Background: The most frequent complication which follows the removal of impacted mandibular third molars is ‘dry socket’ or Alveolar Osteitis (AO). The present study aimed to evaluate the incidence, risk factors (age, sex, infection) contributing to the development of dry socket and clinical feature following surgical removal of impacted mandibular third. Material & Methods: The present study was conducted in 86 adult patients requiring surgical extraction of impacted mandibular third molar. The surgery was performed in a standardized technique. Patients were recalled regularly and symptoms and signs of dry socket was noted if developed. Patients were reviewed at 3rd and 7th day of surgery. Results: Out of 86 patients, 46 were males and 40 were females. Out of 46 males, 5 and out of 40 females, 4 developed dry socket. Age group 18-30 had 2 dry socket, 30-50 had 2 and >50 years had 5 cases of dry socket. The difference among both genders was significant in age >50 years (P< 0.05). The incidence of DS was in 7 patients suffering from systemic diseases and 2 medically fit patients developed dry socket. Postoperative symptoms such as pain, empty socket, bare bone and halitosis on 3rd and 7th day. There was significant reduction in symptoms on 7th day. Conclusion: Dry socket is multifactorial in nature. Authors found that higher number of dry socket was in age group >50 years, in males and in patients with systemic diseases. Need of the Study: Assessment of risk factors may be useful in preventing complications arising from mandibular third molar extraction.

The present study assessed the alteration of the liver biochemical enzymes following dermal exposure to petroleum motor spirit (pms) on 25 albino whister rats. 10 served as control while the treated had 15 albino whister rats and clustered into 3 based on the treatment scheme (1ml, 2ml, and 3ml). The serum biochemical assays, body weight, and histopathology of the liver where evaluated. The study revealed the mean of 101.20±2.781 and 111.40±2.591 for weight before and after treatement respectively with a statistically significant (t= -20.821, df= 9, p=<0.05) for control subjects. While the mean of the treated group (PMS) was 116.67±12.199 and 110.33±11.872 for weight before and after treatment correspondingly. The study demonstrated a statistically significant mean difference between the two different weights for pre and post treatment exposure. In analyzing the biochemical assays, the result of treatment with 1ml PMS showed a moderate increase in ALP (11.60±.548) when compared to the control (11.40±0.516), while AST and ALT significantly decreased (192.00±19.170 and 110.80±9.311) when compared to the control (245.40±4.648 and 143.60±13.426) at P<0.05. When treated with 2ml PMS the ALP, AST, ALT (12.60±.548, 298.20±29.029 and 172.80±20.266) all increased when compared to the control (11.40±0.516, 245.40±4.648 and 143.60±13.426) at p<0.05. The mean comparison of the treatment of albino whister rats using 3ml PMS showed a significant increase in ALP and AST (14.00±2.739 and 275.40±30.672) when compared to the control (11.40±0.516 and 245.40±4.648) at p<0.05. But, comparing the obtained result of ALT, result showed a decrease in the level of ALT (118.00±27.386) when compared to control (143.60±13.426). The histopathological examination results as described in the histopathology report shows significant suggestion of deformation in the cell structure of hepatocytes subsequent to treatment with varying doses of PMS. Dermal exposure of these xenobiotics is almost certainl

Aims: Abruptio placenta which is a major cause of maternal morbidity and perinatal mortality globally is of serious concern in the developing world. We retrospectively analysed the abruptio placenta cases and evaluated its impact on maternal and fetal outcomes. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective study conducted in department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at GGH, KADAPA from April 2018 to June 2019. Patients of abruptio placenta with more than 28 weeks of gestation, presenting with antepartum haemorrhage and their maternal and fetal outcome is evaluated. Results: In our study period we encountered 30 abruptio placenta cases. In 30 patients 11(36%) patients were presented with preeclampsia, 18(60%) patients were multiparous, and almost all the patients were having anaemia. These were considered as risk factors for abruptio placenta. All the cases were referred from nearby PHC to our tertiary care hospital, GGH, KADAPA. In our study 3(10%) patients developed complications, in that 2(6.6%) patients developed Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) and 1(3.33%) patient had acute kidney injury and no maternal deaths encountered in our study. Regarding fetal outcome 22(73.33%) patients presented with IUFD by the time of presentation to the hospital and 1(3.33%) stillbirth, 2(6.6%) babies admitted in SNCU and 5(16.66%) were having good Apgar. Conclusion: We observed that higher incidence of anaemia, multiparity and preeclampsia as risk factors in our study population. We need to motivate public regarding the importance of antenatal care, improvement in nutritional status and create awareness about family planning practices. We noticed that early identification and intervention can prevent maternal and perinatal mortality.

HCC is the one of the most common of cancers and now according to world statistics it accounts for fifth most common types of cancer in the world. The mortality is very high and it second leading cancer in terms of cancer-related mortality in the world. The frequency has been on a study rise in the last one or two decades. It is one of the serious malignancies and has one of the worst prognoses in terms of morbidity and mortality. The numbers are expected to increase in the next decade or two as more and more urbanisation and industrialisation are happening thus indirectly leading to life style modifications. Liver is the mainly concerned with the metabolism and it is easily targeted as it is the first line of defence or contact as far as the ingestion is concerned. Toxic environment is one of the most important causes. With increase in the incidence and prevalence of the toxic substances being ingested and also the unhealthy life style followings is being practised, more number of cases is expected to encounter. If global scenario is considered then higher incidence is reported in the developed and industrialised nations. This study puts in an effort to profile the Hepato-Cellular Carcinoma cases.

Heart disease is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in pregnant women. It is reported in 0.2 to 4% of all pregnancies. The incidence of heart disease in pregnancy has increased in the last two decades due to better surgical treatment for congenital heart disease, due to which more number of women are surviving to reach adulthood and opting to conceive and continue pregnancy. Pregnancy is associated with major physiological adaptations in to ensure adequate blood supply to uterus and to ensure blood supply to growing fetus. The net result is increase in cardiac output, plasma volume, heart rate and decrease in systemic vascular resistance. Risk assessment in pregnancy is based on CARPREG scoring system. Patient should be informed about the increased chance of miscarriage, prematurity and fetal growth restriction. If pregnant female is on warfarin it needs to be switched to heparin at pregnancy detection and again at 36 weeks. In general, vaginal delivery is preferred and delivery should occur in tertiary centres with readily available team of cardiologist, anesthetist, senior obstetrician and neonatologist.

Rhinosporidiosis is a chronic granulomatous mucocutaneous infecion caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi. The infection is non-contagious and as the name suggests, it is primarily a disease of the nose. Here, we report a rare case of rhinosporidiosis affecting the nasopharynx in a 35 year old male patient.

Ameloblastomas are bening intraosseous lesions affecting maxillary jaws. They originate from the epithelium involved with the formation of teeth such as enamel, odontogenic rests of Malassez, reduced enamel epithelium and odontogenic cyst lining. Thus, the hypothesis of transformation of a dentigerous cyst into an ameloblastoma was suggested in the literature. These lesions are locally invasive and can grow to infiltrate soft tissues. The risk of recurrence after surgical treatment is important and a long term survey is indicated. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the diagnostic dilemma in front of a well-defined radiolucent lesion of the mandibule associated to an impacted wisdom tooth and the diffuclties on therapeutic decision. A healthy 34-year-old man referred to our dentistry department complaining about the recurrence of inflammatory episodes associated with tooth number 48. The radiological examination showed a large well limited radiolucent lesion related to tooth number 48, situated in the ramus region. The patient underwent tooth extraction and cystic enucleation. The anatomopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of a follicular ameloblastoma. Nevertheless, the cystic wall showed both a detigerous cystic portion in one part and a follicular ameloblastoma segment in another part, confirming the hypothesis of ameloblastoma transformation of a detnigerous cyst.

Bushke-Lowenstein Tumor Giant or Condyloma Acuminata is a rare neoplasm induced by an oncogenic human papilloma virus (HPV 11 and 6). It is a sexually transmitted disease. Despite of its indolent character it can probably degenerate to an aggressif epidermoid carcinoma like in our observation. We report the case of a patient who developed this tumor with locoregional destruction .The Aim of this work is to describe this pathology via a literature review.

Background: Child abuse is a serious problem causing physical, social and psychosocial harm to the children. Aim: To evaluate the effect of educational protocol in improving mothers’ knowledge, practice and attitude about child abuse. Design: A quasi-experimental research design [pretest -posttest] was used. Setting: At the out patient’s clinics at Zagazig University Hospitals. Sample: A purposive sample consisted of 100 mothers participated in this study and they were chosen according to inclusion criteria. Tools: Four tools were used; Interview questionnaire sheet, Mother's knowledge about child abuse, Child Abuse Prevention Attitude Scale, Check List for Expressed Practices on Child Abuse. Results: Revealed that most of the mothers were secondary education, house wives and from rural areas, there were statistical significant differences between pre\posttests regarding knowledge, practice, attitudes for the mothers regarding child abuse and there was negative association among the incidence of child abuse and the level of knowledge, practice, and attitude of their mothers. Conclusion: The applying of educational protocol for mothers was effective in enhancing their knowledge, practice, and attitudes regarding child abuse. Recommendation: Educational pamphlets about child abuse and its prevention strategies should be given to mothers in different settings such as, clinics, worksites and health care centers, and also establishing child abuse prevention programs at schools could be helpful.

Background: The major source of blood supply to long bones is by nutrient arteries in phases of ossification as well as during growth period Aim: to study the nutrient foramina of human femora and its surgical significance. Materials and Methods: 114 Dry femora (Right: 58, Left: 56) were collected from under graduate medical students and from the Department of Anatomy, Kurnool Medical College, Andhra Pradesh to study the morphometry of the nutrient foramina of human femora and its surgical significance. All the femur bones observed for number of nutrient foramen (NF) and location of nutrient foramen in the present study. The total length of each bone and distance of nutrient foramen from the proximal end of the bone was measured by using Osteometric board. Results: We noted 56 bones with single nutrient foramen on right femur bones, 2 bones noted with double nutrient foramen and also noted 55 bones with nutrient foramen on its linea aspera, 3 bones with nutrient foramen on its lateral surface out of 58 right femur bones in the present study. We noted 53 bones with single nutrient foramen on left femur bones, 3 bones noted with double nutrient foramen and also noted 52 bones with nutrient foramen on its linea aspera, 3 bones with nutrient foramen on its lateral surface, 1 bone with nutrient foramen on its medial surface out of 56 left femur bones in the present study. Conclusion: Variations in nutrient foramina is of great importance in understanding the blood supply of the femur bone for surgical procedures.

Family planning services are important for the health of mothers and babies, Family planning services are important for the health of mothers and babies, preventing both unwanted pregnancies and superfecundity. Sanliurfa has the highest fertility rate in Turkey, and the rate of giving birth at very young and old ages and mother-baby deaths are also high there. Therefore, it is important to encourage access to and use of family planning services among men in Sanliurfa, which has a patriarchal societal structure. This study aimed to determine the knowledge, opinions, and behaviors regarding FP methods among married men living in Sanliurfa, Turkey. The sample of this cross-sectional study included 300 married men aged over 18. The study found that married men living in Sanliurfa had a high level of knowledge about family planning methods; however, their use of family planning methods was low. They also held the opinion that men should actively take part in the use of family planning methods. Language and social insurance were found to be the most important factors affecting men’s use of family planning methods.

Water for human consumption may contain pollutants, so it needs to be treated. A natural clay, Bildet Omar bentonite (southern Algeria), was purified and characterized by calcination, pH-metry, IR, XRD and SEM. The results obtained showed that the clay has a conductance of 66.4 μS, a cation exchange capacity (CEC) of 0.91 meq / g and contains 12% of organic matter. Characterizations by IR, XRD and SEM showed that Maghnia bentonite (B) is composed of quartz as major impurity, illite (7%) and mainly montmorillonite. This clay was saturated with sodium (Na +) and associated with iron (III), aluminum (III) and copper (II). The latter are inserted, by couple (Al-Cu, Fe-Cu and Fe-Al, 50 - 50% in atoms), in the inter-sheet space of the soda montmorillonite. The mass ratio metals / B is equal to 0.0625. The samples obtained are applied to fix the organic matter (MO) wastewater, very heavy, the city of Touggourt (southeastern Algeria). These organic materials represent 60% of suspended matter (MES). This work involves the study of urban wastewater treatment in the Touggourt town by natural processes. Water is used red and green clay from the region of Bildet Omar, it shows the importance of effective treatment of wastewater by clay. The results obtained show that: • The best clarification is achieved with the use of clay • Parallel treatment significantly reduces organic matter. • The use of yellow clay leads to a better elimination of turbidity and organic matter.

Nanotechnology has proven to be a boon to entire field of dentistry. This review article provides update about nanotechnology in orthodontics and various treatment modalities available with newer technology especially in field of dentistry.

Introduction: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has become popular as a valuable tool in preoperative assessment of breast masses, helping the clinician to plan appropriate management. It is a rapid, simple, cost - effective procedure with minimal complications. Aims and Objectives: 1) To assess distribution pattern of non-malignant breast lesions. 2) To evaluate diagnostic accuracy of FNAC with cytohistological correlation. Materials and Method: Cross-sectional descriptive study with the use of secondary data was done for 2 years, including all the non-neoplastic and benign neoplastic cases where FNAC on breast lumps was performed in the department of Pathology, SDM College of Medical Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, India. Cases where the aspirate were acellular or hemorrhagic and malignant breast neoplasms were excluded from the study. FNAC slides were collected from the departmental archive and were reviewed. Results: Of the total 339 cases, 11 (5.60%) were males and 328 (94.39%) were females. Age group ranged from 10 to 70 years. Fibroadenoma was the most common lesion (72.27%). 98 cases were followed up with biopsy, out of which 95 cases were concordant and 3 were discordant. Diagnostic accuracy of FNAC was found to be 96.93%. Conclusion: The most common benign breast lesion was found to be fibroadenoma. Discordance rate of FNAC was 3.06%. Hence, FNAC is a valuable tool in the evaluation of non-malignant breast lesions.

Introduction: Ovarian lesions are commonly encountered lesions of diverse morphological spectrum that may develop from neonatal period to post-menopause. They are amongst the most frequent cause of hospitalization and surgery in gynaecological practice. Distinguishing non-neoplastic lesion from a neoplastic lesion on the basis of clinical, radiological or gross characteristics alone is a challenge, thus histopathological examination is must as it is also important in guiding therapy. Objectives: This study was undertaken to study the various histopathological patterns of ovarian lesions, their classification and relative distribution of these lesions. Material and Methods: This is a retrospective study of ovarian lesion specimen that was received in the Histopathology section of our department over a period of 5 years from January 2013 to December 2017. Results: A total of 190 cases of ovarian lesions were included in this study with age range from 14 years to 75 years. 106 were non-neoplastic and 84 were neoplastic in nature. Functional cyst including Corpus luteal cyst was the commonest non-neoplastic lesion (26 cases) followed by 21 cases each of endometriotic cyst and simple cyst. Out of 84 neoplastic lesions, 74 were benign, 3 were Borderline and 7 were malignant in nature. Serous cystadenoma was the commonest benign lesion and Serous carcinoma was the most common malignant tumor in our study. Conclusions: Ovarian lesions comprises of wide spectrum of lesions and their presenting clinical, radiological and gross features are very similar. Hence Histopathology forms the mainstay of definitive diagnosis and categorization of these lesions.