In particular there are two social settings in the world namely rural and urban and these two segments are subjected for a precipitate change. Also noticeable that, the media in the world that exposed for globalization performs a considerable task which affects the social environment, attitudes and behavioral conduct of individuals as revealed through investigations on social processes. This study was focused on Madirigiriya village in Polonnaruwa district in the North central province in Sri Lanka in line with a random sampling method having selected 153 informants for the sample. Information collected through a questionnaire with added investigations via focused group discussions (FGDs), and observations, attended in qualitatively and quantitatively. The software titled SPSS, Excel was used to analyze the data. The study revealed that due to the penetration of media, the living fashion had been affected by changing important social elements such as the food consumption pattern, physical environment of the house and the family system, daily routine, educational needs, changed hobbies also to change the political base in the society, awareness on legal framework.

Ectopic pregnancy is an entity which when reports to emergency department requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. Index of suspicion is high in fertile women but it poses challenge and demands knowledge to manage if the woman has history of sterilization where suspicion of pregnancy is far remote. We present one such experience of ruptured ectopic pregnancy in a woman who had history of bilateral tubal sterilization 6 years back.

This paper attempts a reinterpretation of European colonisation of Africa with particular reference to settler and non-settler colonies in Africa. Colonial system whether it is “indirect rule” practiced by the British, the French “assimilation” and “association”, German “paternalism”, Portuguese “Luso-tropicalism” etc have the same motives and tendencies aimed at exploitation, peripherialisation and pauperisation of the African people in all parameters for their material benefits. The methodological approach adopted in this research is “qualitative method”. Secondary source materials have been utilised, which comprised mainly published books that have been critically analysed. In the findings, why some colonies have been inhabited by white settlers while others not and why the settlers did not vacate after independence and the implications of this development in Africa. This paper also attributed most of the present conditions and situations in Africa to be connected to colonial legacies. These include conflicts of different kinds, militancy, social dislocation, complexity in Africa as well as neocolonialism. It has been observed that colonial conquest of Africa resulted in strangulating the African societies and making them dwarf and the bereft of mental initiatives towards societal development.

The study presents a survey designed to measure levels of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in Saudi learners of English in the United Kingdom. As part of the study, a 32-item structured questionnaire and some open-ended questions were administered to a randomly selected sample of 80 Saudi learners who were studying either Academic or General English in various language institutions and universities across the UK. Data collected through the survey were subjected to some basic statistical analyses, such as "mean" and "standard deviation", inferential statistics, such as correlations and ANOVA, and thematic analysis for the open-ended questions. Based on the results from the analysis, a number of generalizations and conclusions were made in relation to the role of motivation in learning English for Saudis temporarily studying in the UK educational setting. In addition, some recommendations are offered, which can help Saudi teachers and learners of English achieve better learning outcomes.

Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is an unusually severe allergic eye disease, occurring mainly in children. Giant papillae are frequently observed on the upper tarsal conjunctiva and expose, sometimes, to severe corneal complications, involving the visual prognosis. Other allergic states, conjunctival staphylococcus aerus and worm intestinal infection, were frequently associated with VKC. We report the case of a 9-year-old girl followed for five years for severe vernal keratoconjunctivitis resistant to treatment with topical corticosteroid. In front of, the high ASLO title, the isolation of pyogenic streptococcus in the throat swab culture, and the presence of a chronic pansinusitis, the diagnosis of a post-streptococcal syndrome was retained. The patient is treated with protected amoxicillin for 12 days. The evolution was spectacular with almost total disappearance of the giant papillae without any recurrence, after 6 months of follow-up. In our knowledge, this case is the first case of vernal keratoconjunctivitis with giant papillae reported as being a post-streptococcal immune complication. Ophthalmologists, confronted to vernal keratoconjunctivitis, should consider post-streptococcal syndrome as a possible cause. The search for an increasing title of ASLO and streptococcal infectious evidence can establishes the association.

Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) in higher learning institutions presents a podium for academic material accessibility that entails creation, evaluation, communication and general course administration with customizable interfaces. Virtual learning environments are online based platforms which are used to ease the student’s course content access and improving learning ability. Virtual learning environments bear features such as collaborative tools, embedded external recourses, detailed reporting logs, roles and permissions and calendars. However without finding out the factors for the low adoption rates, the effort to implement VLE remains in question. This paper discovers the factors that have brought about the low adoption rates of VLE in higher learning institution. The study adopted both qualitative and quantitative case study research approach and a purposive (non-probability) sampling technique where both staff and student respondents were selected from the case study institutions. A survey questionnaire was administered to 22 staff members and 305 students making a total of 327 respondents using Chris Morgan (1999) formula for sample determination. The results indicated power fluctuations, poor internet connections, and luck of management support, slow computers, and skills to access the VLE platforms as the major factors. The research suggests that, institutional readiness assessment, Virtual learning environments implementation framework, implementation policy formulation, training of trainers and improving the infrastructure should be given a high priority if VLE are to be successfully implemented in higher learning institutions.

(3H)‒quinazolin‒4‒ones were reported for enhanced antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and antimalarial activities with aryl and styryl substituents at position two and three respectively. In the present work, synthesis of some newly substituted (3H)‒quinazolin‒4‒ones starting from 2‒aminobenzoic acid and acetic anhydride producing 2‒methyl‒benzoxazin‒4‒one (Step‒I) has been undertaken. Replacement of ring oxygen from benzoxazin‒4‒one (step‒II) with nitrogen atom of 4‒chloro aniline produced first series of title compounds (QIa-QIk). In addition, 2-methyl group of benzoxazin‒4‒one was extended further as ethenyl (‒CH=CH‒) linkage joining to various substituted aldehydes (Step‒III). It has produced sufficient quantity of 2‒styryl‒3‒aryl‒(3H)‒quinazolin‒4‒ones (QIa‒QIk, Scheme I). In obtaining second series compounds (QIl‒QIt), identical approach was followed with replacement of benzoxazin-4-one ring oxygen with nitrogen atom of various substituted amines (Step‒II).There is extension of methyl group of benzoxazin‒4‒one as ethenyl group (‒CH=CH‒) joining 2‒chloro benzaldehyde. It has produced sufficient quantity of 2-[2-(2-Chloro-phenyl)-vinyl]-3-aryl‒(3H)‒quinazolin‒4‒one (QIl‒QIt, Scheme II). Structures of synthesized compounds were established by elemental analysis (C, H, N, O and X=halogen), FT‒IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HR‒MS. In-vitro disk diffusion assay was performed using Gram‒positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis (NCIM2711), Staphylococcus aureus (NCIM2079), Gram‒negative bacteria Kleibsella pneumonia (ATCC 4352), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC27853) and fungi Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger. Ciprofloxacin and Griseofulvin were the positive control standards for bacteria and fungi respectively. Excellent antimicrobial activity (MIC=9.07‒10.54 µM x 10-3) was exhibited by compounds as (QId), (QIf), (QIg), (QIi), (QIj), (QIk), (QIl), (QIm), (QIn), (QIq), (QIr) and (QIs). Present study of (3H)‒quinazoline‒4‒ones will serve as an important path in the development and discovery of newer antimicrobial agents.

Modeling is a good way to solve the reality question. In order to describe the matter of the real system, many models were designed to make deep research. In many models, there is always an idea that characterizes the main line of mathematics. With the main line, the models were derived to rules or regulations complied with the real systems. By the rules, the data processing can be handled by all kinds of algorithms and software or platforms so that they can be processed like a assembly line. By the modeling, many real systems can be demonstrated with visual and vivid methods so that everyone can understand or use. Numerical simulation also a popular way to set up or verify the models complied with mathematical methods.

We had investigated the xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity and uric acid lowering effect of newly marketed xanthine oxidase inhibitor, febuxostat and compared its effect with allopurinol in vitro. In hyperuricemic animal model serum uric acid, lowering effect of these drugs was evaluated. Serial dilutions of febuxostat and allopurinol were made, ranging from100 µg/ml to 0.75µg/ml. Xanthine oxidase inhibition was carried out in vitro. Hyperuricemia was induced in Wistar rats by potassium oxonate injection on day 1, 3 and 7. Febuxostat and allopurinol (5mg/kg) once daily was given for 7 days. Serum uric acid was measured on day zero, 1, 3 and 7 by uricase method. Michaelis Menten equation was applied to calculate IC50, Vmax and Km. IC50 of allopurinol and febuxostat were 9.07 and 8.77 µg/ml respectively. Km and Vmax of febuxostat were 8.89 and 107.13 where as allopurinol showed Km 7.77 and Vmax 194.14.Graded dose response was observed for both allopurinol and febuxostat. Hyperuricemia was successfully induced with potassium oxonate. Treatment with allopurinol reduced serum uric acid levels up to 3.21±0.8mg/dl on day 7, but reduction was less than febuxostat 0.81 ± 0.12 mg/dl. From this study, we have concluded that febuxostat is an effective option for cases of hyperuricemia.

This study was designed to investigate the influence of Postate cancer awareness campaigns on the knowledge, attitude and practices of men in SouthEastern Nigeria. The study employed the survey method of enquiry. The population of the study is 8,184,951 adult males in South-Eastern Nigeria. Five research questions guided the study. The data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The result of the data analysed revealed that the awareness and knowledge level on postate cancer is relatively low among the men in South-Eastern Nigeria. Also, most information on postate cancer were made known to the respondents by medical practitioners, however, those respondents that are exposed to the campaigns agreed that the campaigns have influenced their behavior positively. The study recommends that, awareness campaigns should be well structured both in English and the target audience local language to sufficiently and effectively convey the Prostate cancer campaign messages. Thus, the risks and the effects of the negative attitudes of men towards this campaigns must obviously be stated citing relevant examples. Also, campaign planners should involve the target audience/opinion leaders as participants in the campaign and too, lower the age for screening, so that early detection and prevention can be detected before it becomes late. There must always be emotional, physical and psychological appeal in the campaign messages.

The aim of the present study was to increase the solubility and thereby improve the oral bioavailability of Furosemide by incorporating the drug in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) and in solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) and also to compare the efficiency of NLC over SLN. Both the NLC and SLN were prepared by solvent diffusion method using labrafil m 2130 as solid lipid, capryol pgmc as liquid lipid, and tween 80 as surfactant. Properties of Furosemide loaded NLCs & SLNs such as drug content, entrapment efficiency, loading capacity, particle size, PDI , zeta potential, morphology, storage stability, in vitro drug release and mechanism of drug release were investigated and compared. Drug content, entrapment efficiency, loading capacity, average particle size, PDI and zeta potential of Furosemide NLC were found to 83.56%, 75.50%, 25.63%, 99.24nm, 0.302 and -31.2mV and that of Furosemide SLN were found to 84.55%, 71.07%, 24.62%, 193.4nm, 0.835 and -36.1mV respectively. Morphology study by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed spherical particles with smooth surfaces. As compared to in-vitro drug release of Furosemide pure drug, both the NLC and SLN showed fast initial release followed by a sustained release, best fitted to Higuchi equation. Pure drug followed Zero order release kinetics. Furosemide NLC showed higher entrapment efficiency, drug loading capacity, in-vitro drug release, reduced the drug expulsion in storage when compared to SLN. This investigation demonstrated the efficiency of NLC over SLN for improved oral bioavailability of Furosemide and it was deduced that the liquid lipid (capryol pgmc)was the principal formulation factor responsible for the improvement in characteristics and pharmacokinetics of NLCs.

Language teachers in India continue to struggle with effective development and successful implementation of a task-based lesson. The current paper presents a template for teachers to frame and execute language tasks to achieve desired outcomes. The paper begins with a brief discussion of tasks, and then follows a discussion on three-tier task-based learning framework, model and lesson. A teaching unit/ sample lesson is also included to illustrate the method. The sample lesson presented was developed for elementary stage students studying in schools of India. The developed plan focused on vocabulary and structures needed to make reservations in different paid establishments. Any task-based lesson primarily includes pedagogical tasks that mirror the real-world tasks. Owing to its usability outside the boundaries of the classroom, a task-based lesson becomes more meaningful and apropos to students. Such basic lesson can be used as a model to teach relevant vocabulary and sentence structures pertaining to other real world tasks including talking about clothes and fashion, calling customer care for help, other telephonic conversations etc.

Postoperative period is very crucial from recovery point of view. For fast and smooth recovery, postoperative period should be free of complications especially pain. It became more important in case of ceaserean section as patient also has to look after her baby. Cautious use of analgesic drugs has to be made in postoperative ceaserean section patient as they can adversely affect health of the baby also. Intraperitoneal instillation of ropivacaine is effective analgesic and has lesser side effects than pharmacological drugs. Our hypothesis is that intraperitoneal instillation of ropivacaine reduces postoperative pain in patients undergoing ceaserean section. This randomized control study was conducted on 60 patients of ASA grade 1 and 2 after taking ethics committee approval. Group I (n=30) is control group with no local infiltration and Group II (n=30) Local infiltration of 15 ml at incision site and intraperitoneal instillation of 5ml Inj. Ropivacaine 0.2%. Diastolic, systolic and mean blood pressure, heart rate were measured throughout the procedure. Time of rescue analgesia and VAS score was recorded postoperatively. Intraperitoneal instillation of 0.2% ropivacaine provides postoperative analgesia. Mean duration of rescue analgesia in group I was 115.67±4.09 that was significant (p<0.05) in comparison to group II 170.33±3.69. intraperitoneal instillation of 0.2% ropivacaine reduces postoperative pain in patients of ceaserean section under spinal anaesthesia.

Higher education is not a form of cost but is one form of investment. This form of return can be in the form of a high bargaining value when the relevant person gets a job offer. Higher education not only has economic value in individuals, but in society One of the economic values of higher education is the existence of employment opportunities for the community when higher education is held in a location where economic value can be in the form of employee recruitment or the opening of new jobs in the informal sector for the surrounding community. The challenge for the education sector is to develop educational systems capable of improving basic education equity, education quality and relevance of education to development needs, as well as science and technology education. Because everything that has been proven to have direct and indirect impact on economic growth of the Indonesia Economic.This study uses a qualitative approach with study methods case. The data analyzed is the result of interviews with the field of service and direct observation in the field of services and general fields, and review documents at Private Universities in Surabaya

Extended-spectrum – beta lactamases (ESBLs) are increasingly detected globally among Escherichia coli (E.Coli) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K.pneumoniae). This study was designed to determine the prevalence and antibiogram of ESBLs produced by E.coli and K.pneumoniae clinical isolates obtained from various clinical specimens through different hospitals in Khartoum state -Sudan. An analytical comparative cross-sectional study was conducted. Identification of the isolates was done by using conventional biochemical methods ESBL screening, confirmatory according to CLSI guidelines. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS). Total of 368 isolates of Escherichia coli(n=216) and Klebsiella pneumonia (n=152) isolates were processed , Overall ESBL phenotype prevalence was 36.7 %, 40.1% and 34.2% of K. Pneumoniae and E. coli isolates respectively were confirmed to be ESBL phenotype. In this study, meropenem and imipenem were the most active antimicrobial agents against them. This study was indicated high prevalence of ESBL phenotype in Khartoum-state, with multidrug resistant trend, there is a need for longitudinal and nationwide surveillance as this help in tracking antibiotic resistant and regulating antibiotic policy.