Objectives: To find the prevalence & clinical profile of various benign breast lesions in females presenting with breast lump and to establish its cytohistologic correlation. Methods: A prospective study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, Chirayu Medical College and Hospital, Bhopal [M.P]. A total of 203 patients were diagnosed with benign breast lesions both by Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology and Hisopathology over a period of twenty four months. Data including age, complaints and clinical examination was collected from patients presented for FNAC in Cytology Department with Breast complains. Result: Benign breast lesions are more common in younger age group. Of 203 cases 47.3% belongs to 3rd decade of life (Age 21-30yrs) followed by 31% from 4th decade (31-40). The commonest mode of presentation was Lump in breast in 55.7% cases. The spectrum of lesions were Fibroadenoma 54.2% (n=110), Fibrocystic disease 14.3% (n=29), Fibroadenoma with atypia 3.9% (n=8), Granulomatous mastitis 3.4% (n=7), Breast abscess 4.9% (n=10), Galactocele 2.0% (n=4) and Acute mastitis 3.0% (n=6), Papillary lesion 3.4% (n=7), Phyllodes 2.0% (n=4), Duct ectasia 1% (n=2), Fat necrosis 0.5 % (n=1). Histology was available for 117 cases. No discrepancy was noted. Conclusion: It is essential to diagnose the Breast lesions at the earliest for appropriate management. Diagnosis by FNAC is safe, easy, accurate and economical procedure with easy repeatability, yielding quick results and reducing the need for open biopsies in the reproductive age group. Confirmation of diagnosis by Clinical Examination, FNAC and Histopathology is an important part of diagnostic workup.

Globally cervical cancers affect about 15% of the women and are the second most common cancer among female population. A dramatic reduction has been observed in the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer after the introduction of Pap test. This study was carried out to assess the role of pap test in cervical cytology and to determine the prevalence of various lesions. This cross sectional study was carried out among 400 patients who attended Gynaecology. Out Patient department. Smears were taken from female patients in the age group of 30-60years with complaints like frothy white discharge, post-coital bleeding, intermenstrual bleeding, dyspaerunia and lower abdominal pain. After fixation in 95% alcohol and staining, each smear was carefully examined. The cytological smears were made by staining under Papanicolaou’s technique and interpreted using new 2001 Bethesda system. Although majority of the smears were negative for any intraepithelial lesion or malignancy, (87.3%), inflammation was present in 69.7% of the smears and 62.5% showed non specifc inflammation. In addition, 28(7.0%) showed candida infection and 1(0.25%) had evidence of Trichomonas infection. Pap test continues to be an essential screening tool to detect early cervical lesions. In addition, it pap test is useful in highlighting the significance of screening test in women of both reproductive and postmenopausal age groups.

Introduction: Group cooperative learning is a new teaching method, which makes the traditional, single and passive teaching methods become new, diverse and active teaching methods, and the teaching contents and teaching process are also from presupposition and closure to generation and openness. Such teaching methods can better cultivate students' innovative spirit and practical ability. This paper introduces the group cooperative learning mode into the teaching of linear algebra class, through teaching practice and investigation and research, we find some problems in the process of advancing, and think positively about these problems, and give effective solutions, which can provide a powerful guarantee for the wide application of group cooperative learning.

Introduction: Tuberculosis is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity in childhood. It is challenging to diagnose in childhood population due to difficulty in collection of sample and paucibacillary nature. Despite of considering mycobacterium culture as gold-standard test, it is time consuming (4-8 weeks) while traditional ZN stain is poorly sensitive or specific. In 2013, WHO endorsed Cartridge Based Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (CBNAAT) for diagnosis of TB. Still, there is lack of adequate research on TB detection efficacy of CBNAAT over ZN stain or culture. Aims & Objective: Comparison of CBNAAT over ZN stain & mycobacterium culture, in terms of Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive Predictive Value, Negative predictive value. Materials & Methods: Total of 565 patients admitted to Paediatric Medicine department over 2 years from July 2017 to July 2019 with clinical signs (radiological) and symptoms of local & disseminated tuberculosis and history of close contact were selected and grouped under pulmonary and extra-pulmonary categories. Each sample was analyzed by CBNAAT, ZN smear and culture.

Social media are interactive communication platform usually used for community-based inputs, content sharing, interaction and collaboration among people. Prominent social media platforms are, facebook, twitter, google+, wikipedia, LinkedIn etc. These social media channels serve as source of information and influence in decision-making process. Travel experience, photos, videos and other contents shared on social media may influence other prospective tourists in their destination selection decision. This study intended to discover the impact of social media on tourists' decision making. Data have been collected from 167 respondents using judgmental sampling technique. Collected data were analyzed using principle component analysis where 15 variables were reduced to two factors (social media information about destination and social media word-of-mouth). Further, the extent of influence of obtained factors on tourists' destination selection decision was identified using regression analysis and stated that these two factors explains 52.2% of the variance in data.

Small and Medium Scale Enterprises play an important role in the Economic Development of both developed and developing nations. Nigeria is no exception with SMEs providing about 85% of employment in manufacturing sector, believed to contribute to about 70% to GDP and account for about 92% of businesses in Nigeria. However, the SMEs are confronted with challenges of credit accessibility for their expansion and growth. The above constraints gave rise to the researchers to examine impact of bank loan on the profitability of SMEs in Bauchi state of Nigeria. The objective of the study was to examine impact of bank loan on the profitability of SMEs in Bauchi state. To this end, the study used survey method and secondary data method. A self-administered questionnaire was used to obtain relevant data from a sample of 97 SMEs operators of Bauchi state. In addition, Krangcie and Morgan table was used to select the firms. Both descriptive and multiply regression analysis were used in the analysis of the relevant data. The analyses were done using multiple regression analysis to examine impact of bank loan on the profitability of SMEs in Bauchi state. In conclusion, this research shows that bank loan has negative relationship with Return on Asset but have positive relationship with firm size and firm age in Bauchi state based on the research findings.

The purpose of this study is to analyse and compare the alignments of the Myanmar and the South Australian high-school physics curricula in relation to their respective learning objectives, learning outcomes and examinations. In both instances curricula from the completing year of high-school are examined: the Grade 10 Physics curriculum in Myanmar, and the Year 12 Physics curriculum in South Australia. 2018 materials, those most recently available, have been used for both Myanmar and South Australia. A slightly modified Porter’s alignment model is used to analyse curriculum alignment with objectives and assessment. The Myanmar physics curriculum demonstrated an alignment index with outcomes and examination of 0.58 and in the case of South Australia, the alignment index was 0.53. Both alignment indices were significantly lower than the critical values (0.839) and (0.884) at the 0.05 level. Most objectives and questions over-represented lower level cognitive skills. In Objectives: Remember (35%) and Understand (51%) for Myanmar, and Understand (54%) and Apply (31%) for South Australia; in Examinations, Remember (49%) and Apply (33%) in Myanmar and Understand (24%) and Apply (49%) in South Australia. Concerns are raised over diminished expectations of, and for, student success and discussion given on issues of validity in learning outcomes and assessments. Recommendations are then made to adjust and improve the alignment of materials used the two contexts of physics instruction.

The strategy of price liberalisation and privatisation had been implemented in Sudan over the last decade, and has had a positive result on government deficit. The investment law approved recently has good statements and rules on the above strategy in particular to pharmacy regulations. Under the pressure of the new privatisation policy, the government introduced radical changes in the pharmacy regulations. To improve the effectiveness of the public pharmacy, resources should be switched towards areas of need, reducing inequalities and promoting better health conditions. Medicines are financed either through cost sharing or full private. The role of the private services is significant. A review of reform of financing medicines in Sudan is given in this study. Also, it highlights the current drug supply system in the public sector, which is currently responsibility of the Central Medical Supplies Public Corporation (CMS). In Sudan, the researchers did not identify any rigorous evaluations or quantitative studies about the impact of drug regulations on the quality of medicines and how to protect public health against counterfeit or low quality medicines, although it is practically possible. However, the regulations must be continually evaluated to ensure the public health is protected against by marketing high quality medicines rather than commercial interests, and the drug companies are held accountable for their conduct.

This article reflects on our experience of using participatory development processes to strengthen business practices of fish farmers in Western Uganda. We aimed to empower the fish farmers through collective participation so that they become critically aware of the realities that impeded the development of their fish farming enterprises, a process in Freirian terms described as conscientisation. We reflect on the challenges we encountered in our effort to foster participation and consequently conscientisation of the fish farmers, and the considerations that are important to make, when carrying out participatory agricultural development projects. We ask ourselves: how far did we go in achieving our avowed aim of engendering collective farmer participation. To what extent did we achieve an effective participatory agriculture development practice? We focus our reflection on our efforts at fostering collective participation in doing farmer participatory market research. We begin by exploring the literature related to the meaning of participatory development and conscientisation on one hand and the complexity of achieving community participation on other. We then explicate our effort at engendering participation during the farmer participatory market research process. We conclude the article with a critical reflection on our practice.

Euthanasia is one of the very significant bioethical issue that has been widely developed in a complex way line with the medical advancement, biotechnology, intensive care unit as well as the medical technology. The essential of science and technology in medical today towards human cannot be denied which not only help in treatment to cure any disease but also able to identify any illness effectively and accurately through diagnosis. However, what raises the question is when euthanasia is considered as an easy, silent and less painful way to terminate the pain that has been borne by the incurable patients. The compassion and the right to die is one of the strong excuses to enable euthanasia to be practiced by the Western. Hence, the objective of this research is to explain the concept of euthanasia practice and the Islamic approach towards the purity of life. This is a qualitative study that uses the document analysis. The finding from the study shows that there are differences in the practice of euthanasia from the Western and Islamic perception. Islam believes that euthanasia opposed the concept of natural death and against the human nature.

Background: The literature local venture out; 1) l to migration of talent from universities and emergent, stay in universities and developed talents return to his alma mater; 2) acculturation, multiculturalism and interculturality as management systems for the expulsion and reception of migrants; 3) the adaptation of migrant workers and the assimilation and selection of talents, as well as the identity in both; 4) the inexorability between community worker entrepreneurship and academic talent entrepreneurship. Objective: Specify a model of local entrepreneurship based on a review and discussion of theoretical, conceptual and empirical frameworks related to the migration of workers and talents. Method: A documentary study was conducted with a selection of indexed sources during the period from 2010 to 2019 in repositories in Latin America. Results: The model specified included after hypothesis of correlational trajectories between the assimilation, selectivity and identity variables reviewed in the state of knowledge. Discussion: From the approaches of acculturation, multiculturalism and interculturality, the inclusion of explanatory variables of equitable relations between economic, political and social actors is noted. Conclusion: The specification of the model can only be checked if it is possible to observe inter-culturalism in the public policies of micro-financing of entrepreneurial projects for local development.

The nose is the central element of the face and has well defined racial, sexual and environmental characteristics and differences. Anthropometric analysis in the context of each patient’s ethnic heritage forms the basis of an excellent result in rhinoplasty. Caucasian parameters have served as endpoints for nasal aesthetic and reconstructive surgery for centuries. As more non-Caucasians seek these surgeries, it has become evident that using a set of parameters cannot account for the great variability noted in people especially Africans. The objective of this study was to develop a reference for Ibibio nasal parameters which will guide reconstructive and aesthetic surgery and compare this with other ethnic groups in Nigeria and with other races. This was a prospective cross sectional community based study involving 200 males and 200 females aged 18-60 years, of Ibibio ethnic group in Akwa Ibom State, with no facial anomalies or history of facial surgery. Measurements were made with digital calipers and goniometers. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 20, independent t-test used to assess sexual dimorphism with significance level of p<0.05. The nasal parameters assessed for males and females were: Nasal length(46.4±1.7mm and 46.1±1.6mm), Nasal width (44.1±1.6mm and 41.2±1.3mm), Nasal index (95.2±3.2 and 89.6±3.4), Ear length/Nasal length ( 0.8±0.5 and 0.8±0.1); Nasal width/intercanthal distance (1.2±0.0 and 1.2±0.0); Nasal width/Mouth width (0.8 and 0.8±0.1); Neoclassical cannons assessed as follows: Nasoaural Canon IV fits 6% males and 4.5% females, Naso-occular canon V was the least frequently validated, and fits 2.5% males and 3% females, Naso-oral Canon VII was most frequently validated and fits 13.5% males and 8% females. Ibibio nose is predominantly platyrrhine.

Controlled animal experiment was done at Department of Pharmacology, R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital after getting permission from institutional animal ethics committee to find out a drug with good analgesic & safety profile for long term use in high risk population like hepatic, cardiac, hypertensive, diabetic patients. Flupirtine maleate, Tramadol hydrochloride and Paracetamol these three compounds have known analgesic property of their own and they are relatively safe than NSAIDS and opioids. Conventional Hot plate and Tail flick methods were used to access the analgesic effects of drugs. Total number of 36 screened Swiss albino mice were taken in the experiment. Mices were divided into six groups from Ato F with six mices in each group, where A is the control, B,C,D,E,F are the flupirtine(B), tramadol(C), paracetamol(D), combined half(E) and comboned full doses(F) of these three drugs. Result were noted at 20, 60 and 90 minutes intervals. Analgesic effects between these groups were compaired and p value were extracted. All the drugs individually as well as in combinations with their half and full doses showed an increase reaction time in comparison with control. Combinations in half and full doses also showed more nalgesic property than individual drugs. So, we may conclude that combination of flupirtine, tramadol and paracetamol have supra additive analgesic effects.

Methanol leaf extract of Eucalyptus camaldulensis was investigated for phytochemical compositions, antioxidants, antimicrobial and safety profile. The antibacterial study was carried out using agar well diffusion method, while antioxidant activities were evaluated by 2, 2′- diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. A total of fifteen rats were divided into three groups (5 rats each) and were given 0, 250 and 500 mg/kg bwt of the extract orally for 28 days. Results revealed that tannins (24.72±0.36 g) is the most abundant phytochemicals followed by phenols (6.01±0.89 mg/g) while alkaloid (0.19±0.67 mg/g) was the least. Extract demonstrated antioxidant activities with IC50 of the 244.98±5.24 µg/mL and 462.755 ± 6.98 µg/mL in DPPH and FRAP assays respectively. The extract inhibited the bacteria growth with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) values ranged between 7.5-60 μg mL–1 and 60-12 μg mL–1 respectively. The concentrations of albumins, bilirubins sodium, potassium, creatinine, serum transaminases and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were not significantly (p>0.05) altered by the extract. Urea concentration was significantly (p<0.05) higher while proteins were lower in rats treated with 500 mg/kg bw of the extract. Methanol extract of E. camaldulensis could be considered as a cheap source of effective and safe herbal remedy with potential candidate for the development of a new drug.