This study explores the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into aerodynamic optimization processes for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) prototypes in subsonic wind tunnel environments. Traditional aerodynamic testing, while reliable, often demands extensive manual parameter adjustments and prolonged experimental cycles. By incorporating AI-driven computational models, machine learning algorithms, and real-time data analytics, we demonstrate a more efficient approach to shape refinement, drag reduction, and stability enhancement. Our results show that AI-based optimization reduces testing time by up to 35% while improving lift-to-drag ratios and aerodynamic stability. The findings underscore the potential of AI to transform UAV design cycles, reduce costs, and accelerate the deployment of advanced aerial systems.

The chlorophyll a (Chl. a) and b (Chl. b) and carotenoid contents of 10 distinct medicinal plants have been determined in the current investigation. Young and mature leaves were found to have different chlorophyll a (Chl.a) and b (Chl.b) and carotenoid contents in terms of quality. For the purpose of evaluating the chlorophyll and carotenoid concentration, 10 different medicinal plant species were chosen, including Pterocarpus santalinus, Azadirachta indica, Phyllanthus emblica, Tridox procumbens, Swietenia mahagoni, Hardwickia binata, Pithecetobium dulce, Cassia fistula, Dalbergia latifolia and Syzygium cumini. In all cases, adult leaves had more chlorophyll and carotenoid content than young ones. It has been demonstrated that the age of the leaves has a significant impact on the amount of chlorophyll and carotenoids.

This study presents a novel approach to real-time wind tunnel data reduction by integrating a JR3 six-axis force-torque sensor with machine learning algorithms. Traditional aerodynamic testing often involves large volumes of raw data from force balances, which require extensive post-processing. This paper proposes a machine learning-based model that accelerates the data reduction pipeline, allowing for near-instantaneous derivation of aerodynamic coefficients from JR3 balance data. The framework includes a synchronized data acquisition module, signal preprocessing, a trained regression model, and an interactive visualization tool. Results show that the proposed system can achieve real-time performance while maintaining high accuracy, significantly reducing the computational and time costs associated with wind tunnel testing.

Patient management of chronic and subacute dorsal pain may be difficult, especially in cases when the patient does not respond to traditional pharmacologic treatment. It has just come to light that the erector spinae plane block is a potentially useful interventional approach for the treatment of regional pain. In patients who were suffering from subacute and chronic dorsal pain, the purpose of this research was to determine whether or not erect spine plane prolotherapy was helpful in significantly lowering pain across a variety of thoracic levels. All of the patients who had undergone erect spine plane prolotherapy at thoracic levels T1–T12 were included in the prospective review that was carried out. Both subacute (pain that lasted for less than three months) and chronic (pain that lasted for more than three months) pain groups were assigned to patients. At baseline, on the first day, one week, and one month after the surgery, the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) was used to evaluate the levels of pain experienced by the patients. In addition, the amount of injection and the block laterality (unilateral vs bilateral) were measured simultaneously. The majority of patients had chronic dorsal pain (n = 173), with T5–T8 and T1–T4 being the most commonly targeted levels. Bilateral erect spine plane prolotherapy were predominantly utilized in chronic cases. Both groups demonstrated substantial pain reduction. In the subacute group, mean NRS scores decreased from 8 at baseline to 2 at one month (75% improvement). Similarly, the chronic group experienced a reduction from 7 to 2 (71% improvement). Prolotherapy performed on the erect spine plane was able to offer considerable and long-lasting pain alleviation in patients suffering from subacute and chronic dorsal pain. The approach was successful at a number of different thoracic levels and has the potential to be a viable option for the therapy of long-term pain, particularly in chronic instances that need bilateral intervention.

The article substantiates the task of creating and programmatically implementing artificial consciousness (AS), its model and architecture. To solve the problem of creating an automated control system, a platform is proposed that includes ten levels, starting from the basic level of collecting and systematizing information about the outside world and ending with the upper level of human-coordinated impact on it and the level of decision-making. In conclusion, the most important, from the programmer's point of view, properties of the software product characterizing artificial consciousness are given and its model with a fragment of the program code is briefly described.

Ocular and oral health are fundamental components of systemic well-being, intricately linked through a complex network of shared risk factors, overlapping inflammatory pathways, and common systemic diseases. Recent advances in biomedical research have increasingly illuminated the bidirectional relationships between these two seemingly distinct anatomical regions, revealing that disturbances in one often reflect or exacerbate pathology in the other. For example, chronic systemic conditions such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and autoimmune disorders manifest with both ocular and oral complications, underscoring the necessity for integrated healthcare approaches. The convergence of ocular and oral health domains necessitates a cross-disciplinary framework that actively involves dentists, pharmacists, and optics technicians to optimize patient outcomes through early detection, comprehensive management, and patient-centered education. Dentists play a pivotal role by identifying oral manifestations indicative of systemic and ocular diseases, managing oral conditions that may influence ocular health, and facilitating timely referrals. Pharmacists contribute critical expertise in medication management, addressing challenges related to polypharmacy, drug-induced adverse effects affecting both the eyes and oral cavity, and ensuring therapeutic adherence. Optics technicians serve as essential facilitators of vision care, conducting preliminary ocular assessments, assisting in the early detection of ocular abnormalities, and collaborating with other healthcare professionals to manage systemic conditions with ocular manifestations. This review synthesizes current scientific evidence elucidating the interconnections between ocular and oral health, delineates the distinct yet complementary roles of these healthcare professionals within an integrated care framework, and discusses existing challenges and future directions for fostering effective interdisciplinary collaboration. By embracing such cross-disciplinary approaches, healthcare systems can move towards more holistic, patient-centered models that improve diagnostic accuracy, therapeutic efficacy, and overall quality of life for individuals affected by complex, multisystem diseases.

Forensic science has a very important role in the crime scene. During the inspection of the crime scene, the concerned scientific officer carefully inspects various types of cases and collects evidence which is prima facie related to the crime scene. All the evidence obtained during the inspection is sent to the forensic laboratory in a sealed condition for physical, chemical, biological and electronic testing. After the test, it is assessed as per the report received that how the incident sent to the lab is related to the crime scene, how the evidence is related to the deceased or the victim, it helps in understanding and solving it in a systematic way. The presented research paper is related to such a case in which a girl dies in a road accident in District Balrampur, State Chhattisgarh, which prima facie appeared to be a normal road accident after seeing the crime scene, but when the investigation was done as per the instructions given by the senior scientific officer to the investigating officer, it emerged as a murder committed under a well-planned conspiracy. In this case, the doctor who conducted the postmortem also It was recommended to give the cause of death only after the forensic report came in. During the investigation of this case, the concerned person was traced and after collecting the evidence, the scene of crime was inspected again by the senior scientific officer and scientific officer of forensics and the evidence found during the inspection was sealed and sent to the forensic laboratory; the test report of which came as expected, so the case was resolved and the accused was punished. In the said case, the scene of crime inspection and the forensic test report of the evidence found at the scene of crime played a major role.

The protection of customary intellectual property rights, particularly those relating to traditional knowledge and associated practices, has gained increasing attention in global intellectual property discourse. The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization was designed to ensure that indigenous peoples and local communities receive equitable benefits from the use of their knowledge. Cameroon ratified the Protocol on the 30th of November 2016 and has since adopted various legal and policy measures, including the Environmental Management Law and regulations on access to genetic resources. Despite these efforts, holders of customary intellectual property rights in Cameroon such as practitioners of traditional medicine, agricultural innovators, and custodians of cultural heritage rarely experience tangible benefits when their knowledge is accessed or commercialised. This article critically examines the disconnect between the legal recognition of these rights and the practical realization of benefit-sharing. It analyses the institutional weaknesses, legal ambiguities, low levels of community awareness, and ineffective contract enforcement that undermine implementation. Drawing on international standards, particularly the Nagoya Protocol, and relevant national legislation, the study argues that Cameroon’s current framework is insufficient to safeguard the interests of customary intellectual property right holders. It concludes with recommendations for strengthening institutional capacity, harmonising statutory and customary law, enhancing community awareness, and creating effective enforcement mechanisms to bridge the gap between paper-based recognition and the lived realities of indigenous communities.

The Axillary artery is the primary arterial supply to the upper limb and is classically divided into three parts based on its relationship with pectoralis minor muscle. Variations in its branching pattern are not uncommon and may have significant clinical implications in surgical operative procedures, orthopaedics, anaesthesia, and radiologic practices. Objective: To report a rare anatomical variation in the branching pattern of the third part of the Axillary artery observed during routine cadaveric dissection. Case Discussion: During the routine dissection of an embalmed adult female cadaver, an unusual branching pattern of the third part of Axillary artery was observed in the right upper limb just proximal to the convergence of lateral and medial roots of the median nerve. The third part of the Axillary artery divided into a superficial and deep branch. The deep branch gave rise to subscapular artery, anterior circumflex humeral artery, and posterior circumflex humeral artery and then continued as profunda brachii artery. The superficial branch followed the course of brachial artery; entered the cubital fossa and divided into radial and ulnar artery. The left upper limb showed a normal arterial pattern Conclusion: The variations may not have affected the functioning of the upper limb in this female, but this rare variation highlights the need for awareness and knowledge of arterial anomalies in surgical planning, regional anesthesia, trauma management and imaging interpretation. Hence detailed anatomical knowledge can help to avoid iatrogenic injuries and improve outcomes.

Heavy metal pollution especially that of cadmium (II), poses serious threats to the environment and human health because of its toxicity and endurance. The synthesis of chitosan from crab shells, a fisheries waste, and its effectiveness as a biosorbent for the removal of Cd2+ from aqueous solutions are the subjects of this work. Crab shells were demineralised, deproteinised, and deacetylated to create chitosan, which was then characterised using FTIR to verify the functional groups (-NH₂, -OH) in charge of metal binding. The effects of pH, adsorbent dosage, beginning Cd2+ concentration, and contact time with adsorption behavior analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models, alongside kinetic and thermodynamic studies. The chitosan exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity of 714.3 mg/g at pH 8, with 92.5% removal efficiency, as described by the Langmuir isotherm model (R² = 0.99). Pseudo-second-order kinetics (R² = 0.9995) confirmed chemisorption as the dominant mechanism. Thermodynamic studies revealed an endothermic (ΔH° = 14.8 kJ/mol) and spontaneous (ΔG° = -6.1 to -8.2 kJ/mol) process, with efficiency increasing from 85.3% to 94.7% at 303–333 K. Compared to commercial chitosan, the crab shell-derived chitosan offers a cost-effective, sustainable alternative, aligning with circular economy principles. These results demonstrate its potential for large-scale wastewater treatment in areas affected by heavy metal contamination, and further study is advised to improve chitosan regeneration and modification for industrial use.

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver and kidneys. Despite its severity, the pathophysiology of preeclampsia remains poorly understood, and early diagnosis is a significant challenge. This prospective case-control study aimed to investigate the potential of serum endoglin (sEng), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) as diagnostic biomarkers for preeclampsia. The study was conducted at Asaba Specialist Hospital, a tertiary hospital with Antenatal Clinic in Delta State, Nigeria. Sixty participants (30 preeclamptic (on set) and 30 healthy pregnant controls (during clinic) was determined using G*Power Software and were recruited based on inclusion and exclusion criteria after approval was obtained from the Ethical and Research committee of the hospital and informed consent taken from participants. Blood samples were collected and stored at above -20°C until analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25. The main findings of this study were that sEng, IL-6, and IFN-γ levels were significantly higher in women with preeclampsia compared to controls (p < 0.05). The ratio of sEng, IL-6, and IFN-γ between preeclamptic patients and healthy controls was 4:1, 2:1, and 2:1, respectively. The ROC analysis reveals an excellent diagnostic accuracy of the biomarkers with the area under curve (AUC) of 0.98, 0.99 and 0.99 for sEng, IL-6, and IFN-γ respectively. This demonstrates the potential of serum endoglin, IL-6, and IFN-γ as diagnostic biomarkers for preeclampsia. The findings support their use in clinical practice to improve diagnosis, treatment, and patient outcomes, providing new insights into the pathophysiology of preeclampsia with regards to endothelial dysfunction, inflammation and immune dysregulation and may inform the development of novel therapeutic strategies for preeclampsia, providing avenues for the prevention and treatment of the condition.

Production of biodiesel represents a way to attain economic growth by increasing and securing energy supply for the developing countries, and it can also create job opportunities and an attractive source for the farmers. The research aims to utilize the Citrullus Colocynthis (L.) plant as a valuable alternative for producing biodiesel. The attention was drawn to the Citrullus Colocynthis (L.) due to the plant having the advantage of needing less water compared to other plants. Also, the Citrullus colocynthis plant can be planted in different climate conditions, so it has a good impact on the production capacity. Furthermore, the use of p-p-toluene-4-sulfonic acid monohydrate (PTSA) as an acid catalyst for pretreatment of Citrullus Colocynthis (L.) is the first time to use the acid as a catalyst with Citrullus Colocynthis (L.) oil to produce biodiesel. Citrullus colocynthis (L.) plant seeds were collected from western and northern Sudan; the oil was extracted through screw press extraction using an oil extractor; and the Citrullus colocynthis oil (CCO) was treated to reduce the free fatty acid (FFA) contents before starting the transesterification reaction using 0.3% p-toluene-4-sulfonic acid monohydrate (PTSA) as an acid catalyst. FFA was reduced to 0.3%, and FFA conversion was 91.76%. The final biodiesel produced was found to be 98.51%. The physiochemical properties of biodiesel were flash point 228°C, measured by the Seta Multiflash Cleveland Flash Point Tester; kinematic viscosity at 40°C, 5.094 cSt, measured by the viscometer (Petro Test Instrument Model TV400); pour point, -30°C, measured by the Cloud and Pour Point Test Cabinet (Norma Lab Analysis Instrument Model P592-France); and density at 150°C, 0.878 gm/cm³, measured by the Digital Density Meter (Petro Instrument Model DMA4500). The results attained in this study conformed to the international standard specifications for biodiesel fuel. The results of this study show that the Citrullus Colocynthis (L.) oil has the potential for use as an industrial feedstock for biodiesel production. PTSA can be used as a catalyst in the pretreatment of CCO via esterification reaction, where it showed very high catalytic activity to reduce the free fatty acids (FFA) content in the CCO; also, it has less environmental impact due to its ease of recoverability and reusability.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is increasingly observed in lean individuals, particularly in non-Western populations. In this prospective Moroccan study, 100 patients with biopsy-proven MASLD were divided into two groups: lean (n=50) and non-lean (n=50). Lean patients were older and displayed a lower prevalence of classical cardiometabolic risk factors such as obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. However, they more frequently presented with autoimmune comorbidities, suggesting a distinct immuno-inflammatory background. In contrast, advanced fibrosis was significantly more prevalent in non-lean patients. These findings support the notion that lean MASLD constitutes a separate clinical entity with unique risk profiles, highlighting the need for individualized diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

Thrombocytopenia is the second most common haematological finding in pregnancy next to anaemia. Platelet count below 1.5 lakh/cu mm. It carries a risk for both the mother and the fetus, associated with substantial maternal or neonatal morbidity and mortality. However, a specific therapy, if instituted promptly, improves the outcome for affected patients and their offspring. In patients in India, thrombocytopenia during pregnancy is an under explored condition. After taking consent from patients detailed history of period of gestation, high risk factors, past history, complications-during present and past pregnancy. History of petechiae, bruising, drug usage, viral infection, thrombocytopenia in previous pregnancy will be taken. General, systemic and obstetric examination will be done. All women platelet count estimation at the time of enrollment. Platelet count assessment will be done through automated blood count analyzer with routine antenatal hematological evaluation of the patient. In this study, there were 53.3% cases of mild thrombocytopenia, 33.4% of moderate thrombocytopenia and13.3%with severe thrombocytopenia. Gestational thrombocytopenia is the most common etiology .60 % of cases delivered at term, those delivered before term were mostly due to abruption or pregnancy was terminated for obstetric indications like severe preeclampsia, antepartum eclampsia, abruption or medical causes. Mode of delivery is not influenced. GT is the most common cause of thrombocytopenia during pregnancy (70%).

Sickle cell disease (SCD) remains a major global health burden characterized by chronic pain, inflammation, and psychosocial stress. While pharmacological approaches like hydroxyurea offer partial relief, integrative therapies including Ayurveda based sound and mantra therapy provide supportive, culturally appropriate options. This paper reviews the evidence and principles behind the use of sound healing, mantra chanting, and music-based interventions in SCD management, highlighting their roles in pain relief, stress reduction, emotional stability, and quality of life improvement.