Biochemical responses of Red Sokoto bucks experimentally infected with Trypanosomes were studied. Twenty four bucks were divided into 4 groups of 6 animals each (I, II, III, and IV). Group 1 served as the uninfected control group, Group II and III were inoculated with 2 ml of 1 x106 Trypanosoma brucei and T. congolense respectively while Group IV were inoculated with 2 ml of 1x106 parasites each of T. congolense and T. brucei. The bucks in all the infected groups were treated on day 14 post patency with Isometamidium Chloride (2%) at the dose rate of 0.5 mg/kg IM. Serum enzymes (Aspartate amino transferase, Alanine amino transferase, Alanine amino phosphate) were all elevated. Urea and potassium levels were increased, while the levels of Na+, Cl- and HCO3 were decreased. The elevated biochemical parameters were more pronounced during the infection and relapse phases in the entire infected group. This study concludes that during trypanosome infection phases, serum enzyme; urea and potassium were elevated while Na+, Cl- and HCO3 ions were decreased.

Vertical root fracture(VRF) is one of the common reasons for extraction of endodontically treated teeth. Though many options of saving such teeth were available, they were not of much success. Therefore the objective of this article is to discuss one such case. A 50 year old male patient reported with Vertical root fracture and 15 mm of periodontal probing depth in the distal aspect of 14. Radiographic examination indicated vertical root fracture. Dual cure nanoionomer cement, Ketac N100 was used to seal the fracture followed by guided tissue regeneration therapy with amniotic membrane. The use of dual cure nanoionomer cement and amniotic membrane showed favourable results as the pocket probing depth reduced to 5mm and bone formation was appreciated radiographically at 1 year. It can be concluded that the combination of dual cure nanoionomer and amniotic membrane may be a suitable approach in the management of Vertical root fracture since it remarkably improved the prognosis of the tooth.

This paper examines the impact of financial development on the rates of investment in physical and human capital, again with and without accounting for country fixed effects. The development of financial sector through effective utilization of domestic resources is vital for economic growth and poverty reduction. During the first half of the 1990s Bangladesh experienced major financial sector reforms which included the liberalization of interest rates, improvement of monetary policy, abolishing priority sector lending, strengthening central bank supervision, regulating banks, improving debt recovery and broadening capital market development. To the extent that financial development facilitates growth by encouraging factor accumulation; we should observe their impact in these direct specifications.

Individuals with special health needs are disadvantaged by virtue of the health challenges they face which contributes to their reduced ability to take care of their overall health. The aim of the study was to determine the oral health status and treatment needs of a group of individuals with special health needs. A cross-sectional study was carried out in an institution for individuals with special health needs in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Information on demographics and medical conditions of the participants was obtained from their teachers/minders. Their oral cavities were then examined for their oral hygiene status, dental caries, malocclusion, dental anomalies and dental trauma. Sixty four subjects consisting of 34 (53.1%) males and 30 (46.9%) females with a mean age of 13.6 (+ 6.86) years were assessed. Five health conditions were noticed; Cerebral palsy 23 (35.9%), Down‘s syndrome 21 (32.8%), learning disability 11 (17.2%), autism 7 (10.9%) and seizure disorders (3.1%). Although 46 (71.9%) were caries free, the mean DMFT was 0.61 (+1.16) and there was no significant difference (p=0.50) across the gender. The decayed component was 75% and there were no filled teeth. The mean OHI-S was 1.66 (+ 0.79) and thirty three (51.6%) had good oral hygiene with no significant differences (p=0.16) across the medical conditions. Thirty (46.7%) individuals needed oral prophylaxis and 18.1% were in need of restorative care. Fourteen (21.9%) needed composite/labial facing while 10.4% would need stainless crowns on the posterior teeth. The study establishes inadequate utilisation of dental services among special healthcare need individuals.

Poor oral health can be a precursor to serious diseases including oral cavity and oral cancers. However, oral health assessments and screenings are largely neglected in vulnerable populations, such as prisoners in developing countries. Little efforts have been made to address this public health problem. The purpose of this systematic review is to provide an overview of oral health status of prisoners in India. Following PRISMA-P (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols), 13 studies were selected that assessed the oral health status of prisoners in India and were published in English between January 2010 and May 2016. The review indicated that prisoners have a high prevalence of dental caries, missing teeth and filled teeth score ranging from 2.7 to 5.7, poor periodontal status (60-90%), and high prevalence of oro-mucosal lesions (as high as 60%). The poor standards of past oral care and virtual absence of oral health care facility necessitates policy amendments to improve the oral health of prisoners. It is important to not only assess and treat the diagnosed oral diseases but also to develop preventative measures for this relatively isolated and vulnerable population. This is the first systematic review to assess oral health among prisoners in India. This study will encourage policy makers to develop appropriate preventative and treatment programs for oral health of the prisoners.

The aim is to determine the effect of two dietary drinks Coca Cola and Tropicana orange juice on the surface hardness of two aesthetic nanocomposite materials. Materials and methods: The materials included nanocomposite materials Shofu Beautifil II and Estelite α- supranano composite. A sample size of 120 specimens of 5.5mm × 3 mm in dimension of each restorative material was prepared . The discs were divided into 2 groups of 60 specimens each and each subgroup of 20 samples each .The discs were immersed in different beverages in time intervals of 1 hour,1 day and 1week . Surface hardness tests were performed before immersion and at time intervals of 1 hour,1 day and 1 week intervals. Statistical analysis used was one way ANOVA. Results: Exposure to Coca Cola and Tropicana orange juice reduced the hardness of both the nanocomposites with Coca Cola showing greater reduction in hardness between the two with p<0.05. Shofu Beautifil II showed greater reduction in hardness than Estelite α-supranano at all time intervals. Conclusion: Estelite α-supranano showed better results compared to Shofu Beautifil II .Clinicians should therefore judiciously decide which material will be better for patients taking into consideration their dietary habits and lifestyle.

The quality of government is a key variable affecting the government's trust. Then, how to measure the quality of government? How to study the influence of government quality on government trust? This paper focuses on combing the research status of government quality and government trust at home and abroad, defines the concept of government quality involved in the article, and points out the importance of the division of government quality indicators. Through the literature review of the efficiency of the government, the rule of law, clean government effect on government trust, a general overview of the quality of government's trust in the government, provide basic materials for studying the relationship between government quality and government trust.

This is the first study of aeromycoflora from the two places Ad Darb and Shuqaiq in the Jizan province. The diversity of aeromycoflora of the two places was isolated to know the environmental status. A total number of sixteen outdoor and indoor environmental samples of aeromycoflora were collected and studied from the two places along with the College of Science and Arts for Girls at Ad Darb. The aeromycoflora was cultured by open petri plate method during the month of April 2017 . A qualitative and quantitative assessment of the indoor and outdoor mycoflora was carried out by exposing the Potato Dextrose Agar petri plates in the different environments each for a period of two minutes.The fungal cultures on the petri plates and the slides were identified by microscopic and macroscopic characteristics. The outdoor aeromycoflora was represented by Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aureobasidium, Curvularia, Dresclera, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Penicillium and Yeast. The indoor aeromycoflora was represented by Aspergillus, Colletotrichum , Penicillium, Chrysosporium and Ulocladium. The most predominant genus was Aspergillus. The colony forming unit (CFU)3 of each of the represented mycoflora was calculated to find out the level of contamination at the different sites. The (CFU)3 values indicated that the outdoor mycoflora was higher than the indoor mycoflora .The fungal genera isolated are pathogenic. Hence a polluted aerial environment is harmful not only to human health but also to the animals and plant life .Therefore a constant monitoring for a clean and germ free environment is needed at all times.

Soil investigation reports form basis of decision making in the choice of site and design of foundation, with a view to avoiding failures in foundations. Unfortunately, detailed tests are most often time not carried out either as a result of huge financial involvement or scarcity of good laboratory equipment. The study therefore, establishes relationships between the index properties and the strength (detailed) properties of the tropical soil in the South-east. For the purpose of the study data on the various laboratory tests of the tropical soil samples sourced from different construction sites in the South-east of Nigeria were collated. With the results of the mechanical and physical properties of the respective soil samples eight regression models were therefore formulated, which explain the relationships of the respective soil properties to one another. In order to ensure reliability of the models, tests for significance of coefficients of the respective predictive variables and fitness of the models were carried out hence; only three of them were proven adequate. These final models as (i) YCBR1 = 6.09 + 0.79G - 0.08S + 0.03M - 0.09C + 0.24 LL - 0.30PL (ii) YCBR2 = 0.42 + 0.93G + 0.05M and (iii) Y1UCS = 14.12 + 2.40CBR were finally established. By this development in tropical region of Nigeria, when test values of the index properties are obtained, CBR properties would be calculated using the first model. Having obtained the CBR value, the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) can therefore be calculated using last model. Base on this analysis it is therefore concluded that the Index properties of the soil have significant relationships with its Strength properties.

The paradigm shift of data from static to fast flowing data is an important move in the industry, to accommodate growing size of data. The velocity and volume of data are continuing to expand which has started to make its impact in business and other applications of Big Data. The paper describes the paradigm shift of data from static data to streaming data for data analytics beyond Hadoop. It describes how the first generation of Hadoop applications were largely built for batch-oriented paradigm . Streaming data is essentially different from traditional data handling patterns and comes with its own set of challenges and requirements. New applications such as Storm, Flume, Kafka, and other technologies are evolving to bring in an era of real-time analytics Data is generated incessantly from thousands of sources simultaneously and it can be of various type such as log files, mobile and web data, transaction etc. The sections of my paper are Introduction followed by Streaming data, Hadoop, Streaming data analytics, Apache Spark, Comparing Streaming models and Streaming analytics use cases followed by conclusion. The information presented is from secondary source i.e. journal, conference proceedings and websites.

Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma (AFO) is one of the rare mixed radiolucent and radiopaque odontogenic tumors in children and are often asymptomatic. AFOs are found by routine clinical and radiological examination or when they cause obvious intra- or extra-oral swelling. We rport an unusual case of Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma of 06-year old male patient.

Evidence based nursing is the process in which nurse is able to make clinical decisions by using the best available research evidence, their clinical expertise and patient preferences. The goal of this study is to gain knowledge about the recent awareness, perception, skills, and barriers for the implementation of Evidence based practices among the nurses of government hospitals Lahore Pakistan. There is approximately, over a half billion dollars per year spent on treatment, and medical follow-ups that did not follow the guidelines of evidence based practices [1]. A quantitative descriptive cross-section research design was used to evaluate nurses’ awareness, perceptions and barriers for implementation of Evidence Based Practice in healthcare. A convenient sample of 500 clinical nurses was selected. Tool; a structured questionnaire to collect socio-demographic data such as age, education level, and experiences, nurses awareness, perception and barriers for implementation of evidence based practice. A five-point Likers scale used. The finding of this study shows that awareness of nurses related to evidence based practices were (36%, 64%) satisfactory. The perception of participant was 55.48%. The Barriers for research utilization was 68.49% and barriers to research resource information were 71.92%. The study concluded that overall results awareness of Nurses about Evidence Based Practices was satisfactory but still they need to be excellent level of awareness. The barriers related to research utilization and research resource information were a big hurdle in evidence based practices and perceptions of skills were negative

Catheter associate Urinary tract infection (CAUTI) is common health care–associated infection and widely found in hospitals and long term care facilities. Recent studies reported urinary pathogens showing resistance to most commonly prescribed antibiotics. Area specific study to find out the pathogen responsible for CAUTI and their resistant pattern which will be helpful for clinician to choose proper treatment and strategies to prevent infection in future. The infection rate was 52% among 200 patients using indwelling catheter. It was anticipated when catheter was used for longer period infection rate up to 60%. E. coli was most frequent detected bacteria and amikacin found most effective among the antibiotic we tested. Overall hospital stay and financial burden of patients increased due to CAUTI compared to the patients without infection.

Occupational hazards associated with health are present in every occupation, and they are the leading cause of death and mortality. Occupational safety at the workplace improves the employees’ health and increases their productivity. In the medical profession, Nurses constitute the largest group of healthcare workers, and experience a higher rate of workplace hazards exposure than other health care workers. This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices among nurses concerning occupational hazards in a public hospital. The research method was descriptive cross-sectional. The data was collected from Nawaz Sharif Social Security Hospital Lahore Pakistan. The data was collected from nurses by using questionnaires. The result showed that 67.5% nurses were with high knowledge about occupational hazards. Overall positive attitude was 56.91 % and overall practice level was 57.72% which is insufficient. The practical implication of the study is to improve the practices and reduce the exposure of occupational hazards. There should be training and educational meetings for the nurses to enhance the occupational safety, develop policies on all aspects related to occupational hazards

Field reports by Veterinarians indicate that Isometamidium Chloride used in the treatment of trypanosomosis is not efficacious. This study was designed to determine the efficacy of 2% of this drug in the treatment of single and mixed infections of T. Congoense and T. brucei in Red Sokoto Bucks. Twenty four (24) Red Sokoto Bucks, 8 months - 1 year old were randomly selected and divided into four groups viz (I, II, III, and IV) of six each. These were used to investigate the relapse of infections of single and mixed trypanosome parasites. Group 1 served as un-infected control; Group II and III were inoculated with 2 ml of 1 x 106 Trypanosoma brucei and T. congolense respectively while Group IV were inoculated with 2 ml of 1x106 parasites each of T. congolense and T. brucei . Animals in the infected groups were treated on day 14 post patency with Isometamidium Chloride at the dose rate of 0.5 mg/kg IM. The Bucks were monitored pre-infection, post-infection and post treatment daily for rectal temperature, weekly body weight, PCV, WBC, total proteins and clinical signs. There was aparasitaemia 12hours after treatment. Relapse of the parasites were observed in all infected and treated group of Bucks two weeks post treatment. A buck died in Group II, three goats died in Group III while all goats died in Group IV. Isometamidium Chloride was observed to be efficacious against T. brucei and T. congolense 12 hours after treatment and this was maintained for two weeks when there was a relapse of the parasite. The need for further studies to determine the reason for the relapse is imperative and may necessitate a repeat of treatment two weeks later.