Background: Conventional approaches to sustainable development have been criticized for their technocratic orientation and limited engagement with the knowledge systems embedded in culture. The orientation toward relational well-being, ecological care, and ethical coexistence with nature is the foundation of indigenous epistemologies developed through long-term relationships with the environment. North India alone has thousands of communities with a rich culture of indigenous knowledge that has traditionally underpinned sustainable resource management, but is now marginalized by modern development and conservation policies. The Bhil, Gaddi, Bhotia, and Van Gujjar are only some of them. Objective of the study: To analyze the interrelationship and connection between indigenous epistemology and the concept of sustainable development. Method: The research will be conducted as a meta-analytical study grounded in anthropological and development research. It is based on secondary literature (e.g., ethnographic case studies and policy literature). It uses a comparative framework to examine indigenous knowledge practices, their interactions with formal development projects, and the institutional and ethical contexts that shape these interactions. Findings: The findings indicate that knowledge can be mixed in different ways, including integration, parallel use, adaptation, and co-management. Although these processes lead to synergies, e.g., improved healthcare, enhanced conservation, and community-based governance of ecosystems, they also expose tensions arising from power asymmetries, limited policies, and the loss of intergenerational knowledge. This paper concludes that context-specific, rights-based, and participatory approaches play a pivotal role in achieving culturally grounded, environmentally friendly, sustainable development.

The fast usage of Internet of Things (IoT) device in industrial and consumer settings has dramatically expanded on the attack surface of embedded systems. This paper explores firmware security through reverse engineering and analysis of a firmware image of an IoT style with two open-source tools: Binwalk and Ghidra. An artificial representation of the structure of typical Linux-based IoT firmware was produced by a controlled firmware image which had a SquashFS file system and compiled binaries. Embedded file systems and binaries were extracted using Binwalk and Ghidra was used to do the static analysis and decompilation of extracted executable files. The vulnerability analysis showed that there are a number of deliberately introduced security flaws such as hard-coded credentials, unsecured input handling functions and insecure configuration practices. The success of the method was shown by the successful recovery of the firmware filesystem and detection of these types of vulnerabilities with the help of the strict reverse-engineering tool. The paper shows the possible contribution of open-source tools to the analysis of firmware-level vulnerabilities and enhancing security testing of embedded IoT systems.

Background: Actinomycosis is an uncommon, chronic, granulomatous disease that can be mistaken for a malignant tumor. Abdominopelvic actinomycosis constitutes about 20% of all actinomycosis cases and may mimic malignancy, tuberculosis, or other abdominopelvic inflammatory diseases. This condition is more prevalent in women who use an intrauterine device. We report the case of a 38 year old female, known case of type 2 diabetes mellitus with a down 3 year history of right sided abdominal pain and discomfort, weight loss with a previous history of intrauterine device for 5 years she has undergone evaluation for her complaints at multiple times in a peripheral health care centers with colonoscopy and mucosal biopsies and treated for inflammatory bowel disease. CECT Enterogram showed wall thickening involving the IC junction and medial wall of caecum and she undergone laprotomy and right hemicolectomy. Histopathologic evaluation of surgical specimens showed actinomycosis in the caecal wall. The findings were immediately informed to the clinician and advised for a prompt further evaluation and management.

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities including central obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and impaired glucose metabolism that significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. The prevalence of MetS has risen worldwide due to sedentary lifestyles, urbanization, and dietary changes. Early identification of its clinical characteristics and predictors in hospital-based populations is important for effective prevention, timely diagnosis, and appropriate management of associated health complications. Objectives: To determine the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and predictors of metabolic syndrome among adults attending a hospital-based healthcare facility. Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Ibn Sina Diagnostic & Consultation Center, Uttara, from June 2018 to May 2019. A total of 226 adult participants were included. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, clinical measurements, and laboratory records. Variables included age, gender, BMI, blood pressure, and biochemical parameters. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) with descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests; p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: Among 226 participants, the mean age was 42.6 ± 11.8 years, with 56.6% males. Metabolic syndrome was present in 86 (38.1%) individuals. The highest prevalence occurred in the 41–50 years group (30.2%). Overweight and obesity were observed in 40.7% and 24.8% respectively. Hypertension affected 51.3% participants. Abdominal obesity (46.0%) and low HDL (41.6%) were common components. Smoking (30.1%) and physical inactivity (68.1%) were notable lifestyle risk factors.

The rapid growth of packaging consumption has increased waste generation and placed pressure on existing waste management systems. Current research often treats packaging design, material selection, and recycling processes as separate domains, which limits effectiveness in practical settings. This study aims to develop a system level framework that connects sustainable packaging design with waste management processes across the full lifecycle. The proposed framework integrates material selection, production, logistics, consumption, and recovery stages within a unified structure. It incorporates a feedback mechanism in which waste system performance informs design decisions, supporting continuous adjustment based on observed conditions. Lifecycle mapping and performance evaluation are used to examine interactions among system components and to assess the impact of design choices on recovery efficiency and environmental outcomes. The results show that packaging systems achieve higher recovery rates, lower contamination levels, and improved material compatibility when design parameters reflect waste processing capabilities and user behavior patterns. The study also identifies the role of stakeholder coordination in improving system performance. The framework provides a structured method for evaluating and improving packaging systems within practical constraints and offers a basis for decision-making in sustainable packaging design and waste management integration.

Large scale urban infrastructure projects such as metro systems, tunnels, highways, and bridges require strict quality management during construction. These projects often involve complex subsurface conditions, dense urban surroundings, and multiple construction activities occurring simultaneously. Quality assurance (QA), quality control (QC), and geotechnical monitoring therefore remain central components of construction supervision. Conventional monitoring practices rely on inspection reports, laboratory testing records, and field instrumentation systems that often operate within separate information platforms. This separation restricts coordinated evaluation of construction quality and ground behavior during project execution. This study presents a Digital Twin enabled Geo-BIM framework for integrated QA, QC, and geotechnical compliance monitoring in urban infrastructure construction. The proposed framework links geotechnical investigation data, monitoring sensors, QA inspection documentation, and QC testing results within a unified digital environment. A Geotechnical Compliance Index (GCI) model is introduced to evaluate construction conditions and identify zones requiring inspection attention. The framework was examined through a simulation scenario representing common urban infrastructure construction activities. Results indicate that the integrated system supports continuous monitoring, automated compliance evaluation, and inspection prioritization based on geotechnical performance. The proposed framework provides a structured digital approach for managing construction quality and subsurface monitoring in complex infrastructure projects.

Introduction: Miliary tuberculosis represents one of the most severe and life-threatening forms of tuberculosis. It is characterized by widespread hematogenous dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The present study aimed to describe the clinical, epidemiological, therapeutic, and outcome characteristics of miliary tuberculosis. Methods: We conducted a retrospective descriptive and analytical study over a two-year period, from January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2023. Medical records of patients hospitalized for miliary tuberculosis in the Department of Pneumology and Phthisiology at Moulay Youssef University Hospital, Rabat, Morocco, were reviewed and analyzed. Results: The mean age of patients was 43 years, with a male predominance (64%). A history of tuberculosis was found in 2 patients, and recent close contact with a tuberculosis case was identified in 5 patients. Four cases of miliary tuberculosis occurred following immunosuppressive therapy, including 3 patients who had previously received preventive anti-tuberculosis treatment. The clinical presentation was dominated by fever, night sweats, general condition deterioration, dyspnea, and cough. Extra-respiratory manifestations were observed in 17% of cases. Typical radiological findings were present in 91% of patients, while sputum smear microscopy was positive in 15%. Anti-tuberculosis treatment based on a four-drug regimen (ERIPK4) was initiated urgently in most cases. Complications occurred in 11 patients, including disease-related and treatment-related complications. The in-hospital case fatality rate was 17.7%. Conclusion: Miliary tuberculosis remains a severe and potentially life-threatening condition. Early diagnosis and prompt initiation of appropriate anti-tuberculosis therapy are essential to improve patient outcomes.

Clear cell variants of bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) are extremely uncommon. Identification, accurate diagnosis and deciding appropriate therapy for such variants are of clinical significance as they have aggressive clinical course and poor prognosis. A 54 years old male patient presented to emergency room (ER) on March, 2023 with history of gross painless hematuria and urine frequency for the past two weeks. Pre and postcontrast CT scan images from the patient’s initial assessment were performed and showed mass-like wall thickening of the urinary bladder wall at the trigone. Cystoscopy revealed a bulging bladder lesion on the trigone of the bladder, followed by complete transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) accordingly, complete resection was done. Histopathologically, the morphology and submitted immunostain slides showed strong positivity for CK7 and P63 which favor the diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma, clear cell subtype, the carcinoma extensively invades lamina propria and the carcinoma extensively invades muscularis propria.

This study examined how well monetary policy tools worked in helping Nigeria to achieving its inflation targets from 1981-2023. To achieve this, the study collected data on inflation rate, monetary policy rate, broad money supply, exchange rate, lending interest rate and real gross domestic product from reports by Nigeria's central bank and the World Bank. An Autoregressive Distributed Lag - ARDL technique was used as the main tool of analysis. The findings from this method showed that there is a long-term relationship between the different factors studied. In the long run, the monetary policy rate, money supply, and lending interest rate had a negative but not strong connection with inflation rate. On the other hand, exchange rate and real gross domestic product showed a positive but not strong relationship with inflation rate. In the short term, the monetary policy rate, money supply, and exchange rates had a positive and strong link with inflation. Meanwhile, lending interest rate and real gross domestic product had a negative and strong link with inflation rate. Based on the findings, this study concluded that in Nigeria, inflation is highly sensitive to monetary expansion, interest rate adjustments, and exchange rate movements, but the effects are inflation-enhancing rather than stabilizing highlighting the need for a more coordinated and structurally grounded monetary policy framework rather than relying on MPR adjustments alone. From a policy standpoint, the study recommended amongst others that broad money supply growth must be carefully controlled to avoid liquidity-driven inflation. The central bank should continue to use lending rate adjustments as an effective short-run inflation control tool, but with caution to avoid credit starvation in the economy. Inflation targeting should be complemented with policies that expand real output (RGDP), since growth itself helps reduce inflationary pressures.

Environmental monitoring requires rapid and stable methods for detecting chemical contaminants in water and air systems. Optical biosensor platforms offer a practical sensing approach because they convert molecular interactions into measurable optical signal changes, including absorbance, fluorescence, luminescence, and refractive index variation. This paper evaluates the performance of optical biosensor platforms for environmental contaminant detection under controlled laboratory conditions. The study focuses on two performance measures: detection sensitivity and measurement stability. Laboratory experiments used blank, low concentration, and higher-concentration exposure conditions, and the resulting optical signals were examined through baseline comparison, normalized response analysis, and repeatability assessment. The results showed stable baseline signals and clear response shifts after contaminant exposure. Low-concentration samples remained distinguishable from blank conditions, while higher concentrations produced stronger optical variation. Repeated measurements also showed acceptable consistency across exposure levels. These findings indicate that optical biosensor platforms can support low-level environmental contaminant detection when signal response and stability are evaluated together. The study presents a structured framework for assessing optical biosensor suitability in environmental monitoring applications.

Reverse engineering is a foundational technique in cybersecurity that enables analysts to study executable software without access to its source code in order to understand program logic, functionality, and potential security weaknesses. As malicious software and complex applications continue to evolve rapidly, the ability to accurately analyze binary executables has become essential for malware detection, vulnerability assessment, and incident response. This research presents a comprehensive experimental study of both static and dynamic reverse engineering techniques applied to Linux executables within a controlled Kali Linux environment. A sample executable was deliberately developed to mimic real-world application behavior and security-related scenarios. Static analysis was performed without executing the program, employing file identification tools, string extraction methods, and binary disassembly to investigate the executable’s structure, embedded data, and instruction flow. Dynamic analysis involved running the program in a monitored environment and observing runtime behavior through system call tracing, library function monitoring, and interactive debugging. These approaches facilitated a thorough examination of how the executable interacts with the operating system, processes user input, and manages program execution flow. The experimental results show that static analysis offers quick insights into binary composition and potential indicators of sensitive data, whereas dynamic analysis uncovers real-time behavior, functional logic, and hidden execution paths that may be missed by static review alone. Employing both methods in tandem enhances analytical accuracy, reduces the likelihood of incorrect assumptions, and improves the interpretation of software behavior. This study underscores the practical value of reverse engineering techniques for strengthening cybersecurity operations, advancing malware investigation capabilities, and supporting secure software development practices.

This paper examines how gender assessment can function as a reparative justice instrument for addressing historical injustices in land governance, using South Sudan and Nigeria as comparative case studies. It argues that women’s exclusion from land ownership, control, and inheritance is not merely a technical policy failure but a historically produced form of structural inequality rooted in colonial legacies, patriarchal customary systems, and weak enforcement of gender-responsive laws. Drawing on feminist theory, intersectionality, and legal pluralism, the study analyses how formal legal equality often coexists with persistent discriminatory practices that undermine women’s land rights in both contexts. In South Sudan, post-conflict instability, displacement, and fragile institutions deepen women’s tenure insecurity, especially for widows, returnees, and female-headed households. In Nigeria, legal pluralism, customary patriarchy, and unequal access to land administration continue to constrain women’s property rights despite statutory reforms. The paper contends that gender assessment should move beyond diagnostic compliance toward a reparative framework centered on recognition, redistribution, restitution, representation, and transformation. It concludes that meaningful land justice in Africa requires not only legal reform, but also institutional accountability, community-level norm change, and gender-responsive governance.

Background: Suicide is the leading cause of unnatural death worldwide. Over the past five decades, there has been noticeable increase in suicide rates around the globe. The pattern of suicide fatalities in a particular community is reflected in the relationship between an individual's mental health and social status. Suicide is influenced by a wide range of cultural and socio-economic factors, as well as quality of life of an individual. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the demographics and trends of suicidal deaths at a Tertiary Health Center in Bangladesh. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at The Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Sir Salimullah Medical College and Mitford Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study covered all suicidal deaths that occurred between 2022 to 2024. In all cases, a complete post-mortem examination was performed and findings were recorded. Details of all suicidal deaths regarding age, gender, religion, marital status and mode of death were duly documented. Results: A total of 446 cases were evaluated, of them 208 were male and 238 were female. Maximum (44.11%) cases were in 21-30 years age group followed by 42.01% were in 11-20 years age group then 8.82% were in 31-40 years age group. Regarding the marital status majority (65.02%) of the cases were married in both genders. Among the study cases hanging (64.13%) was the most adapted method to commit suicide followed by poisoning (35.87%). Conclusion: The current study demonstrated that suicidal deaths are prevalent among females and married individuals. Adolescent and young adults are vulnerable to suicidal deaths. Hanging is the most adapted method to commit suicide followed by poisoning. To lower suicide rates particularly in adolescent and young adults, a well-designed comprehensive program is required that will identify the causative factors and may aid in suicide prevention.

Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states have embarked on ambitious “Vision”-driven reforms to diversify economies and reframe national security. This paper analyzes how Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Qatar link economic transformation to security policy, under a theoretical “development-as-security” framework. We review rentier-state dynamics and human-security concepts to contextualize Gulf strategies. Through comparative case studies, we examine each country’s Vision (Saudi Vision 2030, UAE Centennial 2071, Qatar National Vision 2030), focusing on objectives, instruments, and progress in diversification, and how these affect economic, political, and social security. Data indicate rising non oil growth (Saudi non oil GDP ~53–57 % by 2025; UAE non oil GDP >70 %) and targeted reforms (e.g. Saudi defense localization, UAE tech hubs, Qatar education investment). We look at the implications in terms of economic security through the lens of multiple sources of income, political stability in the form of a new foundation for legitimacy, and improvements in human security in the realms of health and education. We also look at the constraints in the form of institutional and demographic pressures, and the geopolitical shifts in the US’s strategic retrenchment and the emergence of new partnerships. What our findings have shown is that, indeed, the Gulf states have benefited from the policy of diversification, but in doing so, a new set of security dynamics has emerged in the realms of cyber and artificial intelligence, and climate. In conclusion are some policy recommendations, but in the context of the Gulf, it is quite evident that the concept of development and security is inextricably linked in the Gulf, and the policies of diversification have both responded to and created a new set of security conditions.

Introduction: Patients with renal failure undergoing hemodialysis face an increased risk of urinary tract infections due to impaired immunity and altered physiology. Distinguishing asymptomatic bacteriuria from clinically significant infection is vital to combat rising antimicrobial resistance. Objectives: This study aimed to characterize the prevalence and microbial profiles of bacteriuria in hemodialysis dependent patients. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary care center in Gujarat, India. Data was collected from electronic medical record of patients along with urine culture finding and other clinical details to study further for the duration of April 2021 and March 2025. Clinically significant isolates were reviewed while excluding duplicate isolates from same patients. Study was approved by institutional ethics committee. Results: Out of total 17755 various culture samples received from dialysis-patients, 3022 urine cultures were received and from those total 772 urine cultures reported with bacterial growth during the studied duration. The cohort had a mean age of 55.1 years with a female predominance (58.7%). Gram-negative bacteria (≈80%) dominated, primarily Escherichia coli (57.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.9%). High resistance was observed against cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. Enterococcus faecium exhibited significant resistance to vancomycin (20.8%). Prior antibiotic exposure was high at 76.9%. Resistance was more frequently associated with patients having no fixed dialysis schedule and those receiving antibiotics within 24 hours of enrolment. Conclusion: Hemodialysis patients frequently harbor multidrug-resistant pathogens. The high prevalence of ESBL producing and MDR strains necessitates robust antibiotic stewardship and reliance on local antibiograms to guide therapy and minimize unnecessary treatment of asymptomatic cases.