Pulmonary function values are influenced by race, age, sex, height, weight, waist, hip circumference as well as environmental, genetic, socioeconomic parameter. The development of pulmonary function and growth of physical parameters are coexistent. Measurement of lung function is essential for evaluation of physical development of children and adolescents. The present work was undertaken to evaluate pulmonary function in normal healthy school children of age group 13-19 years having different body mass index. The study was conducted over 300 students (13-19 years.), 155 male subjects and 145 female subjects. Pulmonary function parameters FVC, FEV1, FEV1%, FEF25-75%, PEFR, MVV, were measured by medspiror. BMI was calculated of all subjects by measuring height and weight. BMI was classified into various groups. It was found that 262 subjects had low BMI and were underweight, PFT parameters were low in these subjects as compared to subjects having normal BMI. Early identification of risk individuals prior to onset of disease is imperative in our developing country. It is necessary to have a good physical activity and proper nutrition in young individuals to avoid future respiratory problems.

This complete enumeration, cross-sectional comparative study was conducted in the Physiology Department of a municipal medical college in Maharashtra, India to determine the gender differences in scores obtained by students in objective structured practical examination. After explaining the purpose of the study and the procedure of the Objective Structured Practical Examination to first-year MBBS students (n=60; 30 females and 30 males), written informed consent was obtained. The examiners were provided with a pre-validated checklist for assessing the students’ performance at the procedure station. After the procedure station, the students shifted to the question station for writing answers to ten short-answer type questions. The overall mean score (out of 20) in the procedure station was 18.57  1.88 (95% CI: 18.09–19.04) while the mean score in the question station (out of 20) was 10.98  4.05 (95% CI: 9.96–12.01). The gender differences in mean scores were not significant (p=0.499) at the procedure station that primarily assessed the psychomotor domain at the “shows how” level of the Miller’s Pyramid. However, male students obtained significantly (p=0.015) lower mean scores at the question station that chiefly evaluated the cognitive domain at the “knows” and “knows how” levels. This implied that while both male and female students were equally proficient at performing the procedure (psychomotor domain) component of the practical, the male students were deficient in the knowledge (cognitive domain) component of the practical, when compared with their female counterparts.

This complete enumeration, cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted at Rajiv Gandhi Medical College, Thane, Maharashtra State, India, to determine the frequency of visually stressful activities and associated symptoms among undergraduate medical students of either gender. After approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee, the purpose and procedure of the study was explained to participants and written informed consent was obtained. Primary data related to visually stressful activities, presence of refractive errors in the participants or their family members and associated self-reported symptoms were recorded on a proforma. The mean age for males (n=32; 52.46%) was 19.33  1.04 years (95% CI: 18.97 – 19.69 years), while that for females (n=29; 47.54%) was 18.74  0.73 years (95% CI: 18.48 – 19.01 years). The Smart phone was the predominantly used electronic display device and though the daily mean duration of use was higher for males, the gender differences were not significant. The results revealed a moderate prevalence of computer vision syndrome with no significant gender difference among the symptomatics, except for backache which was significantly (Z=2.465; p=0.013) self-reported by female participants. Since electronic display devices, such as, computers, laptops and Smart phones are universally used both at work and for recreation; users ought to be made aware of measures for prevention of computer vision syndrome.

This complete enumeration, comparative, before-and-after study (without controls) was conducted on 60 first-year MBBS students (30 females and 30 males) at a municipal medical college in Maharashtra, India. The outcome studied was the difference in cognitive domain scores after attending didactic lectures (by a pre-test) and integrated teaching with case scenarios (by a post-test). The participants included all first-year MBBS students, who gave written informed consent after the purpose and procedure of the study was explained to them. Didactic lectures on anaemia were followed by a pre-test and integrated teaching with case scenarios, conducted by the same set of teachers. Next, the post-test was administered using a questionnaire that was identical to that of the pre-test. The difference between the overall pre- and post-test scores was highly significant (Z=5.966; p<0.00001). The differences between the pre- and post-test scores for female (Z=3.463; p<0.00053) and male students (Z=3.636; p<0.00027) were also significant. In the pre-test, the mean score (out of 20) was 8.40  2.92 (95% CI: 7.36–9.44) and 8.07  2.55 (95% CI: 7.16–8.98) for females and males, respectively and the gender difference in scores was not significant (Z=0.466; p=0.641). In the post-test, the mean score (out of 20) increased to 11.40  3.74 (95% CI: 10.06–12.74) and 10.53  2.69 (95% CI: 9.57–11.49) for females and males, respectively and the gender difference in scores was not significant (Z=1.034; p=0.301). The study results reveal that blending integrated teaching with case scenarios significantly increases cognitive domain scores.

The thyroid gland is an important endocrine gland in human body. The organogenesis of thyroid gland is often disturbed leading to variety of morphological variations. The position, size of isthmus, posterior relations may vary greatly. Hence a descriptive cross sectional cadaveric study was conducted in western maharashtra population in india. The study was conducted on total of 60 thyroid glands (male-34, female-26) collected during routine dissection from adult cadavers in the anatomy department, B.J.Govt medical college, Pune. Presence or absence of isthmus, its dimentions, and posterior relations with tracheal rings were noted. Absence of isthmus was noted in total 5 cadavers, incidence is 8.33% , 3 in male cadavers ( 8.82%) and 2 in female cadavers (7.69%). Average length, breadth, thickness of isthmus was 16.1 mm, 16.53 mm, 3.24mm respectively. In maximum 13 out of 60 cadavers (21.66%) isthmus was anterior to tracheal rings 1,2,3 , in 10 cases (16.66% ) - tracheal rings 1,2,3,4. About 8 cases (13.33%) anterior to 2nd, 3rd tracheal ring. A wide variation was seen in the position of isthmus, as high as cricoid cartilage to as low as 8th tracheal ring. The size of isthmus was also varying related to only 1st tracheal ring and related to 1st to 8th tracheal rings. From the study it is evident that detail knowledge of the thyroid isthmus anatomy and its variations is necessary for surgeons and physicians to avoid undue complications during tracheostomies and in evaluation of scintigraphy.

According to WHO estimates, 16.7 million people around the globe die of cardiovascular disease each year. Economic transition, urbanization, industrialization and globalization bring about life style changes that promote heart disease. High blood pressure, high cholesterol and obesity are likely to become more prevalent in developing countries. Increased energy intake and sedentary lifestyle are also responsible for heart disease. The presence of one or more cardiovascular risk factors like high levels of TC, LDL, TG, glucose, insulin, BMI and a decreased HDL have been found to increase the progression of prehypertension to hypertension. Prehypertension increases the risk of MI and CAD. The present study was undertaken to know serum HDL changes in prepubertal and postmenopausal women. Life style patterns like diet, physical activity were included in study. Total 60 Subjects of age group 8-10Years (prepubertal), 46-55years (postmenopausal) female volunteered for our study. During the study period, BMI, HDL, dietaty intake and physical activity and parameters were recorded in all the subjects. HDL is gradually decreased from pre pubertal to post menopausal women. We concluded the presence of Cardio protective HDL is normally higher in prepubertal females. Lower levels of HDL increases CVD risk. This can be attributed mainly to sedentary life style, stress and dietary habits this is seen in post menopausal women.

Objective: The aim of the study is to determine the influence of maternal anthropometry on the birth weight of the newborn. Materials and Methods: The present study was undertaken at Dr. BR Ambedkar medical college and KC General Hospital Bangalore. Hundred and eight mothers who gave birth to uncomplicated singleton pregnancy, and their newborn were examined. Maternal anthropometry like height, weight, BMI, symphysis fundal height, abdominal circumference, upper mid arm circumference and neonatal parameters like birthweight, head, chest and abdominal circumference were recorded. Mothers were classified on the basis of BMI into 3 groups: Group I BMI 22.57, Group II BMI< 22.57-26.52 and Group III BMI >26.52. Results: Mothers with a body mass index (Kg/m2) of < 22.57 belonging to group I gave birth to male babies with a mean birth weight (in Kgs) of 2.59+0.14 or female babies weighing 2.38±0.40. Mothers with a body mass index (kg/m2) of 22.57-26.52 belonging to group II gave birth to male babies with a mean birth weight (in kgs) of 3.40 ± 0.26 or female babies weighing 2.67+0.24. Mothers with a body mass index (Kg/m2 ) of >26.52 belonging to group III gave birth to male babies with a mean birth weight (in Kgs) of 3.40±0.30 or female babies weighing 2.87±0.67. Conclusion: There was a statistically significant positive correlation between maternal body mass index with birth weight in Group I and Group II (P<0.05) However in Group III male and female babies were non-significant (P>0.05).

A blood pressure has caused a lot adverse effect to the body and as a whole society if it remains untreated. Hypertensive state causes increase in left ventricular diameter as well as mass. These two conditions can be also called as LV hypertrophy. Method: 60 male individuals aged from 35 to 45 years enrolled in the study from Dhiraj general hospital after getting ethical approval. Their general examination and history was taken after that blood pressure was recorded. Participants were divided in 4 groups based on JNC guideline. 2 D echocardiography was performed and Left ventricular mass (LVM) recorded. Left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was calculated after getting body surface area (BSA). Result: Blood pressure changes show marked variation in Left ventricular mass as well as Left ventricular mass index. Pre hypertensive and hypertensive stage 1 and stage 2 shows marked rise in LVM in comparison with normotensive individuals. Blood pressure is positively correlated with left ventricular mass and also with ventricular mass index. Out of all 4 groups Prehypertensive stage shows more risk for LVM and LVMI. Conclusion: There is multifold rise in LVM and LVMI when blood pressure increased from normal range. The left ventricular hypertrophy has one independent factor above other confounding factors.

Smoking is one of the major cause of preventable morbidity and mortality in both developed and also in developing countries. Tobacco contains over 4000 chemical compounds and at least 400 toxins of which 60 are carcinogenic and its use is linked to over 25 diseases. The main cause of death related to smoking are atherosclerosis and cancer. Clinical observations in some areas shows that over 60% of heart diseases under 40 years of age are due to cigarette smoking. Regular smoking of any number of cigarettes is one of the important common risk factor for the development of myocardial infarction. The study is to see changes in ECG in smokers compared to nonsmokers. The study was conducted in young individuals of age between 18yrs to 25yrs .The individuals who does not smoke were selected as control and individuals who smoke are selected, ECG was recorded in control and smokers. Short term smoking of duration 02 to 05yrs produce significant cardiac electrical activity predisposing to cardiac risk. Study results showed that smokers are prone to cardiovascular risk. So in earlier stage abstinence from smoking can revert back the cardiovascular changes to nearly normal or in more severe cases to recovery with little residual damage to the heart.

Meditation produces various effects on human physiology, which are mediated via autonomic nervous system. Meditation is a simple and scientific technique to elicit physical and mental relaxation response, to change one’s attitude and transform life-style. Regular practice of it brings transformation in overall wellbeing of person. The cardiovascular morbidity is increasing in India in recent years. The present study was done to know the effect of meditation on heart rate and blood pressure in healthy volunteers above the age of 35 years. The cardiovascular status of the subjects was assessed clinically in terms of resting heart rate and blood pressure before the start of meditation practice and again after 4 months of practice of meditation. The results were compared and analysed.. From the study it was observed that significant reduction in the heart rate occurs in the subjects practicing meditation (P < 0.001). The systolic blood pressure was lowered to a highly significant level (P < 0.001). The diastolic blood pressure was reduced significantly (P < 0.001). This shows that the yoga provides significant improvement in ageing to reduce the morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases. Meditation provides significant improvements in physiological cardiovascular functions by tilting of autonomic balance from sympathetic in favour of parasympathetic.

The study was conducted on Haryanvi 800 adults comprising of 400 males and 400 females. Measurements were taken using standard anthropometric instruments.i.e. varnier calliper and anthropometric rod. The purpose of study was to access the bizygomatic diameter and stature and to find out the correlation between them. The data were then analysed by statistical software. The mean bizygomatic diameter for male and female were 13.08 and 12.35 respectively. The mean stature was 168.71 in male and 155.18 in female. Both the measurements were more in males then females. The results showed a statistically significant correlation between bizygomatic diameter and stature in both sexes.