The aim of this study is to investigate the physiologic effect of prolonged consumption of Raphia Hookeri fruits pulp aqueous extract on renal functions of male wistar rats. A total of 32 male wistar rats of weight ranging from 130gram to 200grams were used. The extract was administered orally for each 4 groups except control (group1) for twenty-eight (28) days. Group 1 rats were given animal feed and water only, group 2 were given 500mg/kg body weight of the extract, group 3 were given 1000mg/kg body weight of the extract, group 4 were given 2000mg/kg body weight of extract. The statistical analysis done using mean and standard deviation, P value at ≤ 0.05 and results showed that the sodium ion levels in all the test groups were marginally raised when compared to group 1, potassium ion levels in all test groups had only non-significant variations when compared to both the control and test groups but in test groups were seen to be slightly reduced with respect to group 1. Groups 2, 3 and 4 indicated elevated bicarbonate ion but of all, it was most and significant in group 4 when compared to group 1. Chloride ion indicated non-uniform and non-significant changes when compared to both the control and test groups. Creatinine all indicates non-significant effects of the extract when compared to group 1. The increase observed in urea and creatinine indicates that kidney function would deteriorate as it prolongs which negatively alter the renal physiology of the male wistar rats.

Background: It is well known that education and learning can be linked with lucid, playful and pleasurable experiences. Aim: This study evaluated the knowledge, attitude and practice of edutainment among anatomy educators. Methods: The study was conducted among Anatomy educators in four Colleges of Medicine in South Eastern Nigeria. The study adopted a survey research design with a validated structured questionnaire. A total of 34 lecturers (8 females and 24 males) participated in the study. Results: Thirty one (91.2%) of our respondents has heard of edutainment. Their major source of information was from the internet (n=19; 61.3%) followed by conferences (n=9; 29%). Our respondents showed a positive attitude to edutainment. 28 (82.4%) of our respondents said edutainment is not part of their curriculum and 24 (70.6%) of our respondents use edutainment to teach anatomy. Conclusion: Edutainment in anatomy teaching is necessary and will be productive, there is need to complement traditional teaching method (lectures) with edutainment in anatomy teaching in other to increase students’ interest and understanding.

Background: Konzo is related to a habit of long-term consumption of cassava; it is a chronic disease with quite different symptoms from acute cassava poisoning. The ameliorative effect of soya beans and brown beans in degenerative changes expressed in cortical NeuN immunoreactivity in a konzo disease rat model was investigated in the present study. Materials and Methods: 30 male wistar rats weighing 200-250g were assigned to Group 1 (Control, n=5) and was fed on animal pellet, whereas Group 2 (Protein, n=5) was administered with protein food (Soya beans+Brown bean). Bitter cassava flour was provided to Group 3 (cassava-induced Konzo, n=15). Protein (Soya beans+Brown bean) and bitter cassava flour were administered to Group 4 (protein treatment group, n=5). The Cerebrum (primary motor cortex) region was harvested through transcardiac perfusion for histological and immunohistochemical staining. Image J was used to quantify the neurons in the motor cortex. We examined general structures in the primary motor cortex with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain. Result and Discussion: H&E demonstration showed distinct pyramidal neurons with large round nucleus, and prominent nucleoli in the Control group. Interspersed between the pyramidal neurons were numerous glia cells. Protein (Soya beans+Brown bean) group, Cassava group, and Cassava + Protein group also showed intact histology of the cortex compared to control usig H&E stain. NeuN stains analyzed immunoreactive neurons. The rats fed on cassava showed significant decrease in the NeuN immunoreactive neurons at ***[p<.001] compared to the Control and Protein administered group, whereas Cassava + Protein groups showed decrease NeuN immunoreactive neurons at**p<0.1 compared to Protein group(Soya beans+Brown bean). Conclusions: This study has provided an empirical data on the ameliorative effect of soya beans and brown beans supplement on Cassava-induced konzo disease animal model. This data will be very useful to Anatomists, konzo researchers and neuroscientist.

Background: Human beings, like all living organisms, are characterized by the presence of genetically inherited physical and/or physiological characters which made them to be genetically distinct from each other. These traits, known as morphogenetic traits, are transmitted in autosomal dominant or recessive fashion. This study strives to determine the distribution, association and inheritance pattern of morphogenetic characters among students of Federal Polytechnic Ile-Oluji, Ondo State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A random sample of four hundred (male 219 and female 181) students were evaluated for two serological (blood group and rhesus factor) and ten morphogenetic traits including, earlobe attachment, bent little finger, widow’s peak, hitchhiker’s thumb, tongue rolling, tongue flipping, cleft chin, mid-phalangeal hair, eye colour and polydactyly. The data obtained were expressed in simple percentages. Chi- square analysis was used to test for statistically significant associations between observed allelic and genotypic frequency at 5% level of significance. Results and Discussions: The study revealed Blood group O as the most prevalent (47%) followed by A (22.75%), B (18.5%) while the least was AB (11.75%). Over 91% of these population were Rh (D) positive while over 8% were Rh (D) negative. The other genetic traits were observed in frequencies; attached earlobe (57.25%), bent little finger (27.5%), widow’s peak (34.25%), hitchhiker’s thumb (65.75%), tongue rolling (54.25%), tongue flipping (23%), cleft chin (24%), mid-digital hair (42%), dark eye colour (31%) and polydactyly (26.75%). Association analysis showed the presence of association between gender and all the traits excepting widow’s peak (χ2 = 19.7, p = 0.000), cleft chin (χ2 = 11.5, p = 0.000) and polydactyl (χ2 = 12.2, p = 0.000). Conclusion: Recessive traits were much more prevalent in the sampled population. The results obtained established baseline data for this population, and it can be used for medically, legally and also for anthropological studies.

Background: Resistance training (RT) for muscle growth (hypertrophy training – HT) theoretically optimizes the mechanical tension placed on the working muscle, which may be key to activating hypertrophic mechanisms. After prolonged HT, specialized weightlifting techniques like drop set training (DS) – or lifting progressively reduced loads without recovery – may help overcome plateaus in strength and re-stimulate hypertrophy, but physiological evidence to potentially support this hypothesis or the efficacy of implementing an acute drop set protocol in comparison to maintaining a standard hypertrophy training program is lacking. Objective: This objective of this study was to assess the levels of plasma growth hormone, and IGF during drop set and concentric exercises. Methods: The study used a randomized controlled, counterbalanced, repeated measures design. A repeated measures design was used to minimize the inter-individual variability of the hypertrophic response to resistance training. Thirty young males participated in a randomized, counterbalanced, within-subjects design, a DS protocol (4 sets, 4 loads/set, 75-30% 1RM, minimal recovery between loads, 3-minute recovery intervals between sets) and, separated by at least 7 days, a HT protocol (4 sets, 75% 1RM, 3-minute recovery intervals between sets). Data was analyzed using a 2 (Training Type: DS, HT, levels of quadriceps muscle hypertrophy) ´ 2 (Time: pre-exercise, post-exercise) repeated measures ANOVA to test the differences in concentrations of IGF-1 and GH during DS and HT at the specified time points. Results: The study found that there was a significant difference in IGF 1 levels before and after the exercise for both groups (Drop set and concentric exercise), with a p-value of .007. The interaction effect between the within-subjects factor (IGF 1 pre and post) and group was also significant. The results showed that there was a significant difference in GH levels before and after the exercise for both groups (Drop set and concentric exercise), with a p-value of < .001. For the Drop set group, GH pre was also significantly lower than GH post. It can be concluded that both the drop set and concentric exercise techniques have an impact on the levels of IGF 1, and GH in the quadriceps femoris. The study recommends that physical trainers and fitness professionals should consider using the Drop set exercise technique in their training programs for clients who are looking to improve their performance.

During radiological studies and surgeries, the branch architecture of the Axillary artery (AA) is crucial. Variations can complicate the interpretation of radiological data and cause unanticipated surgical complications. In the present situation, an uncommon collateral artery arose from the 1st part of the AA and gave rise to the lateral thoracic artery (LTA) and subscapular artery (SSA) before becoming the posterior circumflex humeral artery (PCHA). The SSA additionally gave rise to the thoracodorsal (TDA) and circumflex scapular arteries (CSA). For safe and effective surgical treatments and to prevent technical failures during catheterization and interventional procedures, it is essential to be aware of these anatomical differences.