Background: Blood transfusion is one of the commonest and important procedures done in patient care to treat variety of disorders like accidental trauma, pre operative blood transfusion and various other hematological diseases. In India the annual requirement of blood is close to 8 million units of which only 30% is being procured from voluntary donors. Healthy young adults are more proactive and motivated to voluntarily donate blood. Medical students can form one of the important cohort of voluntary blood donors to the hospitals to which they are attached. Objectives: To assess the background knowledge and perceptions of the first year medical students about voluntary blood donation. Methodology: A self structured questionnaire was prepared consisting of questions which were used to assess the knowledge and perceptions of first year medical students regarding voluntary blood donation. The responses were analyzed using Microsoft excel and Epi Info 7. Results: All the 130 students (100%) revealed that they had heard about blood donation and entire study group knew their blood group types. 65 (50%) reported that they knew about the average amount of blood donated by the donor and 71(54.61%) cited that they had prior knowledge about the criteria for selecting a voluntary blood donor. 95.38% opined that they were willing donate blood if and when the need arises. Conclusion: First year medical students had good background knowledge about blood donation and majority of the study group were willing to voluntarily donate blood and render their service to the society.

Alcohol is the major cause of liver disease. Liver is an important and largest gland of the human body, it detoxifies various metabolites, synthesize various proteins and produces various biochemicals necessary for digestion. Alcoholic liver disease could be due to long term alcohol consumption, including fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and chronic hepatitis with liver fibrosis or cirrhosis. Fatty liver is present in more than 90% of daily as well as binge drinkers. Although fatty liver will develop in any individual who consumes a large quantity of alcoholic beverages over a long period of time but this process is transient and reversible if timely care is taken. The prognosis of severe alcoholic liver disease is very poor, the mortality of patients with alcoholic hepatitis concurrent with cirrhosis is nearly 60% at 4 years. The conventional treatment mainly includes steroid therapy in alcoholic hepatitis, fluid tapping for ascites and in end stage cirrhosis of liver with last choice of liver transplantation. However, Ayurveda has options to liver transplantations. According to Ayurveda it can be correlated with Yakridalyodara. The treatment protocol mentioned in Ayurveda is mainly Nityavirechana (Medicated purgation) for this disease along with various oral medications. Here is a case report of a diagnosed case of Alcoholic liver disease, presented with main symptoms: nausea, vomiting, swelling in bilateral foot, weakness in the body, reduced appetite, gradually weight reduction and semisolid stool with frequency of 6-7 times/ day. Patient had history of Reduced appetite and frequent vomiting. Treatment was done on the basis of Ayurvedic principles and after 2 months of treatment, there was found significant recovery of the patient subjectively as well as objectively. After 7 months of treatment patient got complete improvement, and free from any complications and follow-up of patient is still going on regularly.

Radish is consumed and cultivated globally and is reflected as a part of human-diet, although this root vegetable is not common in many populations. Different varieties of radish have the different soil and climate requirements for better growth and yield but the most beneficial and important agro-technique is nutrition for better performance. For better quality and optimal radish production, fertilization by organic, inorganic and bio-fertilizers are very important constituents. Other pharmaceutical uses of radish include treatment of chronic diarrhea, neuralgic-headache and sleeplessness. Toxicity of Ni in radish plant is confirmed by inhibition of growth, chlorosis, necrosis and wilting. This report based study conducted to investigate the biological, physiological effects of heavy metals on the radish. In this study it was noticed that nickle sulphate act as suppressor on growth of the plant and it also decreased the content of carotenoids and chlorophyll contents such as Chlorophyll-a, b. Statistical analysis was achieved after collection of data by using appropriate computer software such as ANOVA.

Background: Termination of the mandibular canal is called the mental foramen. During surgical procedures and during anaesthesia in the mandibular region, identification of the correct position of mental foramen is important to prevent any trauma to vessels and nerve. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 100 digital panoramic radiographs. These radiographs were collected from the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Government Dental College, Srinagar. The position of mental foramen was recorded by Anshumen et al., Results: It was observed that in 42% right and 41%left sides of individuals mental foramen was in line with second premolar. Between first and second premolars, 26% right and 31% left sides. Between second premolar and first molar 20% right and 17% left sides. Mental foramen in line with mesio buccal root of first molar 8% right and 6% left sides.4% right and 5% left sides in line with first premolar and none was seen anterior to first premolar. Conclusion: The knowledge of the position of the mental foramen is very important for surgeries. Careful identification of mental foramen can help in giving successful anaesthesia to the patient.

A Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the newly developed respiratory disease that is caused by a novel coronavirus which was first testified in Wuhan, China in December 2019. (Hussain et al., 2020) The common clinical manifestations of this highly infectious disease, fever, dry cough, tiredness and less common symptoms are aches, pain, sore throat, diarrhea, conjunctivitis, headache, loss of taste or smell, a rash on skin, or discoloration of fingers or toes. The most Serious symptoms which can put the patient in life threatening condition are difficulty breathing or shortness of breath, chest pain or pressure, loss of speech or movement (WHO, 2020) The health care workers' adherence to the recommended measures taken to prevent trans mission are inevitable to minimize the increasing number of COVID-19 cases. This can be achieved by enhancing knowledge, positive attitudes, and infection control practices of the frontline workers (Ejeh et al., 2020). Objective: The objective of the present study was to access the knowledge, attitude, and practices of healthcare professionals on covid-19 and risk assessment to prevent the epidemic spread at tertiary care hospitals Lahore. Methodology: A cross sectional study design was selected. Information was collected about demographic characteristics and knowledge, attitude and practice. SPSS were used for data collection. Results: A sample of 200 healthcare workers was collected from four different tertiary care hospitals. A descriptive statistic was applied on data. In descriptive analysis frequency tables and graph were used to represent research findings of total sampled population majority respondents were females (98.5%) between the age of 20-25 years (39%). Most of the respondents were unmarried (62%), (94%) staff nurses. Conclusion: This study concluded that Health care professionals are the frontline workers dealing with the covid-19. In this study nurses had a good knowledge, positive attitude and practice regarding covid -19. In contrast, training programs can improve the understanding of risk and prevention strategies regarding covid 19.