Chronic hyperglycemia is one certain cause of diabetic retinopathy. VEP findings may identify pathology in both early and late stage diabetes. Present study was done to evaluate the effect of acute rise in blood sugar on visual evoked potential in normal subjects. Subjects aged between 17yrs -21yrs of both sexes (n=100) were selected for the study. First recording of VEP done then measurement of capillary blood glucose level done prior to administration of 50 Gm Glucose then repeat measurement done after ½ hour. After rise of capillary blood glucose level recording of VEP was done. Latency of N75 and P100 along with amplitude of N75-P100 has been analysed. Amplitude of N75-P100 has statistical significant difference with p-Value of 0.0054 for right eye and 0.0039 for left eye. Sudden rise of blood sugar level certainly affects result of VEP even in non-diabetic persons. To avoid wrong interpretation of VEP findings every physiologist should consider this post-prandial effect of increased blood sugar while doing VEP in diabetic as well as non-diabetic.

The remnants of left venous valve of sinus venosus are rarely noticed in the interior of right atrium. The remnants can be seen attached to the floor of fossa ovalis. The incidence of remnants of left venous valve was studied in 50 cadaveric hearts utilised for undergraduate teaching programme. The right atrium was opened and the interior was studied for the presence of these embryological remnants. The incidence of remnants of left venous valve is 12% in the present study. It was seen either inform of membranous structure or fibrous strands attached to the fossa ovalis. This anomaly may give rise to complications like thromboembolism or difficulty during important surgical procedures of the interatrial septum. So knowledge regarding the incidence, morphology and complications of this embryological remnant is mandatory. Keywords: Fossa ovalis, left venous valve, right atrium, sinus venosus, cadveric hearts.

Radiculopathy is a mechanical compression of a nerve root usually at the exit foramen or lateral recess. Cervical radiculopathies (CR) was conditions involving a pathological process affecting at or near the root of the nerve, shortly after its exit from the upper back spine. The pain or other symptoms often radiate to the part of the body served by that nerve, if a nerve root impingement involved in the neck can produce pain and weakness in the forearm. Aim of present study to evaluate diagnostic utility of nerve conduction studies in cervical radiculitis/radiculopathy. Thirty five patients with unilateral cervical radiculopathy, confirmed by clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidences were studied. Selected patients were divided in two groups GROUP A- Asymptomatic side in subject clinically diagnosed with radiculitis/radiculopathy is used as control group. GROUP B- Symptomatic side in same subjects clinically diagnosed with radiculitis/radiculopathy used as case group. A high-voltage electrical stimulator was used to elicit nerve response bilaterally at various stimulation sites for the diagnosis of cervical nerve-root radiculopathy. The reduced CMAP of median had shown significant variation on symptomatic side as compare to asymptomatic side. These variations in side to side nerve conduction parameters by non-invasive technique brings awareness to clinicians about the radiculopathy and this report may also be useful to clinician for early diagnosis of cervical radiculopathy.

Introduction: The study was intended to assess perception of medical undergraduates towards different teaching aids utilized for giving study strategy. A comparison between conventional techniques for teaching, for example, writing chalk and board with lecture delivery utilizing projectors and transparencies and Power Point presentation. Materials and method: First year medical undergraduates were requested to fill a questionnaire in regards to their perception towards different study technique delivery systems. The students were also interviewed after analysis of result. Results: Majority of medical undergraduates (42%) favored blackboard and chalk while 31% favored PowerPoint presentations and just 26% favored projectors and transparencies. Discussion: The students favored lectures over PowerPoint presentations; but, there was no reasonable outline as to prevalence of any method. Fundamental inclination was collaboration with teacher as came out in meeting with students. Subsequently it highlights that in hands of a trained teacher any prop is valuable. It additionally highlights the requirement for training teachers to better utilize recent advances in innovations to better convey and promote understudies.

Background: Presence of septum and anatomical knowledge of hepatopancreatic ampulla morphometry plays major role in understanding safety surgical procedures of duodenal cancers Objective: to study the length of hepatopancreatic ampulla in Karnataka population. Materials and Methods: 50 formalin fixed cadavers (Male - 41; Female - 9) with age group ranged between 35 - 60 years from the departments of Anatomy, J.J.M Medical College, Davengere, Karnataka & Government Medical College, Palakkad, Kerala to study the length of hepatopancreatic ampulla and its clinical importance. Coloured solution was injected at the junction of major and minor pancreatic duct to study the length of hepatopacreatic ampulla. The length of the hepatopancreatic ampulla was measured till its opening into duodenal papilla. Results: The presence of hepatopancreatic ampulla was observed in 39 specimens out of 50 cases. The measurement of length of the hepatopancreatic ampulla revealed that the length varied from 2 mm to 10 mm. The length varied from 1 to 2 mm in 3 (6%) out of 50 specimens and 3 mm or more in 36(72%) specimens. The hepatopancreatic ampulla was absent in 11 specimens (25%) due to presence of complete septum till the duodenal orifice in the present study. Conclusion: The present study gives basic knowledge in understanding the extension of hepatopancreatic ampulla from its point of origin to termination before planning a surgery.

Background: The morphometric parameters of mandibular ramus play an important role in predictive variable in sex determination of mandible. Aim: to study the morphometric predictability of mandibular ramus in sex determination of mandible. Materials and Methods: 40 dry human mandible bones of unknown sex were utilized to study the height and breadth of the ramus of mandible and its accuracy factor in sex determination. The dry mandible bones were collected from the Department of Anatomy as well as from the undergraduate students of Santhiram Medical College & Hospital, Nandyal. The parameters like height, breadth of the mandibular ramus were measured by using sliding calipers. Results: The height of the ramus of mandible on the right side was 108.85 + 9.84 and on the left side, it was 108.82 + 9.89 in the present study. The maximum breadth of ramus was 43.62 + 5.09. The minimum breadth of ramus was 57.85 + 8.08. Conclusion: Morphometric variations of mandibular ramus may be an important anatomic factor for sex determination and unfavorable anatomic factor in difficult laryngoscopy.

Aim & Objectives: To evaluate main renal artery dimensions. The main renal artery (MRA) diameter provide indirect evidence of accessory renal arteries (ARA). Materials and Methods: 60 well embalmed cadavers from the Department of Anatomy, Stanley Medical College were included in this study. Dissection is through Conventional Dissection Method. Results: Of the 60 cadavers 72% had Mean Renal Artery diameter of more than 4mm. 28% had less than 4mm. But in each of the 28% of cadavers the kidneys were supplied with an accessory renal artery arising directly from the abdominal aorta. Conclusion: Multiple renal vascular variations are present in screening of normal patients and a sound knowledge of possible variations is very useful for radiologists, urologists and surgeons in general which prompted us to undertake this study.

The knowledge of the anatomy of a region becomes very important for doctors of different specialties both in making accurate diagnosis and to give a proper treatment for an individual. Radiologists need to understand the existence of variations in an artery in order to reduce the error in making diagnosis. The ulnar artery is the major artery of the front of forearm and the knowledge of its anatomy and variations in its origin is necessary in all specialties. The study was conducted in Department of Anatomy, Government Stanley Medical College, Chennai and 50 upper limbs comprising from 25 adult human cadavers preserved by embalming with formalin were studied by conventional dissection method. The ulnar artery arises as the terminal branch of brachial artery in significant proportion. The ulnar artery may arise proximal to the elbow or high up in the axilla. 96% of the specimens the ulnar artery arises from the brachial artery as a terminal branch. High origins, the origin of ulnar artery from lower third brachial artery was seen in 2% and from the axillary artery in 2%.