7%) located in the middle one-third of the fibular shaft. Conclusion: The study demonstrates bilateral symmetry in fibular morphometry and a predominant localization of nutrient foramina in the middle third of the shaft. These findings provide useful baseline anatomical data relevant to orthopedic surgery, bone grafting, and forensic applications.

Background: Exam-related stress and anxiety are common occurrences among medical students, especially with changing curricular trends and assessment patterns. It leads to psychosomatic disturbances (Gastrointestinal disturbances, chronic pain disorders, substance abuse, drug overuse, depression, etc.) especially around exam periods. It lowers their academic performance and satisfaction levels, ultimately affecting the health care delivery in long run. Methodology: A pre-validated questionnaire was circulated among the exam-going students. Anonymous responses were solicitated to encourage honest responses. We used MS-Excel for quantitative analysis. Content and thematic analysis was done for qualitative responses. Results: Out of 205 responders, there were 88 and 117 students from 3rd and 4th MBBS year respectively. About 56% of students perceived moderate-to-significant exam-related stress. Apart from exams in general, most were apprehensive about practical exam performance and faculty expectations. Only about 42% were satisfied with their level/efforts of study against the academic workload. Common themes for causation were time management, concentration challenges, lack of guidance/support, and ineffective study techniques. Vast majority had sleep disturbances and about 60% had somatic disturbances. Students had a strong preference for informal and emotion-based coping. Conclusion: Exam-related stress in multifactorial and needs to be addressed appropriately. Implementing structured study schedules and time management techniques could alleviate some of the stress. Encouraging active learning methods, such as spaced repetition and active recall, might enhance retention.

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the effects of open and closed kinetic chain exercise interventions and to determine how these structured training programs influence selected physical performance variables, specifically flexibility, among inter-collegiate cricketers. Materials and Methods: A total of inter-collegiate male cricketers aged 18–25 years from AAA College of Engineering and Technology, Amathur, Sivakasi, Tamilnadu were selected for the study. The participants were randomly assigned into three groups: An Open Kinetic Chain Exercise Group (OKCEG), a Closed Kinetic Chain Exercise Group (CKCEG), and a Control Group (CG). The experimental groups underwent their respective structured kinetic chain training programs for a specified intervention period, while the control group continued with their regular physical activities without any specialized training. Flexibility was selected as the dependent physical performance variable and was assessed using a standardized flexibility test. Pre- and post-intervention data were statistically analyzed using appropriate inferential statistical techniques to determine significant differences among the groups. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: The results revealed significant improvements in flexibility in both the open and closed kinetic chain exercise groups when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The control group did not exhibit any significant change in flexibility. Comparative analysis between the experimental groups indicated differences in the magnitude of improvement, with kinetic chain–based training demonstrating a positive influence on flexibility development. Conclusions: The findings of the study indicate that structured open and closed kinetic chain exercise interventions are effective in enhancing flexibility among inter-collegiate cricket players. Both training methods proved superior to regular activity alone, highlighting the importance of incorporating kinetic chain exercises into cricket training programs to improve physical performance.

Cadmium and lead are environmental toxicants with well-documented adverse effects on multiple organ systems, mediated primarily through oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. Exposure to these metals remains a significant public health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where industrial activities, mining and environmental pollution are prevalent. There is growing interest in plant-based and nutraceutical strategies that may mitigate heavy metal-induced toxicity through antioxidant and cytoprotective mechanisms. Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea), an underutilised African legume, is rich in phenolic compounds, flavonoids, peptides and sulphur-containing amino acids, suggesting potential biological relevance in the context of heavy metal toxicity. However, its effects have not been systematically evaluated. This systematic review aimed to synthesise existing evidence on the phytochemical composition and biological activities of Bambara groundnut and to integrate this with experimental studies examining plant-based protection against cadmium and lead toxicity. Electronic databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar and African Journals Online, were searched in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Experimental studies investigating botanical interventions, oxidative stress markers, inflammatory mediators, apoptotic pathways and tissue histopathology in cadmium or lead exposure models were included. A total of 23 studies met the inclusion criteria. Although no study directly evaluated Bambara groundnut in cadmium or lead toxicity models, phytochemical analyses demonstrated strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Bambara extracts. Experimental studies using other plant-derived compounds consistently showed attenuation of cadmium- and lead-induced toxicity through restoration of antioxidant enzymes, reduction of lipid peroxidation, suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, modulation of apoptotic signalling and preservation of organ architecture. These mechanisms closely overlap with the documented bioactivity of Bambara groundnut constituents. In conclusion, this review highlights a clear absence of direct experimental evidence on the effects of Bambara groundnut in cadmium and lead toxicity, while demonstrating strong mechanistic plausibility based on phytochemical composition and related plant-based toxicological studies. The findings establish a robust conceptual foundation and justify further experimental investigation of Bambara groundnut as a potential nutraceutical intervention for heavy metal toxicity.