Piper betle L. is an evergreen perennial dioecious creeper and it is native to Malaysia. It is commonly used in our day to day life. In present investigation an attempt has been made for the pharmacognostic standardization and phytochemical evaluation of Piper betle L. leaves. The pharmacognostic evaluation comprises of detailed morphology, powdered microscopy, quantitative microscopy and physical constants such as extractive and ash values. The leaves extract were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening. The data obtained in present study will serve as valuable tool for identification, authentication and detection of adulterants standardization and quality control of the drug. In this research work the anthelmintic property of leaves extract of Piper betle L. belonging to family Piperaceae was studied for anthelmintic activity against Pheretima Posthuma (Indian earthworm). The leaves powder of Piper betle L. was subjected to successive extraction by maceration using solvents like Aqueous, Acetone + Aqueous and Pet. Ether. Four concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100 mg / ml) of different extract of leaves were studied in a bioassay, which involved the determination of time of paralysis and time of death of the worms. 100 mg/ml conc. of Aqueous + Acetone extract of leaves of Piper betle L. reveal considerable anthelmintic activity as compared to other two concentrations and piperazine citrate (10 mg/ml). Piperazine citrate and saline water were included in the assay as standard reference drug and control, respectively.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a deficit in social communication, as well as restricted interests and repetitive behaviours. Various misconceptions about ASD management are rising, leading to parent's confusion and suffering and possible serious harm to ASD patients. This review aims to shed light on common misconceptions about ASD management, including the relationship between ASD and vaccines, the use of chelation therapy, hyperbaric oxygen therapy and gluten-free diet. In conclusion, there is no evidence of a link between vaccinations and the development of ASD, as well as no evidence to support using chelation therapy, hyperbaric oxygen therapy and a gluten-free diet, but rather there is evidence of harm. Educating parents to weigh the benefits and risks is a vital role for any health care provider.

This research is aimed to know why the tax knowledge gives negative effect to the level of tax compliance. The behavior of tax compliance may be seen by observing the understanding of the tax payers about the tax information which is manifested in the increase of tax payer compliances. The data collection is done by distributing questionnaire and the number of sample is 125 respondents. The result shows that the tax knowledge gives negative effect on the level of tax payer compliances. The significant level of the tax knowledge on the tax compliance is 0,927 dan β -0,010.

The labor service provider sector has a role in efforts to support services to customers. But on the other hand, when customers want to build or renovate a house; it is difficult to find building materials and service providers in one system. Service providers will provide expertise in building and renovating homes based on customer demand. Based on this problem, researchers built a Project Service Information System that aims to facilitate customers, service providers, and suppliers in a system called eMarket place Si Jas Pro. Expected to be able to help and open business opportunities for small building material entrepreneurs and building service providers, make it easier for customers to buy material needs and find service providers, customers know the prices and material services so they can estimate their desired needs, customers can consult with building consultants, provide work sketches and provide comments on service provider work to improve customer service.

The early loss of maxillary posterior teeth leads to maxillary sinus pneumatisation, reducing the alveolar ridge height, and thus posing challenge for implant placement. Owing to mechanical and anatomic difficulties, implant treatment in the atrophic maxilla represents a cumbersome task. The maxillary sinus floor augmentation procedure is still not universally accepted because of its complexity and its unpredictability. This condition may be treated with an elevation of the maxillary sinus floor, which is usually accomplished by lateral or transcrestal approach to the antrum. As an alternative to these augmentation procedures, a more conservative treatment option would be to either place short implants or to bypass the sinus floor. This case report emphasizes on maxillary sinus by pass with tilted implants in close proximity to the sinus wall, thus, avoiding sinus floor elevation & bone grafting procedures.

Introduction: The Current 3 major LAC guidelines (BSH, ISTH & CLSI) recommends mixing tests for detection of LAC, even though these test order/ sequence vary & there are certain limitations, but still these guidelines advocates mixing test so as to maximize the diagnostic performance. The main objective of this study is to assess sensitivity of these tests in 255 LAC cases. Results: The Coagulometer used is Sysmex CS-5100. RI Cut offs ≤ 10 = Correction & ≥ 15 = Inhibitor & SNR > 1.15 indicates inhibitor. Of 255 LAC cases RI showed a sensitivity of 72% in correctly detecting LAC were as 11.7% were indeterminate & 15% were wrongly interpretated as factor deficiency. SNR showed a sensitivity of 83% in correctly detecting LAC were as 10.9% were indeterminate & 5.8% were wrongly interpretated as factor deficiency. Discussion: BSH & ISTH guidelines recommends Standardised Normalised ratio (mixing test-specific cut off) and Rosners index (ICA) for interpretation of mixing test results in detecting LAC.This study shows that SNR is more sensitive than RI for detecting LAC while interpretating Mixing test results. This study was in correlation with Moore & Kumano’s study. Conclusion: It is difficult to interpretate mixing study results in LAC patients. It is valuable to maximise mixing test interpretation as the dilution can lead to false-negative results .RI & SNR were comparatively analysed for their sensitivity to detect LAC in mixing studies & these data applied with the reagents and equipment employed, SNR was found to be more sensitive as compared to RI.

Mucoceles are common in oral cavity, but rare in pediatric patients. Diagnosis and management of mucocele is challenging. Surgical excision is an appropriate treatment modality with least recurrence and good prognosis. This is a case report of 12 year old with mucocele on the left side of the ventral surface of the tongue.

The paper explores theoretical justifications for granting patent monopolies in order to clarify the implications of existing patent doctrine and to have a theory for limitations to those patent rights.

Objective: The main aim of this study was to establish psychometric properties of the subscales self-realization and health responsibility of the health-promoting lifestyle profile II tool among Kenyan university students Design: The study design was a cross-sectional analytical, that utilized quantitative methods Setting. The study was conducted in Kakamega County, located in Western Kenya. Analysis: Data were analyzed through confirmatory factor analysis, which was conducted using robust maximum likelihood estimation. The factor model was tested for validity and construct validity. Main outcome measures: subscales self-realization and health responsibility of the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II Results: The items for self-realization and health responsibility had a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.72 and 0.80, indicating acceptable reliability. For self-realization, the results of the Chi-square goodness of fit test were significant, χ2(27) = 251.61, p < .001, suggesting that the model did not adequately fit the data. The fit indices showed the RMSEA index was greater than .10, RMSEA = 0.20, 90% CI = [0.18, 0.22], which is indicative of a poor model fit. The CFI was less than .90, CFI = 0.52, suggesting that the model is indicative of a poor model fit. For health responsibility, the results of the Chi-square goodness of fit test were significant, χ2(20) = 272.58, p < .001, suggesting that the model did not adequately fit the data. Fit indices values showed the RMSEA index was greater than .10, RMSEA = 0.25, 90% CI = [0.22, 0.27], which is indicative of a poor model fit. The CFI was less than .90, CFI = 0.75, suggesting that the model is indicative of a poor model fit. Conclusion: In conclusion, within the limitations of this study, the results showed that confirmatory factor analysis could not well fit the items to their latent constructs.

Background: Obesity is a complex, multi-factorial, chronic condition that is associated with mortality and significant morbidity and is prevalent worldwide. The aim of the study is to determine the effect of obesity on pulmonary function abnormality in young adults in our population. Method: A cross sectional study on 140 individuals, selected randomly from general population of Rajkot city was performed. A thorough history analysis (Height, Weight, BMI), Physical examinations Spirometry were done on all individuals after explaining the procedure and taking their consent. Parameters measured by the spirometer were FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, PEFR, ERV, IC, EC, VC. Result & conclusion: It was observed that lung volumes decreased with statistically significant decreased ERV (0.66±0.09 L) & FVC (3.10±0.91) as the BMI increases (30-35Kg/m2). Negative correlation was found between BMI and ERV (-0.307) at higher BMI Values.

Background: Diabetes is a highly prevalent chronic disease and Bahrain is ranked amongst the top ten. Diabetes has many complications. Retinopathy caused by diabetes if considered number one leading cause of blindness world wild. This study explore the factors influencing the uptake of the Digital Retinopathy Screening Programs (DRGP). Methods: Five of the Primary Care centers in the country providing the (DRSP) have been visited on daily basis for two weeks in row and patients attending for the test have been questioned, defaulters were called and questioned through the phone for the causes. Results: A total of 367 type II DM patients were enrolled in the study with a (42.5%) are within the age range of 50-59. 75.2 % of the sample attended for the screening and were questioned and the remaining non attendees were questioned through the phone. A Comparison between the characteristics and reasons behind attendance and non attendance amongst the two groups was conducted statistically by SPSS using Chi Sequare test and Fisher’s exact test. Results using P-Value showed that the major reasons for non attending the appointments are forgetting the appointment, ignorance, neglect, some special circumstances like sickness or travel and miscommunication between patients and staff or physicians. While on the other hand, reminders and physician recommendations have show to be of a positive influence over patients’ attendance.

Introduction: Physical inactivity is a major contributor to the overall burden of cardiovascular disease such as storke, coronary artery diseases and other non-communicable diseases like type 2 diabetes, breast cancer, and colon cancer while Physical activity is a key and important factor that contributes to decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and predictors of physical inactivity in a rural population in Nigeria. Methods: A cross sectional rural population study involving 572 subjects aged 15 years and above. Socio-demographic data were obtained by face-to-face interview. Weight, height, waist circumference, hip circumference measurements were taken along with blood pressure measurements. Blood samples were taken for fasting blood sugar and lipid profile. Results: Five Hundred and seventy two had their data analysed with male to female ratio of 1:2.6. The overall mean age was 39.08±17.5 years. The overall prevalence of physical inactivity in this study was 3 % to 7.3% during commuting or working respectively with men being more active than females. The elderly age group of 70 years and above were more sedentary than all other age groups. Pearson correlation and Spearman’ rho correlation analyses showed that smoking and BMI correlated with obesity. Linear regression analysis showed that smoking and BMI predicted presence of physical inactivity. Conclusion: Physical inactivity prevalence in this study is low with smoking and BMI being important predictors.

The present study attempts to locate women in the universal crime theories which seem to be developed from male subjects and validated on them too. Due to the increasing equality in status and opportunity between men and women the line between male and female crime is getting thinner. There are many universally accepted theories which apparently apply to male criminals but on lifting the veil on them and studying minutely we discover that they equally apply to female criminals too. No doubt any theory is weak if it does not apply to half of the population which experiences the same deprivations in the same environment, family structures and economic conditions. The research revolves around the twin factors, first that the theories of crime should be able to take account of both men’s and women’s behavior and to highlight those factors which operate differently on men and women and second that if a particular theory helps us to understand female crime better this would be a great achievement for criminology. The relevant matter for consideration is whether these ‘manmade’ and ‘made for men’ do explain female crime and if few of them or all of them do so then to what extent?

Back ground: Wood workers are more prone to exposed wood dust on regular basis. They are more prone to develop occupational lung diseases. PFT among such workers describe prognosis of such occupational hazards of wood dust. Aim: Based on such back ground we have conducted PEFR, FEV1/FVC and MVV among wood factory workers and compared with healthy individuals. Methods: Present study was carried out at Shree M P Shah Medical College, Jamnagar. We have used MEDSPIROR to collect PFT data in wood workers. Result: Wood workers have significant low PEFR (4.6±0.34), FEV1/FVC (87.98±3.66) and MVV (75.02±3.6) as compare to healthy individual. Prolonged exposure to wood dust in workers shows declining of PFTs.

Our study focuses on Congolese taxation in the face of the challenges of decentralization: the case of the province of Ituri from 2016 to 2018. We analyze the feasibility of the law regarding withholding tax by decentralized territorial entities. Thus, this study focuses on the following questions: is the withholding of revenue by the decentralized territorial entities carried out according to the spirit of the law in the matter for their development? If not, what are the consequences and possible solutions for the province of Ituri? The constant is such that withholding suffers from a systematic violation in the province of Ituri. The consequences are enormous and, moreover, too visible. This province is in an economic dependence on the central power, which consequently hinders its development. The solution to consider is compliance with article 175 of the constitution of the Democratic Republic of Congo which states that: "The share of national revenue allocated to the provinces is established at 40%. It is withheld at source. To verify, apprehend and guide this study, the documentary technique is probably for us more practical, explicit and appropriate in the realization of our modest work.