The emerging global resistance to anti-tubercular drugs, and the underdiagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis lesions, warrants an increased awareness of the involvement of Mycobacterium tuberculosis at rare sites of occurrence, such as the oral cavity. The involvement of the tongue, the most common site of oral tuberculosis, can either be primary or secondary. We report a rare presentation of oral tuberculosis in a 45-year-old male who presented with ulcerative lesions on the tongue and epiglottis. Histopathological examination showed chronic granulomatous inflammation with positive Ziehl Neelsen stain. The patient responded well to anti-tubercular treatment. Tuberculosis should be kept as a differential diagnosis of oral cavity lesions so that prompt diagnosis can be offered, leading to better patient management. Efficient treatment in such cases is beneficial for the community, as the patient is a potential source of transmission of tuberculosis.

The aim of this study is to an audit of the types, patterns, and indications for major oral and maxillofacial surgeries carried out at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Benin Teaching Hospital from January 2015 to December 2019. The findings from this study should provide valuable information to develop a future strategic plan, and improve clinical care. A retrospective review of the hospital records (including theatre logbooks, theatre lists, case notes and admission notebooks in the wards) of all patients operated upon within the study period was done. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the collected data. Two hundred and forty-two (242) patients who had two hundred and eighty-eight (288) maxillofacial surgeries in the period under review formed the population for this study. There were 180 (62.5%) males and 108 (37.5%) females giving a male to female ratio of 1.6: 1. The ages observed ranged from 3 months to 85 years (median age of 23 years and mean age of 22.36 ± 20.09). Congenital/developmental conditions formed the largest indication for surgery, accounting for 113 (39.4%) of the cases seen. The most commonly performed surgery was cleft lip/palate repair (36.1%, n = 104), followed by mandibulectomy and reconstruction using plating systems (16.7%, n = 48). Major Oral and Maxillofacial surgeries are commonly carried out in our centre. The quality of service delivery can be improved upon through adequate manpower training in microvascular surgeries to help in better patient rehabilitation and provision of needed facilities.

Advances in material science and technologies has helped dentist in proving the best possible treatment options to the patients. Due to its superior Physical and mechanical properties, Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has been tried in various aspects of dentistry. The use of PEEK in prosthodontics ranges from crowns, removable partial dentures, fixed partial denture and maxillofacial prosthesis and implant superstructures. The aim of this study is to review and evaluate the use of PEEK polymer in the field of Prosthodontics. The indexed English literature published was systematically searched for studies on PEEK and its use in prosthodontics. Full text of all the articles were studied to select final articles for this review. Suitable mechanical properties and biocompatibility is making PEEK a favorable material for use in prosthodontics. Further long-term In vivo studies are required, for this material to replace other conventional materials, used in prosthodontics.

The existence of National Forensic DNA Database enormously helps investigations & control of crime. But criticisms have been raised at the ethical & social risks from misuse of DNA database. In India, there is no legislation on DNA profiling. Hence, peoples’ support is required. So, we aimed to study the knowledge & attitude about the benefits & risks of National Forensic DNA Database among 400 medical students. We found that the knowledge about the use of DNA fingerprinting as an evidence is good. The knowledge about National Forensic DNA Database & its current status in India is poor. Most of them (87.5%) opinioned that it’s a step forward in criminal investigations. 42% felt it’s beneficial. Many of them doubted its efficiency (40%), safe guarding (53%) & its establishment (47.5%) in India. Many of them feel that they have privacy issues (62.7%) & it has potential to harm (39.3%). 51.5% felt it should be a permanent record. Most of them supported for inclusion of all crime scene stains, suspects, recordable offence, missing persons & unidentified dead bodies DNA should be profiled. 42.75% were willing to provide their DNA samples. Hence, we found that the knowledge of medical students about National Forensic DNA Database is not adequate. This will lead to lack of support & may be interpreted as violation of human rights. But most of them supported the need for such a database; hence creating awareness on our part will definitely help in improving the people’s understanding.

The anatomical relationship between the floor of maxillary sinus and maxillary posterior teeth always possess a challenge in dentistry, especially during the endodontic and extraction procedures. Maxillary sinus often pneumatize between the molar roots and results in proximity between them. Odontogenic sinusitis incidence is of 10% to 12% of a well-recognized phenomena. The most common cause is foreign body displacement into the sinus. The most common foreign body in the maxillary sinus is an extracted maxillary tooth followed by a displaced root. This article reports a case in which a root was displaced to the most medial superior margin of the maxillary sinus. The palatal root was displaced during extraction of the left maxillary second molar and was retrieved after three days of the incidence.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a major neurodevelopmental disorder, presently estimated to affect approximately 1 in 500 children. As a clinical diagnosis, the etiology of the syndrome varies and is often unknown. The objective of this study is to determine the pattern and the contributing factors of CP among Libyans children. This was a descriptive hospital-based study conducted over a period of six years in ALBYDA Central Hospital – LIBYA. One hundred and eight patients of CP were enrolled, of whom 70 (65%) were males and 38 (35%) were females. Spastic quadriplegic CP was the most common type and epilepsy was the most problem associated with CP. Birth asphyxia, prematurity neonatal meningitis, kernicterus and brain malformation were the main contributing factors.

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is a condition when a woman has three or more consecutive pregnancy loss. A loss of pregnancy is described as a clinically recognized pregnancy that ends involuntarily before 20 weeks. Most complications in pregnancy arise from chromosomal, or genetic, defects and are spontaneous occurrences. The main aim of this research is to find out the risk factors associated with Recurrent Pregnancy Loss (RPL). Also, the specific objectives of the study are; to recognize the probable remedial targets to detect the origin of the pregnancy losses, and to provide necessary recommendations regarding organized care for couples with RPL. A descriptive study was conducted for 1 year from July 2014 to June 2015, to find out the cause and consequences of recurrent pregnancy loss. Factors, such as age, environmental and occupational exposure, psychological pressure, chronic endometritis, genetic factors, smoking, thrombophilia screening, uterine imperfections, were some of the risks for Recurrent Pregnancy Loss. Multiple miscarriages can create noteworthy negative mental pressure for couples, and that is why numerous studies are being conducted to improve medicines and reduce the time expected to accomplish an effective and full-term pregnancy. Patients with RPL need to consult with fertility specialists about appropriate exams to clarify the risk factors and treatments to improve the outcomes of pregnancy.

Aim: To determine Knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) about Diabetic Retinopathy in diagnosed Diabetic patients at outpatient department of district head quarter hospital Sahiwal Pakistan. Introduction: Diabetic Retinopathy is a diabetes complication that affects eyes. It is caused by damage to the blood vessels of the light sensitive tissue at the back of the eye (retina). The longer you have diabetes and the less controlled your blood sugar is, the more likely you are to develop this eye complication. Methodology: This was hospital based, descriptive, cross sectional study. A written informed consent was taken from the all patients to take part in this study. Data was analyzed by using statistical package for social sciences SPSS version 24. Results: In this study 72 patients were included out of which 30 (41.7%) were male and 42 (58.3%) were female. Out of these 72, majority 42 (58.3%) patients had no knowledge about diabetes and only 30 (41.7%) patients had good knowledge regarding diabetic retinopathy. Conclusion: In this study, knowledge about diabetic retinopathy was not as satisfactory. Knowledge about Diabetic retinopathy was even lower than diabetes. Results for practices were totally different from knowledge. Practices for controlling diabetes regarding diet was good but regarding exercise showed poor results.

Background: Hypothyroidism in the simplest terms can be defined as deficient production of thyroid hormone. Primary hypothyroidism indicates decreased secretion of thyroid hormone by factors affecting the thyroid gland itself. A decrease in serum concentrations of thyroid hormone causes an increased secretion of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), thus resulting in elevated serum TSH concentration [1-4]. Even though, classical texts of Unani Medicine does not have mention of Hypothyroidism,but the clinical features of Hypothyroidism resemble with the Alamat–wa- awarizat (clinical features) of su'- mizaj barid /su'- mizaj balghami (impaired cold temperament/impaired phelgematic temperament) . In this context, a hypothesis was drawn that su'- mizaj barid /su'- mizaj balghami (impaired cold temperament/impaired phelgematic temperament) may be interpreted with the clinical features of hypothyroidism using modern scientific parameters.

Infection with the SARS-Cov-2 virus induces an unusual pre-thrombotic state, of multifactorial origin, responsible for a high incidence of venous thromboembolic events but also of arterial thromboses which have a negative impact on the prognosis of patients. Knowledge of the mechanisms of thrombosis formation has improved significantly since the onset of the pandemic pending appropriate protocols for preventive and curative anticoagulant therapy during COVID 19, emerging from randomized controlled clinical trials. We report the case of a young patient hospitalized with a moderate form of COVID 19 who presented with pulmonary embolism and acute ischemic stroke related to internal carotid thrombosis.

Aim: To study the complications and visual impairment in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Method: A prospective hospital-based study was carried out in 100 VKC patients over a period of 2 years. All patients suffering from VKC irrespective of age and gender were included while patients suffering from ocular infections and ocular trauma were excluded from the study. Ocular complaints, duration of symptoms and previous treatment taken. The ocular examination included visual acuity, slit lamp examination, IOP and refraction. Results: Corneal complications were noted in 21% of cases followed by lids in 18% of cases. Corneal complications such as superficial scarring was noted in 11% followed by micropannus in 4%, pseudogerontoxon in 3% and shield ulcer in 2% and keratoconus in 1%. the corneal involvement was seen in 5.5% in palpebral form, 23.53% in bulbar, and 48.2% in mixed pattern of VKC. Thus, it is concluded that maximum corneal involvement is observed in mixed clinical pattern of VKC. Majority of cases (82%) had visual acuity ranging from 6/6 to 6/9 in right eye as well as left eye. Visual acuity in the form of counting fingers was present in 4 cases. Out of 100 cases, 55% cases showed refractive errors in the form of astigmatism, myopia and hypermetropia. Astigmatism was found to be commonest refractive error. In our study we observed steroid induced glaucoma in 1% of cases. Conclusion: VKC is of more concern due to involvement of cornea and its complications like, shield ulcers, superficial corneal scarring, keratoconus, astigmatism, mechanical ptosis. Steroid induced glaucoma although rare but is a serious complication. Visual acuity is affected mainly due to corneal involvement leading to astigmatism, scarring and keratoconus.

Majority of the population has become obsessed to find a magical lantern for an enduring youth and health and searching for ways to restore it using Botox and Fillers. Their perspective view directed toward the cosmetic aspect of dermal fillers and Botox with ignorance to the primary purpose of inventing such materials which is the therapeutic properties. A qualitative review of the literature is conducted to addresses a gap in the literature regarding both Botox and Fillers to record their types, mechanism of action, uses, Complication and side effects.

2-Hydroxy-5-methylacetophenone salicyloyl hydrazone and its Cr (III), Mn(III), Fe(III) and VO(IV) metal complexes were synthesized. Elemental analyses, molar conductance, magnetic moments, electronic, 1H NMR, mass, IR, ESR spectra and thermal studies (TGA & DTA) were applied for characterization. The complexes are coloured solids, air stable, non-hygroscopic and soluble in DMF and DMSO only. IR spectral studies reveal that ligand act as tribasic tetradentate (ONOO) (enol form) donor towards Cr(III), Mn(III) and Fe(III) and dibasic tridentate (ONO) (keto form) donor towards VO(IV) complex. The molar conductivity data of the complex show them to be non-electrolyte. Magnetic susceptibility measurements favour octahedral coordination for Cr (III) and Fe(III) and square pyramidal coordination for Mn(III) and VO(IV). The complexes were treated for TGA and DTA studies. Thermo-kinetic parameters such as activation energy (Ea), order of reaction (n), entropy change (∆S), free energy change (∆F) and apparent entropy change (S*) have been calculated on the basis of TG curve by using the Freeman-Carroll and Sharp-Wentworth methods. ESR spectra of vanadyl complex are recorded and discussed. In addition, the antimicrobial activities of the ligand and its metal complexes were also examined by well diffusion method.

Sine sweeps proves to be a reliable tool for measuring impulse responses even in noisy conditions or by using loudspeakers which are not linear. In this paper we present some results regarding an enhanced sine sweep method, used for impulse response measurement, based on the use of adaptive filtering. Using MATLAB, the conditions of a real case scenario impulse response measurement are simulated in order to quantify the performances of the proposed method by using as reference the performances of the classical sine sweep method.

This study aims to find out the concept of Child-Friendly Schools (SRA) in the perspective of Islamic education. This research uses qualitative descriptive method with case study design in Madrasah Ibtidaiyyah An-Nizhomiyah and Madrasah Tsanawiyah Depok City. Data collection is obtained from the results of several relevant review literature, interviews, documentation and observations. Data is analyzed using data reduction, followed by presentation and drawing conclusions. The results of this study stated that the child-friendly school education system implemented in madrasah Ibtidaiyyah An-Nizhomiyah and Madrasah Tsanawiyah Depok city is in accordance with the concept of Islamic education. With the implementation of Child-Friendly School (SRA) in madrasahs make madrasah ibtidaiyyah An Nizhamiyah and Madrasah Tsnawiyah depok city become excellent madrasahs because Child-Friendly Schools are not only in accordance with the concept of Islamic education but also the management in the implementation of Child-Friendly Schools ranging from planning, organizing, implementing to evaluating make certain added values in realizing child-friendly education.