Introduction: Lesions of the head and neck region are routinely encountered by clinicians, in patients across all age groups with diagnosis ranging from reactive hyperplasia of lymph nodes to malignancies. FNAC of head and neck is a well accepted technique with high specificity. Aims & Objective: To evaluate the role of FNAC in palpable head and neck lesions and also to study their distribution. To assess the prevalence of different types of palpable head and neck swellings. Materials & Methods: This study is conducted over a period of 5years (2013-2017) retrospectively. Palpable head and neck lesions in all individuals irrespective of age and sex was considered and cases with scanty material was excluded from the study. Results: A total of 2598 cases were studied. There were 1649 females (63.5%) and 949 males (36.5%). In the present study age ranged from 1 year to 88 year. Common age group involved was 30 -39years (513 cases) accounting for 19.8% followed by 501 cases in age group of 40-49 years accounting for 19.2%. Most common site was thyroid (979 cases) constituting 37.7% followed by lymph node (960 cases) constituting 36.9%. Among the thyroid lesions predominant lesions were benign accounting for 25 % (245 cases) [TBSRTC system]. Conclusion: Present study confirmed that FNAC is an excellent first line investigative method, for diagnosis of palpable head and neck swellings.

First thing which strikes in the mind after coming across with post traumatic necrosis of maxilla that is it possible? Looking back into literature we found only handful of incidences with traumatic maxillary necrosis. Osteonecrosis of the mandible and the maxilla is known; however, aseptic necrosis of the maxilla after traumatic fracture is hardly reported. Management of these cases can be quite cumbersome and require utmost care. We present a peculiar case report of post traumatic necrosis of maxilla and partial maxillectomy. This case aims to help clinicians realize the need to closely follow up and treat such patients with trauma as it can lead to osteonecrosis of the bone and cause difficulty in daily activities.

Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness is affected in several ocular and systemic conditions, most commonly glaucoma and diabetes mellitus. The present cross sectional study was conducted to compare the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in patients of primary open angle glaucoma and patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A total of 120 consecutive eyes of 60 patients were assigned to 2 groups of 30 patients each of primary open angle glaucoma and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was measured with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Readings from all the areas of retina (superior nasal, inferior nasal, inferior temporal, superior temporal, nasal upper, nasal lower, temporal lower, temporal upper) were measured in both eyes. Retina nerve fiber layer thickness was negatively correlated with the duration of glaucoma, duration of diabetes and HBA1c levels. Hence, care should be taken in interpreting optical coherence tomography readings in patients of primary open angle glaucoma and diabetes mellitus. Such patients should not be over treated. The changes in retinal nerve fiber layer thickness can be used to monitor the progression or regression of diseases affecting nerve fiber layer and efficacy of treatment modalities in individual cases.

Rehabilitation of post-surgical defects maxillofacial region requires a multidisciplinary approach. Maxillofacial prosthodontist plays an eminent role in restoring the normal health and function of the patient. This review highlights the role they plan in diagnosing, treatment planning along with conventional and advanced prosthetic management of such acquired defects.

Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness is affected in several ocular and systemic conditions, most commonly glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. The present cross sectional study was conducted to compare the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in patients of primary open angle glaucoma and patients of primary angle glaucoma suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus. A total of 120 consecutive eyes of 60 patients were assigned to 2 groups of 30 patients each of primary open angle glaucoma and patients of primary open angle glaucoma having type 2 diabetes mellitus. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was measured with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Readings from all the areas of retina (superior nasal, inferior nasal, inferior temporal, superior temporal, nasal upper, nasal lower, temporal lower, temporal upper) were measured in both eyes. The presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients of primary open angle glaucoma significantly affected the thickness of retinal nerve fiber layer specially in superonasal and inferotemporal quadrants as compared to patients of primary open angle glaucoma. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness is negatively correlated with the duration of glaucoma, duration of diabetes and HBA1c levels. Hence, care should be taken in interpreting optical coherence tomography readings in patients of primary open angle glaucoma having diabetes mellitus, and such patients should not be over treated. The changes in retinal nerve fiber layer thickness can be used to monitor the progression or regression of diseases affecting nerve fiber layer and efficacy of treatment modalities in individual cases.

Reconstruction of defects of the oral cavity can be challenging. The armamentarium of the reconstructive surgeon includes local and regional flaps as well as free tissue transfer. The anatomy, location, and size of the defect guide the surgeon in treatment planning to determine the type of flap best suited for a specific reconstruction. Despite the enhanced techniques of repair of cleft palate, fistula occurrence is still a possibility either due to an inaccuracy in the surgical technique or due to the meagre tissue quality of the patient. Though usually the fistula closure is established by use of local flaps but at times the site and the size of the fistula make use of local flaps for its repair a remote possibility. Tongue flap can be the most versatile flap because of its central position in the floor of mouth good vascularity makes it a choice of flap for closure of anterior palatal fistulae than any other tissues. We are presenting a case report regarding closure of anterior palatal fistula with dorsal tongue flap.

Perfusion index is a non-invasive method to assess the peripheral perfusion at a specific monitoring site measured by masimo pulse oximeter using signal extraction technology. Perfusion Index is an important measure to diagnose peripheral perfusion noninvasively. Present study is planned to find out the cut-off value of perfusion index for preterm neonates. 633 preterm neonates of 28-36 wks were followed simultaneously for perfusion index and capillary refill time. Capillary refill time more than 3 is a sign of poor peripheral circulation. Using the statistics of diagnostic tests, the perfusion index cut-off for sick preterm is 1.3sec by plotting in receiver operator characteristics curve. Capillary refill time more than 3 is taken as gold standard. The sensitivity of perfusion index is 88%. Perfusion index is a very important non-invasive measure to diagnose sick preterm.

This study aims to determine and analyze partially and simultaneously the influence of service quality, image institution, and price toward student satisfaction of LP3I Jakarta Polytechnic. The type of research is quantitative approach, with data processing done using SPSS version 24. The object of this research student, with samples 132 students from levels I, II, and III. The analytical method used in this study is to use multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that service quality, institutional image and price simultaneously and partially and simultaneously have positive and significant influence toward student satisfaction

Objective: To study the clinic bacteriological profile and outcome of Empyema Thoracis in children between 1 month to 12 years of age admitted at Calcutta National Medical College and Hospital (CNMCH), Kolkata. Methods: Study subjects were enrolled from children admitted at Paediatrics Department of CNMCH, Kolkata with fever, cough, respiratory distress and diagnosed as Empyema Thoracis by basic investigations like Chest X Ray (CXR), Pleural fluid analysis,Ultrasonography of Chest (USG chest), blood culture and sensitivity. Result: Rapid diagnosis by basic investigations and early initiation of IV antibiotics with intercostal chest tube drainage was an effective method of therapy. The common organisms isolated were Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Only 4% cases of the sample size required surgical intervention. Malnutrition was an important co morbid condition. Conclusion: IV antibiotics and intercostal chest tube drainage is an effective means of therapy of Empyema Thoracis in children at resource poor settings.

Background: Good communication between the clinics and the laboratories and among the health professionals enhances diagnostic capability, efficiency and better management of the patient and is necessary for accurate and precise results. The study was carried out to audit and assess communication flow between the clinic and laboratory at the Haematology Department of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital - Enugu. Method: A total of 1000 laboratory request forms were collated in the study and each of these forms was monitored from time of inception till dispatch. Information in the laboratory request forms were grouped into four categories; patient’s biodata, clinical information, laboratory parameters and administrative parameters and analyzed statistically. Results: In patients biodata; age, sex and ethnic group fell short by 74.7%, 13.3% and 35.7% respectively. In clinical information category; clinical detail, provisional diagnosis, previous haematological requests and nature of specimen were insufficiently completed in 68.0%, 14.0%, 84.4% and 7.4% of the forms respectively. Ward, referring doctor and hospital reference number, were deficient by 1.2%, 2.4% and 65.0% respectively. Date, time of collection and date of arrival in the laboratory were lacking in all the forms. Out of the 1000 samples that arrived to the laboratory, 2% were inadequately collected or clotted and hence rejected. The information about these specimens was not communicated to the clinic/ward either through telephone or immediate dispatch for necessary repeat collection. Conclusion: We observed poor information communication between the clinicians and the laboratory and this may affect the accuracy of results. The inclusion of formal training in investigations, collection and handling of pathological samples in medical curriculum and training of practicing doctors through continuing education is recommended. Advances in technology or change in procedure should be adequately communicated to all concerned in the utility of laboratory results. Pathologists should play the critical roles of not only interpreting the results of the tests but also the continuing education of young doctors.

Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness is affected in several ocular and systemic conditions, most commonly glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. The present cross sectional study was conducted to compare the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and patients of primary angle glaucoma suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus. A total of 120 consecutive eyes of 60 patients were assigned to 2 groups of 30 patients each of type 2 diabetes mellitus and patients of primary open angle glaucoma suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was measured with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Readings from all the areas of retina (superior nasal, inferior nasal, inferior temporal, superior temporal, nasal upper, nasal lower, temporal lower, temporal upper) were measured in both eyes. The presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients of primary open angle glaucoma significantly affected the thickness of retinal nerve fiber layer specially in superonasal and inferotemporal quadrants as compared to patients of primary open angle glaucoma or diabetes mellitus individually. RNFLT is negatively correlated with the duration of glaucoma, duration of diabetes and HBA1c levels. Hence care should be taken in interpreting optical coherence tomography readings in patients of primary open angle glaucoma having diabetes mellitus, and such patients should not be over treated. The changes in retinal nerve fiber layer thickness can be used to monitor the progression or regression of diseases affecting nerve fiber layer and efficacy of treatment modalities in individual cases.

The aim of this article is to report three cases of multiple impacted supernumerary teeth and review the literature, analyzing their prevalence, etiology and classification. Supernumerary teeth are those that exceed the normal dental formula. They are more common in men, more common in the upper maxilla, and more prevalent in permanent dentition. Complications associated with supernumerary teeth include dental impaction, delayed eruption, ectopic eruption, overcrowding, spacing anomalies and the formation of follicular cysts. The treatment of supernumerary teeth depends on their type, position, and possible complications, detected clinically and radiographically. No clear consensus exists as to the best time to extract unerupted supernumerary teeth

Background: Hepatitis B virus infection is a major global health problem and of immense clinical importance. Hepatitis B virus infection can lead to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is found to be associated with macrocytic anemia. The mechanism of anaemia largely depends on red cell membrane integrity. Osmotic fragility (OF) of red cells was therefore evaluated in patients with HBV infections to access the diagnostic/prognostic utility. Methods: A total of 1744 patients from surgical and medical wards/clinics of Alex Ekwueme University Teaching Hospital Abakiliki were screening serologically for HBV using immunochromatographic strip method and positive samples were confirmed by the use of One Step Hepatitis B Multi-5 Test. A total of 100 subjects (50 HBV positive and 50 HBV negative) were evaluated for osmotic fragility of red blood cells. Results: HBV prevalence rate of 3.5% was found among the patients. The osmotic fragility of red blood cells were significantly (p<0.05) decreased in Hepatitis B virus positive individuals compared to Hepatitis B virus negative individuals. Significant (p<0.05) differences were observed in the osmotic fragility of the two groups at 0.9%, 0.8%, 0.7%, 0.6%, 0.5%, 0.4%, 0.3%, 0.2% and 0.1% saline. The mean corpuscular fragility (MCF) which is the sodium chloride concentration causing 50% hemolysis for Hepatitis B positive individuals was 0.33% saline while that of Hepatitis B negative individuals was 0.41% saline. Conclusion: The HBV positive patients showed decreased OF compared with HBV negative control population. This study was on small population of HBV positive subjects without disease staging. Further studies using more sample size and clinical staging is recommended to clearly associate OF as a diagnostic or prognostic marker in HBV infection

This paper proposes a simple HPLC method for the identification of vitamin D3 in fortified milk powder. The method was applied to the determination of the vitamin D3 (as cholecalciferol) concentration in commercial products containing known amounts of vitamin D, under the following chromatographic conditions: C 18, 5 µrn, 120 A, 4.6 x 150 mm column, a mobile phase consisted of methanol and UV (DAD) set at 265 nm. The linearity range was established between 0.01-0.2 μg/ml of cholecalciferol prior to the analysis. The extraction was performed with dichloromethane: methane 1:1 (v/v) prior to the analysis. The limit of quantification was 50 ng/ml. Rapid determination of vitamin D through the chromatographic method represents a good solution for its quantification in the fortified milk powder.

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are soil-dwelling microorganisms that live in association with plant roots. PGPR can play an important role in agricultural by enhancing crop production as well as increasing plant resistance against damaging pests and diseases. In the case of the destructive viral disease of cereal crops barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), there is currently no treatment available after a plant becomes infected. Control of this aphid-transmitted viral disease is limited to resistant plant cultivars and/or chemical control of vector populations. With increasing environmental pressures to move towards sustainable agriculture, PGPR-based disease control provides a viable alternative to chemical pesticide applications. Here, we aimed to review the potential use of PGPR Azospirillum brasilense to protect wheat plants against barley yellow dwarf virus, and the underlying mechanisms for PGPR-mediated changes on plant-virus-vector interactions.