Patients with a severe inflammatory bowel disease or who have corticodependance should be treated by thiopurine drugs, azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine. Although the drugs are usually well tolerated, adverse reactions can occur like bone marrow suppression which is dose-dependent and a delayed side effect requiring regular complete blood count monitoring. We describe a patient with ulcerative colitis who developed azathioprine-induced pancytopenia

Elastic nanocomposite (SBR-Nano carbon black) was combined by the emulsion polymerization strategy. Elastic nanocomposite syntheses have been resolved based on their micro investigation. FTIR and Raman spectra were concentrated to illustrate the structure. The surface morphology of the copolymer gum was inspected by checking scanning electron microscopy and it sets up the change state among crystalline and formless nature. Morphology is also inspected by using transmission electron microscopy. Ozone obstruction was concentrated to explain occasional perceptions of the surface of the examples were made for break commencement. Tests were uncovered for a longer time. Flame obstruction was concentrated on measures the simplicity of termination of a flame and four appraisals are conceivable, contingent on the consuming time and the nearness of flaming drips. SBR-carbon black nanocomposites at 2 phr, 6 phr, 10 phr, and 12 phr wt% nano carbon black stacking indicates fairly enhanced combustibility property than its gum. The present investigation including the emulsion polymerization technique where the environmental performance of elastic nanocomposites is observed to be great.

Myrianthus aboreus is a medicinal plant that is widely distributed in Africa but common in Delta and Edo states of Nigeria. It is applied in folklore remedies in the treatment of some illnesses. This study was done to investigate the antidiabetic potential of the leaf of Myrianthus aboreus and it’s effects on some biochemical parameters of male wistar rats. The rats were divided into four (4) groups of five (5) rats each. Group one (1) which served as non diabetic control received normal saline only. Group 2 served as diabetic control and received normal saline after induction. Group three (3) and group four (4) were diabetic rats treated with 500mg/kg bw and 1000mg/kg bw of the hydromethanolic leaf extract of Myrianthus aboreus respectively, for a period of four (4) weeks. The results obtained showed that the higher dose extract caused a significant decrease in blood glucose level in week 4 of the study.The changes observed in the plasma concentrations of electrolytes, urea and creatinine were not statistically significant. This study showed that, the leaf extract of Myrianthus aboreus demonstrated hypoglycemic effects in alloxan induced diabetic wistar rats

The knowledge of the anatomy of a region becomes very important for doctors of different specialties both in making accurate diagnosis and to give a proper treatment for an individual. Radiologists need to understand the existence of variations in an artery in order to reduce the error in making diagnosis. The ulnar artery is the major artery of the front of forearm and the knowledge of its anatomy and variations in its origin is necessary in all specialties. The study was conducted in Department of Anatomy, Government Stanley Medical College, Chennai and 50 upper limbs comprising from 25 adult human cadavers preserved by embalming with formalin were studied by conventional dissection method. The ulnar artery arises as the terminal branch of brachial artery in significant proportion. The ulnar artery may arise proximal to the elbow or high up in the axilla. 96% of the specimens the ulnar artery arises from the brachial artery as a terminal branch. High origins, the origin of ulnar artery from lower third brachial artery was seen in 2% and from the axillary artery in 2%.

A cancer diagnosis can have a huge impact on most patients, families, and caregivers. Feelings of depression, anxiety, and fear are very common and are normal responses to this life-changing experience. Many things can cause these feelings. Changes in body image can affect self-esteem and confidence. Family and work roles may be altered. People might feel grief at these losses and changes. Physical symptoms such as pain, nausea, or extreme tiredness (fatigue) also seem more likely to cause emotional distress. People might also fear death, suffering, pain, or all the unknown things that lie ahead. Family often has these feelings, too. They may be afraid of losing their loved one. They may also feel angry because someone they love has cancer, frustrated that they “can’t do enough,” or stressed because they have to take on more at home. People with cancer, as well as their friends and family, can feel distress about these things at any time after a cancer diagnosis, even many years after the cancer is treated. As the cancer situation changes, they all must cope with new stressors as well as with the old, and their. Objectives: Assessment of depression, anxiety and distress in patients starting chemotherapy was done to study the level of later complications.

Background: Papanicolaou (PAP) smear is a simple, non invasive and cost effective method for detection of precancerous changes in the cervix. It is effectively used as a screening tool in cervical cancer screening program to identify precancerous lesions so that treatment can be started promptly and thus development of invasive cancer can be prevented. Aim: To study the correlation between PAP smear and cervical biopsy in malignant and non malignant lesions of cervix. Materials and methods: Prospective cross sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Chennai. It included all cases between September 2012 and September 2017 in which both PAP smear and cervical biopsy were done. Cyto-histopathological correlation was done. Results: Out of the 377 cases, on PAP smears 85% of cases were reported as inflammatory smears. Premalignant lesions like LSIL and HSIL were reported in 6.1 % and 4.5% of cases respectively.0.7% of cases were directly diagnosed as SCC. 3.1% of cases were reported as ASCUS. Cytohistopathological correlation was done. Sensitivity in the present study was 81.3%, Specificity was 92%. Positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 77.6% and 86.5% respectively. Diagnostic accuracy of Pap smear in the present study was 84.5%

This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at a health care facility in a metropolitan city to determine the socio-demographic profile of HIV sero-positive individuals. Written informed consent was obtained from 338 HIV sero-positive persons (173 females; 51.19%; 165 males; 48.81%), aged 18-60 years. Each participant was interviewed and socio-demographic profile was recorded on a pre-validated formatted questionnaire. The mean age of female participants was 35.94  8.07 years (95% CI: 34.63–37.15 years), while that for males was 39.27  8.67 years (95% CI: 37.95–40.59 years), exhibiting highly significant (p=0.0003) gender difference. Most participants belonged to middle and lower middle socio-economic classes. The gender differences were significant among the college educated (p=0.049), the unemployed (p=0.0009), semi-skilled workers (p<0.0001) and skilled workers (p<0.0001). Likewise, significant gender differences were found among participants who were single (p=0.002), married (p=0.007) and those who were widowed/separated/divorced (p<0.0001). Focused intervention for the HIV negative spouses will reduce the possibility of female sero-positivity and mother-to-child transmission of HIV. The findings of this study reveal that HIV-related interventions need to be focused on socio-demographic sub-groups, such as, housewives, semi-skilled and skilled workers and males with higher literacy levels

Background: The study titled ―A cross-sectional analysis of Seropositivity of Hepatitis B & Hepatitis C amongst blood volunteer donors at tertiary health care centre: 10 year study. Method: Records of blood donors collected in the past decade were evaluated and information regarding screening tests was being noted. In addition, a questionnaire was being prepared to collected information about all subjects such as general profile, history of exposure to risky procedures or behaviours, family history of Hepatitis B infection, immunization against Hepatitis B in three doses etc. Result: The above table shows distribution of donors according to type of donor. 54028 (90.81%) donors were Replacement Donors while only 5467 (9.19%) donors were Voluntary Donors. Out of the total 59495 donors in past 10 years, 1020 (1.71%) were diagnosed to be HBsAg positive. Out of the total 59495 donors in past 10 years, 475 (0.79%) were diagnosed to be HCV positive. 74 (1.35%) of voluntary donors in last 10 years came out to be Hepatitis B positive. 58 (1.06%) of voluntary donors in last 10 years came out to be Hepatitis C positive. The above table shows the year-wise number of total donors and voluntary donors. It also shows the number of HBsAg. As per the above tables, there was significantly higher seropositivity among replacement donors as compared to voluntary donors. Conclusion: A large proportion of HBsAg and HCV infected individuals are not aware of their infective status. It is not only dangerous to not know this as these infections are also sexually transmitted to the spouse or any other sexual partners of such individuals. Also, at the time of emergency for the need of blood, such individuals may be a false assurance of source of blood until being tested and refused by the blood bank before actual donation. This may aggravate the situation by rendering in need to search for another source of blood. An increased public health education on the subject is necessary especially for those at a higher risk. Also, voluntary blood donation should be encouraged to fetch safe and tested blood in contrast to the replacement donation where transfusion-transmitted infections tend to be much higher.

Coronary artery diseases manifest in different forms. The pathophysiology of coronary artery diseases are complex in origin and mechanism. There are several factors involved and are contributing together for the atherosclerotic event and its complications. The plaque formation and plaque rupture are the two crucial events which may lead to acute myocardial infarction, one of the manifestations of coronary artery diseases. The matrix are involved from the very beginning of the formation of plaque via collagen formation and deposition of lipid particles in the plaque by transforming the smooth muscle cells. An equally crucial event is the plaque rupture, which occurs by the action of matrix degrading metalloproteinases on fibrous plaque leading to extracellular matrix changes subjected to thrombus formation and subsequently to infarction

Introduction: Bone tumours remain a diagnostic challenge to orthopedic surgeons and pathologists. This leads more concern in developing countries due to limited diagnostic and therapeutic facilities. We analyzed entire spectrum of bone lesions, their demographs like age, sex, anatomical site of occurrence, their relative frequency and histological features in a tertiary care hospital of India. Aim: To study spectrum of various bone lesions and their relative frequency at a tertiary care hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. Materials and Methods: This is retrospective hospital based cross sectional study of 103 cases of bone lesions diagnosed on histopathological examination at department of pathology, tertiary care hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat over a period of one year. All data were retrieved from clinical case notes of patients. The data was entered in Microsoft excel sheet and analyzed using frequency distribution and percentages. Results: Out of the 103 cases of bone lesions, age ranged from 5 to 71 years with male to female ratio of 1:1. Nonneoplastic lesions were 62.2% with osteomyelitis as the most common pathology accounting 36%. There were 39(37.8%) neoplastic lesions with 59% benign tumours and 41% were malignant tumours. Osteoclastoma (07/23) 30.4% and osteogenic sarcoma (06/16) 37.5% were most common benign and malignant bone tumours detected respectively. Lower end of Femur (19.4%) followed by upper end of tibia (13.5%) were common presenting sites for bone lesions. Conclusion: Bone lesions were common at both extremes of age with no specific sex predilection. Primary bone tumours were mainly benign, occurred predominantly in second decade of life with male predilection. Femur and tibia were common involved sites. Chronic osteomyelitis was the commonest nonneoplastic lesion, while osteoclastoma and osteosarcoma were most common benign and primary malignant bone tumours respectively.

By Universal adoption of first and second trimester screening, the rate of detection of congenital anomalies has been improved with sensitives ranging up to 85-90%, but their detection at an advanced gestational age becomes a dilemma for the patient as well as the obstetrician. With this article we share our experience, dilemma and doubts about some of these rare surgically correctable anomalies managed at our institute

Background: Alteration in the hormone status either due to primary intrinsic ovarian abnormalities or secondary disturbances in the hypothalamo - Pituitary - ovarian axis results in AUB. The etiology of AUB is often related to anovulatory disturbances and ovulatory disturbances. However, there is a need to evaluate the endometrial changes specific for ovulatory and anovulatory causes of AUB at the histological level. This study was carried out to evaluate the histomorphological pattern of endometrium in Abnormal Uterine Bleeding. Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out among 100 women who were diagnosed with AUB in our tertiary care hospital between 2012 and 2014. Endometrial biopsy sample was taken on the third week of menstrual cycle. The samples received were carefully examined for the presence of mucus & large blood clots, and, if found were removed. One slide stained with conventional Haematoxylin & Eosin, second slide with Per iodic acid Schiff method and third slide was stained with Gomeri's method for reticulin stain. Results: A total of 100 cases were analyzed in this study and majority of the cases consisted of anovulatory disturbances (62%) followed by ovulatory disturbances (34%). While majority of the anovulatory cases were irregular proliferation (27%), majority of the ovulatory cases were deficient secretory state with co-ordinated delay (11%). Conclusion: In the modern era of minimally invasive surgical and diagnostic procedures, there is a growing need for the histopathologist to develop acumen for diagnosis of AUB. This study has extensively highlighted the variations in the endometrial presentation for an in depth analysis of AUB.

The controversy surrounding the major determinants of FDI inflows in Africa motivated this study. Past empirical studies have failed to examine how the growth rate of the economy could affect FDI inflows in the continent. The study employed a panel OLS to pool annual data from three largest economies in Africa between 1990 and 2017. This paper identified that, there exists active and passive determinants of FDI inflows in Africa. However, the study reveals that the active determinants of FDI inflows in Africa are market size and the growth rate of economy while the passive determinants are GDP per capita and past FDI inflows. Therefore, the study recommends that the policy makers in Africa need to embark on economic reforms and policies that will promote the expansion of the market size that will guarantee sustainable economic growth in the continent, this in turn will serve as a catalyst that will stimulate further attraction of FDI inflows into Africa.

Background: Traumatic brain injury is defined as an alteration in brain function caused by an external force; it is responsible for high mortality around the world. Hyperglycemia aggravates underlying brain damage and influences both morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Aim: The aim of our study is to examine the relationship between blood glucose and outcome after traumatic brain injury in Sudanese Patients. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted at the National Center for Neurological Sciences from October 2015 to October 2018; blood specimens were obtained from 210 TBI patients and processed for plasma glucose measurement. Results: Two hundred and ten patients with TBI were enrolled in the study, 91.0% were males and 9.0% were females. The most affected age group ranged between 19-34 years in 75 patients. The present study revealed that normoglycemia (Glucose level 70-180 mg/dl) was detected in 79.0%of patients, while dysglycemia was detected in 21% of patients. Moreover, in this study, regarding the outcome and blood glucose, among dysglycemic patients (44), 61.1% of the hypoglycemic patients were found with mild disability according to GOS classification, while 66.6% of the hyperglycemic patients died. Conclusion: This study demonstrated a significant difference in blood glucose levels among patients with TBI.

Blood transfusion saves so many lives but there is an imbalance between the supply and demand of blood. The WHO policy is to achieve 100% non renumerated voluntary blood donation practice in 2020¹. It can be improved and achieved by analysing the knowledge, attitude and practice towards blood donation among routine blood donors, paramedical students, medical students and common people in Sivagangai district