Prior to British involvement in the affairs of the geographical area that later became Nigeria, the peoples had interacted through trade, marriage, and cultural exchanges. Thus, there already existed shared values and attitudes which were not broken by colonialism. These pre-colonial common connections were cast into the dustbin of politics, and ethnicity was invoked by the inheritors and successors of British colonialism. In contemporary Nigeria, competitions for economic and political resources have assumed virulently ethnic and regional dimensions which have ignored the enduring legacies of harmonious inter-group relations that existed prior to British colonialism. This paper, therefore, attempted to interrogate those factors that served to foster harmonious and peaceful coexistence among the various ethnic groups that later came to constitute Nigeria after the 1914 amalgamation. In so doing, it adopted the qualitative research methodology which basically involved reliance mainly on such secondary sources as books, journals, and other documentary materials. It concluded that Nigeria’s search for national integration should not ignore the history of inter-ethnic and inter-group relations in the period before contacts with Europe. By internalising the factors that brought the different groups together before 1914, Nigerians would have learnt from the past in order not to bungle the present and jeopardise the future.

COVID-19 associated infection is caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2, the virus is single stranded positive sense binds with greater affinity to Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 present in human cells it is 30 kb pair long RNA genome which take over the host cell machinery, immune system of host cell with the help of accessory proteins leads widespread infection. COVID-19 contains structural protein spike, membrane, Nucleocapsid, and envelope. The epidemiology of COVID-19 is based on dynamics of RdRp, N, and E genes for diagnosis of COVID-19 and knowing the exact understanding of this infection. The protein RNA dependent polymerase (RdRp) is responsible which performs replication of virus in host cell. As there is not any homolog of RdRp is seen till now, so it can be a promising gene for COVID-19 associated diagnosis. There are mainly two techniques responsible for detection of COVID-19 associated infection one is immunological assay performed through antigen and antibody and other is molecular technique based of genome analysis real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR). Among both of them more reliable is RT-PCR which is based on diagnosis of RdRp gene, N-gene, E gene. Envelope protein is involved in assembly, budding and pathogenesis of virus also perform viroporin and interacts with host cell and CoV proteins. Nucleocapsid protein is involved in forming complexes membrane of virus and its assembly this protein is also involved in increasing the transcription efficiency of virus, recent studies had revealed that N-proteins are the multifunctional protein. This review article aim is to reveal the functioning of all the three genes (N, E and RdRp) associated SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Transplant recipients are at an increased risk of developing malignancies, which are an important cause of mortality. Many risk factors are linked to the increased incidence of malignancies after transplantation including type, intensity, and duration of immunosuppression, viral infections and sun exposure. The occurrence of angiosarcoma in the Arterio-venous Fistula (AVF) site in a post-transplant patient is a rare phenomenon. It is an aggressive tumor with a high rate of local recurrence and systemic metastasis. There are no specific guidelines for the treatment. They are treated with a multimodality approach of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We present a case of Epithelioid Angiosarcoma developed at AVF site in a patient with dual Pancreas-Renal Transplant who also had lung metastasis at the time of histologic diagnosis. The presenting symptoms were very non-specific and careful evaluation with histopathological assessment and imaging findings helped in early diagnosis and management.

diabetes, smoking, nutritional deficiency and hormonal changes are also responsible. For the prevention and treatment of this disease, a proper knowledge on diagnosis and treatment plan, as well as, attitude about timely referral of the patient to a periodontist is important. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the perception about diagnosing and referring periodontal patients by general dentists in Taif to ensure proper treatment outcome. Materials and methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted among 100 general dentists practicing in Taif. Data collected from the questionnaire was analyzed using the computer software Statistical Package for Social Sciences, SPSS 16. Results: About 78% of the general dentists are aware of the signs and symptoms of the periodontal disease. Majority of the general dentists choose oral hygiene instructions, scaling and polishing as the preferred treatment method. 39% general dentists feel that the increased life span of the teeth is resulted from a good surgical periodontal therapy, and majority of general dentists (75%) have a positive attitude to refer the patients to a periodontist for surgical procedures as evident in our study. Conclusion: As, a certain number of general dentists are not motivated in referring patients to a periodontist, this result is suggestive of the indication of upgrading the referral criteria of the patients to the periodontist to be implemented by the general dentists.

The specialization of dentistry dealing with the replacement of missing teeth is primarily considered as prosthodontics. Prosthodontics maybe divided into two types: fixed prosthodontics and removable prosthodontics. The fixed prosthodontics plays a crucial role in restoring the function and mastication of the teeth, restoring aesthetics of the face, maintaining integrity and health of the dental arch, and support temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Gingivitis, also known as the gum inflammation is a mild symptom reported after fixing of Fixed Denture Prostheses. Untreated gingivitis over the period of time with the development of bacteria can lead to periodontitis. Periodontitis is a serious gum disease that can damage the soft tissue and bone that can cause tooth loss. To search the online databases like MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and PubMed. All the articles in English language were selected to review. It was designed in accordance to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. About 10 articles were finalized manually by the investigators for full analysis based on their eligibility to the present topic of study. Various studies have accounted for the association between fixed prostheses and the gingival problem. The health of the gingiva can be determined by using the diagnostic tools like Plaque Index (PI) and Gingival Index (GI). While reviewing all the articles related to the gingival problems associated with the fixed prostheses, we found that there is lack of knowledge given to the patient related to maintaining the prostheses.

COVID-19, also known as Corona Virus disease, is one of the recent pandemics that has impacted healthcare systems worldwide. In scientific terms, COVID-19 is known as SARS-CoV-2, which is a virus. Hence, the disease is highly contagious and can spread from person to person through the body fluids of the person who was infected. In addition, the disease is far more contagious than most normal respiratory diseases. An outbreak of the disease originated in China, specifically in Wuhan, which caused a massive spread throughout the rest of the world. According to the Saudi Arabian Health Ministry, the first case was reported in early March, 2020. The main goal of this study is to determine the extent to which the Saudi Arabian nurses are knowledgeable of the COVID-19 protocols and also the attitudes of Saudi Arabian nurses in their line of duty while also reinforcing the COVID-19 protocols. According to the study, the data for the current study were subjective and only based on Saudi nurses. Using e-mail, questionnaires were distributed and responses directed through the same platform. To avoid bias, a sample of 105 Saudi Nurses working in different healthcare facilities was selected by simple random sampling. Out of the Saudi nurses who were considered for the current study, a reasonable number were aware of the protocols of COVID 19.

Artificial Neural Network is a Computer program Based on simulation of Neurons of human brain. During the past Statistical Methods like RSM (Response Surface Methodology). Other statistical methods are used for the development of Modified release formulations (Controlled Release & Sustained Release formulations). Due to draw backs of statistical methods another technique is Artificial Neural Network. ANN has an emerging field in the Development of Modified release formulations (CR & SR). This review article containing the optimized formulations of different modified release formulations by ANN and also Structure of Artificial Neural Network (ANN), different optimized formulations are developed by using ANN are discussed. ANN helps in emerging field in the optimization of pharmaceutical formulations. ANN are learning according to the different set of data given to the neural networks. The functioning of the Artificial Neural Network identified according to the given output data of the formulations. ANN is a very powerful tool in the Pharmaceutical industries, Academics, Research institutes to develop new formulations.

The reliability of information in the global information space is one of the important problems of globalization. The credibility of various information resources is currently being studied and considered in different ways. In some cases, the problem of the reliability of information can be assessed as harmful and dangerous. The article aims to raise the problem, discuss it and encourage discussion of various ideas and models related to its scientific solutions. Especially in the event of a conflict of interest, the user is forced to take the right position. In some cases, a "conflict of interest" can present the consumer with a dilemma. Such cases are more common on social networks. The consumer of information also participates in this information space as a distributor of information. In some cases, because the reliability of the information is "questionable", the distributor becomes the distributor of disinformation. We will also have to deal with such cases more and more as the mass of "disinformation products" in the global information space increases. It can be assumed that as a result of systematic discussions, new approaches to the problem of conflicts of interest may emerge, which can contribute to “accelerating progress”. In this regard, the idea that libraries are a reliable source of information, primarily on global networks, is supported and recommended. The abundance of information and the dynamics of its growth, the problem of the reliability of information products and attempts to manipulate the growing information products show that the problem of information reliability will remain relevant in the next 10-20 years. We believe that the current focus on "library and information" resources in the field of information reliability may be the right choice in this direction, and this may partially solve the problem of information reliability.

Background: Three-dimensional printing is a revolutionary technique with Computer-Aided Design software and Standard Triangle Language (STL). This software helps print tablet (object) by placing material on the substrate, 3-D printing is an additional process in the manufacturing technology, where a 3-D object forms sub-substrate, the successive material layers are deposited. Method: 3-D printing technology requires technologically operated instruments for the layer-by-layer formulation of Active Ingredients and Excipients for the production of Personalised Medicine (PM) as per need of the individual patient. The techniques used to formulate 3-D printing objects include Stereolithography, Inkjet printing, and fused deposition modelling. Inkjet printig is again divided into continues jet printing and drop on demand. Different polymers are used to formulate such dosage forms like polyvinyl alcohol, poly-caprolactone, poly-lactic acid, etc. Conclusion: In this mini-review analysis, we have reviewed about 3-D printing technology. We have reviewed different dosage forms prepared using 3-D printing technology and discussed different technologies used in the 3-D printing technique.

This study aimed to develop an academic writing learning model based on writing theory and learning theory. From both theories, a name was formed, called: "In-Stage Guidance-Based Academic Writing Learning Model." The effectiveness of the learning model studied using Research and Development methods in fifth-semester students at Siliwangi University. The procedure is taken through the stages (1) initial/conceptual model formation, (2) initial model field testing, (3) initial model revision, (4) field testing of the revised model, (5) model validation, (6) good model dissemination through scientific forums. Through these stages, it is known that the in-stage guidance-based academic writing learning model has proven its effectiveness. Recommendation for the lecturers to study furthermore about it, so that this learning model could complement the existing writing learning model.

A wannan takarda an yi magana ne dangane sááyè a mahangar bori. Daga cikin abubuwan da aka yi tsokaci a kansu akwai; sááyè da bori, sannan kuma aka yi magana dangane da sááyèn tsoro a mahangar ‘yanbori da kuma sááyèn tsoro na wasu cututtuka a mahangar Hausawa. Haka kuma, a wannan takarda an yi amfani da ra’in Brown da Levinson (1987) mai suna Ra’in Ladabin Zance [1]. Wannan ra’i, da kuma ayyukan da suka biyo bayansa, sun tabbatar da sááyè muhimmin ɓangare a cikin al’adun al’umma, wato ta fannin cuɗanya domin nuna ladabi da ɗa’a da kunya da nisanta da kuma dangantaka. Har ila yau, waɗannan abubuwa (ladabi da ɗa’a da kunya) sanannu ne a al’adu da kuma tunanin kowace al’umma. Hakan ta sa sááyè yake taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen cuɗanya tare da ƙoƙarin inganta da kare mutuncin mutane. Wannan ra’i ya dace da yadda al’ada take tafiya tare da hikimomin amfani da matanonin sááyè wajen cuɗanya da kuma aiwatar da wasu al’adunsu. Har wa yau, an yi la’akari da wasu muhimman matakai na wannan ra’i da suka haɗa da: ma’ana da asali da rukunin al’ada da kuma yanayi ko lakacin yin al’adar. Haka kuma, a wannan takarda, an lura cewa, yin sááyè a wannan siga yakan ƙara cusa aƙida da kuma yin imani da wasu abubuwa. A wannan takarda an gano, cewa wannan al’ada ta sááyèn tsoro, wasu Hausawa suna amfani da ita a matsayin rigafi. Hakazalika, sááyèn tsoro, musamman a wajen ‘yanbori, yakan taimaka masu wajen samar da magunguna da kuma kyakkyawar alaƙa da aljanu a yanayin aiwatar da ayyukansu na bori.

Restorative oral treatments today truly encompass all the disciplines that dentistry has to offer in an incorporated inter-disciplinary method to accomplish optimal dental health, function and aesthetics for our patients. That's where our expertise and experience in all aspects of restorative dentistry along with the other disciplines assists us to achieve the best possible long-term outcomes for our patients. Naturally, dental implants, implant dentistry, periodontal treatment, aesthetic dentistry, orthodontics, endodontics, cosmetic dental treatments all play a crucial function in getting the very best outcomes for our patients. Restorative oral treatment may consist of a variety of treatments from tooth bleaching, braces, root treatments, fillings, crowns, bridges, veneers, plastic gum surgery, bone and gum restoring & grafting, and more! Dentistry has quickly developed throughout the last number of years, where innovative techniques have in fact altered the conventional treatment strategies as applications of brand-new oral products supply better outcomes, so the primary objective of this evaluation is to list and separate the New Techniques and Treatment Methods in Restorative Dentistry.

The research evaluated Musanga cecropioides extrusion viscosity gummy paste (exudate/resin) obtained from trees as a corrosion inhibitor material to slow down the impact of corrosion on steel bars embedded in concrete and constructed in high-salinity coastal areas. The exudates/resin extracted is coated on the steel bar and embedded in the concrete slab, exposed to the corrosive medium with high salt concentration. The hardened concrete slab is completely immersed in a 5% aqueous sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, and the rapid corrosion process accelerated for 360 days with interval inspections and routine tests at 90 days, 180 days, 270 days, and 360 days for comparative evaluations for both uncoated and coated samples. The computed maximum control percentile value is -67.28% compared to the corroded and coated values 241.14% and -64.4% and the controlled potential difference value is 4.99%, corroded 60.25%, and coated 6.29%. The maximum yields of the controlled and coated samples were -105.1mV and -113.74mV, with the result obtained, this showed an indicative relationship between corrosion potential and probability as 𝐸corr > −200mV as the reference range. These results of potential Ecorr results showed indication that the values of controlled and exudates/ resin coated specimens are low with the range of 90% probability that no reinforcing steel corrosion is occurring in that area at the time of measurement (10% risk of corrosion which indicates a 10% or uncertain probability of corrosion. For the non-coated sample, the maximum obtained computed value is -328.64mV, the results are within the range reference of dependence between potential and corrosion probability of the value −350mV ≤ 𝐸corr ≤ −200mV indicating a high range of values, notifying a 10% or uncertain probability corrosion. The comparative results from the referencing range (controlled), showed that corroded samples exhibited corrosion presence resulting from the induced corrosion acceleration against coated samples that exhibited absence of corrosion. The exudates/resins exhibited inhibitory characteristics against corrosion attacks on reinforcing steel embedded in the concrete slab, exposed to corrosive media by the formation of the resistive coating. The maximum computed percentile of the controlled sample of concrete resistivity is 149.21% compared to the corroded and coated value of -59.26% and 153.52% and the maximum percentile difference of control is 5.38% compared to the corroded and coated value of 1.3 % and 8.09%. The results of the controlled and coated concrete resistivity samples obtained at an average maximum value of 15.85kΩcm and 16.23kΩcm with a data value of 10 <𝜌 <20 (low) compared to a corrosion value of 6.45kΩcm with specifications (𝜌 < 5, 5 < 𝜌 < 10, 10 < 𝜌 < 20, 𝜌 > 20) and with the reference range of the relationship between concrete resistivity and corrosion probability, the significant corrosion probability (𝜌 < 5, 5 < 𝜌 < 10, 10 < 𝜌 < 20, 𝜌 > 20) was very high, high, low to medium and low, for corrosion probability. The computed maximum percentile of the controlled yield strength is 8.96% compared to the corroded and coated values -7.83% and 9.08% and the possible difference values are 0.45% controlled, 0.49% corroded, and 0.59% coated. The maximum computed difference in values is 1.83MPa and 0.01% the controlled tensile strength is 3.478% against the corroded and coated values, respectively are -2.942% and 5.408% and the potential difference values 0.01% controlled, 0.01%% corroded and 0.01% coated. The yield strength, tensile strength, and strain ratio of the mean, percentile, and differential potential values of the control, uncoated (corroded) and coated concrete slab samples showed that coated samples had higher failure loads compared to corroded samples with reduced and decreased failure loads and low load-bearing capacity and with average values and percentiles to the reference range, while uncoated (corroded) samples recorded lower loads carrying capacity and reduced value compared to the reference range. The diameter of reinforcement after corrosion maximum computed percentile value is 0.039% as against -1.116% corroded and 1.128% coated; the difference in percentile is 0.005% corroded versus 0.008% coated. The results of the comparative of corroded samples show the reduction in values compared to the diameter of the reinforcement before and after the induction accelerated corrosion test with a percentile range for the reduction value from 0.039% to -1.116% and the average value in the range from 11.99mm to 11.94mm. The decrease/increase (diameter) in the cross-section of the minimum and maximum mean and percentile values were controlled 100%, with no decrease or increase in the description after 360 days of immersion in fresh water. The decrease in mean and percentile values indicates that the corrosion effect causes a reduction in diameter and cross-sectional area, fiber degradation, ..........

surrounding concrete structure. The research work investigated the application of exudates/resin as an inhibitory substance in averting the effect of corrosion on reinforced concrete structures in the built environment of high salinity. The experimental data tests were carried out on 36 concrete cubes with the first set of 12 controlled concrete samples placed in freshwater for 360 days and the second set of 24 cubes divided into 2 with 12 uncoated samples and 12 coated samples with exudate/resin as described in the test procedure and immersed in 5% aqueous sodium chloride (NaCl) solution for 360 days, routine three months with 90-day intervals, 180 days, 270 days, and 360 days. Comparatively, the minimum and maximum values for average and percentile for failure bond loads, bond strength and maximum slip, cross-sectional reduction/increase, the diameter of rebar before /after corrosion, weight loss/gain. The listed results show reduced values with the application of lower failure loads of corroded samples compared to controlled and coated samples with closer values and higher failure loads. The calculated and comparable value for the bond strength of the controlled samples was 69.572% compared to the corroded and coated samples with -42.481% and 98.031%. The indicative count results showed a reduced value and lower failure load of corrosive samples and for samples coated with a value that increases with the reference value in the controlled sample range. In comparison, the corroded samples showed a lower slip value compared to the controlled and coated samples with a higher slip value compared to the failure status, indicating a contribution to the exudate/resin effect in the slip test. The calculation results show an indication of the effect of corrosion on failure bond load, bond strength, and maximum slip. The presence of corrosion reduces the efficiency of the material used, reduces mechanical properties, and affects the bonding and interactions between the concrete and the steel reinforcement and the surrounding concrete. The results obtained indicate that the effect of corrosion on reinforcing steel hurts the mechanical properties of the cross-sectional area, a decrease in diameter and weight loss and surface modification, thereby reducing the value of control slip and coated samples and reducing the interaction between concrete and reinforcing steel.

This study evaluated the naturally extruded exudates/resin from plants of inorganic origin with eco-friendly and environmentally non-hazardous materials derived from tree trunks. Exudates/viscous adhesive is then embedded into the concrete beam after layers of different thickness and applied directly to the steel reinforcement. This study further aimed to determine the role of exudates/resins in harmful attacks on reinforcement by water tightness and durability (resistance) and modifications of steel reinforcement surface due to coating. In comparison, the results of the flexural strength exhibited at the maximum for the controlled sample is 27.86% compared to the corroded with -20.75% and coated sample of 27.87%, respectively. Differential mean values and percentile ranges were checked to be (0.55kN and 1.43%) for the controlled, (0.66kN and 1.04%) corroded and (0.52kN and 1.69%) coated. Corroded specimens fail with a lower load applications and high yielding, whereas coated specimens have a higher load to failure and lower yield occurrence. The results further confirmed that the flexural failure loads of the controlled and coated specimens maintain a narrow range of values over the corroded specimens at moderate, reduced and lower loads. The comparative results showed that the maximum value of the controlled state is -38.58% compared to 63.61% corroded and controlled -37.96%. The recorded mean and percentage difference values were examined and computed to be (0.26kN and 0.93%), corroded (0.26kN and 2.42%) and coated (0.27kN and 0.92%). The results showed a lower failure deflection load in the controlled and coated samples with a reduced value over the corroded sample with a higher failure deflection load and an increasing value compared to the reference range (controlled) and the layered (coated) sample. The comparative obtained results during and after the corrosion test for the maximum value of the rebar diameter is 0.53% compared to the corroded -0.74% and the coated sample 0.85%. The computed mean differential and percentile values were (0.02% and 0.03%), the corroded values were (0.03kN and 0.11%) and the coated values were (0.01kN and 0.11%). The results showed the effect of corrosion on the mechanical properties of reinforcing steel with a smaller diameter, where the average value and the percentage of corroded samples decreased, while the controlled and coated samples showed a preserved condition, with an increase in the diameter of the coating emanating from the varying coating thicknesses from the exuates /resin. The cross-sectional area of the reinforcing steel mean and percentile values calculated from the corroded values are (0.02 and 6.19%) and the coated values (0.02 mm and 5.21%). The results obtained showed the effect of corrosion on the mechanical properties of reinforcing steel with a decrease in the diameter of the reinforcement in the corroded sample, while the coated sample showed an increase in the thickness of the exudate paste layer. The differential calculated average and percentage yield strength and ultimate tensile strength (6.93MPa and 5.46%) and (2.53MPa and 0.02%), the corrosion value was (2.81 MPa and 5.01%) and (2.53 MPa and 0.02%). the values covered are (3.98MPa and 5.46%) and (2.56MPa and 0.01%). From the data obtained and compared, the yield strength and tensile strength values of the corroded sample take into account the mean and percentile values reduced with load damage with low application. The comparative strainn ratio obtained from the calculated maximum values for the mean and percentile values for the control was -3.19% compared to the corroded and overlaid values of 3.29% and -2.88%, respectively. The mean differential and percentile values obtained for the control were (0.42 and 0.3%), corroded values (0.42 and 0.32%) and closed values (0.43 and 0.31%). The results showed that the corroded sample had a higher percentage of deformation due to lower breaking load and higher yield strength, while the coating had a higher breaking load with lower yield strength. The calculated data for the maximum percentage of reinforcement weight before corrosion test for controlled, corroded and coated values were 0.05%, 0.05% and 0.07%. The maximum comparison values recorded after the corrosion test for the controlled sample remained the same, with no trace of a corrosive effect, as it was collected in fresh water, for the corroded and coated samples the values obtained were -6.82% and 7.76%, respectively.