The Ugamo Malim is one of the religious minorities in Indonesia. Although most Batak people today are adherents of Christianity and Islam, certain Batak people sought to maintain their own religious beliefs and practices. However, most Batak people have abandoned it and converted to the imported religions such as Christian and Islam. Accordingly, Ugamo Malim rejected the western notion of God; they prefer the term "spirits" or "divinities" (Mula Jadi Nabolon). Due to the Indonesian state legal definition and category of religion, Ugamo Malim loses the opportunity to gain legal status, identity, and recognition, including their employment opportunities in public offices. For example, the No. 1 PNPS 1965 on Blasphemy Law includes the Ugamo Malim as an unofficial religious group, except Islam, Christianity, Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism. Although Indonesia's legal framework guarantees freedom of religion and belief, however, these fundamental rights do not guarantee the right of Ugamo Malim. Therefore, many minority groups, like Ugamo Malim, suffered from various forms of discrimination by the State of Indonesia. The study would help the Indonesian government to have a better comprehension regarding the framework they can introduce which would help in protecting the identity of the Ugamo Malim Minority religion.

Bortezomib is an anticancer agent used for multiple myeloma in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs. Pneumonitis and pulmonary toxicity associated with bortezomib application has been reported in a series of cases associated with multiple myeloma. A 59-year-old male patient received 16 weeks of CyBorD regimen followed by first phase of RVD regimen and bortezomib biweekly resulted in partial remission. During the second phase of RVD regimen developed cough and whitish sputum. On high resolution computed tomography showed opacities on the lungs and diagnosed as bortezomib induced interstetial lung disease. He responded to the cortecosteroid therapy and respiratory symptoms subsided. This is a clinically proven bortezomib induced interstetial lung disease on retreatment with bortezomib for a patient with relapsed multiple myeloma.

Drug-induced Galactorrhea associated with Hyperprolactinemia has been rarely reported with agents such as antidopaminergic, antiemetics, antidepressants etc. Galactorrhea related with Hyperprolactinemia is an unwanted consequence of the treatment in which there is an increased serum prolactin levels usually associated with an abnormal whitish fluid like secretion from the breast. We report a case of expressible Galactorrhea at multiple occasions in a 44-year-old female patient with Fibromyalgia and Vascular headache related to Fluoxetine, Amitriptyline, Flunarizine, Domperidone used at different intervals of treatment. This report highlights the mechanism of these drugs which induces galactorrhea and subsequent reduction in the side effect when the active drugs are withdrawn.

This study examined the relationship between job security and organizational citizenship behaviour in Deposit Money Banks in Rivers State. The study adopted a cross-sectional research survey design. Primary source was generated through self- administered questionnaire. The population of the study was 202 employees of 21 Deposit Money Banks in Port Harcourt. The sample size of 134 was determined using the Taro Yamane’s formula for sample size determination. The reliability of the instrument was achieved by the use of the Cronbach Alpha coefficient with all the items scoring above 0.70 to be selected. Data generated was analyzed and presented using both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The hypotheses were tested using the Spearman’s Rank Order Correlation Statistics. The finding revealed that there is a significant relationship between job security and organizational citizenship behaviour in Deposit Money Banks in Rivers State. The study thus concludes that job security significantly influences organizational citizenship behaviour in Deposit Money Banks in Rivers State. The study recommends that Deposit Money Banks should strive to provide job security to their employees as it has a positive and significant impact on organizational citizenship behaviour.

This study investigates the diachronic developments of 2749 instances of shang in historical texts from Chinese corpora. We use Tyler and Evans (2003)’s Principled Polysemy Model to test the various senses associated with shang. It has been shown that there are close relations between the semantic change and polysemy of Chinese spatial word shang in which new meanings of shang occurred based on existing meanings and both old and newer meanings can coexist for a long period of time. Our research also displays how spatial concepts are coded linguistically by Chinese speakers based on various mechanisms including conceptual metaphor, invited inference, constructional change, causative morphology and word-class shift. By displaying the way shang ‘above’ evolved throughout the history of written Chinese to result in the current polysemy network, this study contributes to studies on semantic change in Chinese and reveals why we use spatial words as the way we do.

The 2020 report of the Global Terrorism Index ranks Nigeria third among 163 countries on the scale of key global security trends and patterns of terrorism. This paper examines the impact of terrorism, banditry and kidnapping on human security in Nigeria. The paper posits that Nigeria continues to experience increasing insecurity and violence through frequent attacks by terrorist, bandits and kidnappers. These criminals continue to attack, rape and kill unarmed civilians, especially women, across the country, which has impacted negatively on human security in Nigeria. The paper then gives the primary purpose of government, which is to protect lives and property, our ranking on the global terrorism index 2020, the conceptual clarifications of human security, terrorism, banditry and kidnapping; factors that are responsible for such social ills and their impact on Nigeria and Nigerians. The documentary research method was used in gathering and analyzing data for this work. The paper asserts that between terrorists, bandits, and kidnappers, there is very little differences as one set of activities apparently service the other. The paper concludes that the indices that point to national security in which human security is the chief has been challenged seriously by terrorism, banditry and kidnapping.

Background: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a major endocrine disorder in reproductive age women. PCOS is associated with insulin resistance. Some of the PCOS women also have thyroid dysfunction. There are variable and controversial findings regarding the association of thyroid stimulating hormone with insulin resistance. The objective of our study was to analyze the relation between thyroid stimulation hormone with insulin resistance in patients with PCOS. Methods: The case control study was carried out on 216 reproductive age women with PCOS. Insulin resistance was measured by Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and those with HOMA-IR more than 1.9 were defined as having insulin resistance. PCOS women with insulin resistance were cases (n=108) and those without insulin resistance were controls (n=108). Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels was assessed in both groups.Association of thyroid stimulating hormone with insulin resistance was analyzed. Result: The mean serum TSH level was significantly more in insulin resistant PCOS women (3.87±3.44 mIU/L) than those without insulin resistance (2.29±1.66 mIU/L). Hypothyroidism (TSH >2.5 mIU/L) were present in 63.9% of insulin resistant PCOS women compared to 31.3% of those without insulin resistance. The odds of hypothyroidism (TSH level >2.5 mIU/L) was 4.19 times more in insulin resistant PCOS women. Conclusion: There is significant positive association of hypothyroidism with insulin resistance in PCOS.

By the year 2022, the Constitutive Act of the African Union (AU) would have been in operation for twenty years. One of the major bases for cooperation under the new institutional framework of the AU was that all member States of the union had to observe some fundamental norms, values and standards including but not limited to, respect for human rights, democratic governance and the total condemnation of unconstitutional change of government. If a member state fails to observe this standard, she could be subjected to political, economic and social sanction. The Constitutive Act of the AU in its Article 4(h) states that the AU has the right of intervention in a member State pursuant to a decision of the Assembly in respect of grave circumstances, namely; war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity and by the Article 4(j) of the same Act, a member State can even request for intervention from the union in order to restore peace and security. In the light of these provisions, the AU has intervened in some countries e.g. Burundi, Comoros and Mali among others through peacekeeping operations. This article will therefore critically analyze the challenges and emerging issues faced by contingents to these peacekeeping mission fields.

There’s an old saying, “A robber demands your money or your life, but a quack demands your money and your life!” Quackery is a community-wide public health problem that should be precise and clearly defined. Health professionals have a duty to take action when the public is being abused in an area due to unethical practices performed by a quack. The failure to take collective and co-ordinated actions against quackery sends an unprofessional message. Quackery should be penalized under the law. As with any other public health problem, an epidemiologic strategy is needed to develop information on casual agents and aspects that favor or discourage the proliferation of quackery. This case reports one such case caused due to the menace of a dental quack.

The study outcome measure was, to find out the relationship between the Drug interactions and polypharmacy and other factors such as age, gender, hospital stay. A prospective cross-sectional study was performed in general medicine department of tertiary care teaching hospital, Ongole, over a period 6 months. All the patients admitted to the general medicine department were included using appropriate criteria and analyzed for Drug–Drug Interactions (DDIs). These drug interactions in the study were analyzed using the Micromedex Drug Interactions. 905 cases were screened for DDIs, among them 45% of cases with more than 1DDIs. With a total of 848 interactions, aspirin + clopidogrel is the most common interaction pair and is reported by 10.81%, while atorvastatin + clopidogrel is the second most common interaction pair with 9.03% prevalence. 5% of the incidence of interaction was observed in the cases of 408 cases. The regression analysis results the significance level at 95% Confidence Interval (p≤0.05) of DDIs and polypharmacy. This study concludes that there is a significant association between prescription drugs and DDIs. This type of study helps improve the quality of life. Estimating the most common DDIs can assistance the medical practitioner to recommend the minimal risk prescriptions and the combination of drugs.

Background: Sertraline is an antidepressant drug from the family of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and is used in the treatment of depression. Aim: The aim of this work was to develop a sensitive, precise, accurate, and specific analytical method for quantitative estimation of sertraline in pharmaceutical product for the purpose of using it as a quality control tool for testing sertraline products pre and post-market distribution, ensuring the presence of claimed drug amount in the pharmaceutical dosage form. Methods: Sertraline estimation in commercial drug products administered in hospitals and community drugstores and prescribed to patients through the development of an in-house High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) method to contribute with a validated, specific and sensitive method to literature methodologies. Results: The method is sensitive, specific, and selective, and showed linearity R2>0.999 within concentration range of 2.5 to 100 µg/mL for dissolution medium USP (pH 4.5), pH1.2, and 6.8. Accuracy results within the range of 98% - 102%, precision CV% less than 2%. The assayed tablets mean recovery is 100.676%. Moreover, the dissolution results meet the required 80 percent dissolution limit within 30 minutes for the USP dissolution medium (pH 4.5). Conclusion: The analytical method developed is very sensitive and totally validated for use in the quantitative analysis of sertraline.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease resulting from either a deficit in insulin secretion (type 1) or a function (type 2) that results in an increased level of glucose in the blood. Diabetes mellitus increases the risk for developing many serious complications including microvascular, macrovascular, decreased reproductive activity, and frequent infections. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the awareness level regarding DM risk factors, symptoms, signs, management, and complications in both the diabetic and the nondiabetic population. Method: This cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted among the general population of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, in 2019. A total of 24 questions from a pre-piloted questionnaire were interpreted into Arabic. The questionnaire contained a series of questions arranged in four parts: Assessing DM general knowledge, risk factors, symptoms, and complications. Result: This study included 1324 participants; 52.5% were female. The largest age range among the participants (41.5%) was 15–23 years, followed by the 44–53 (18.8%) year age group. Regarding the questions answered correctly: a total mean score achieved by the whole population was 13.9 ± 3.6 out of 19 points (73.9 ± 19.3%). The diabetic participants achieved higher scores than the nondiabetics in each category. Conclusion: The study found that the largest gap in knowledge regarding DM is in the knowledge of its complications. The role of health education needs emphasis at all levels starting with schools and universities. This is in addition to general public health education, distributing knowledge through brochures and social media.

Background: Patients suffering from Lateral Epicondylitis experience restriction in their daily activities due to the pain and dysfunction. Though the condition does not lead to disability, it limits functionality. The condition can be treated effectively in a primary health care environment. Objective: The objective of the study was to find out the functional outcome of lateral epicondylitis patients after 6 weeks of physiotherapy interventions. Methodology: A quantitative quasi-experimental study design was chosen for this study. A total of 18 participants were selected by hospital based convenient sampling technique and by the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients received treatment sessions for 18 sessions within the study period. The assessment was done again on a post-test on the same group using the same scales and the changes between pre and post-test of the same groups were compared. Pain and dysfunction were measured by Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) and Patient Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation (PRTEE). Result: The result shows significant reduction of pain between baseline assessment and posttest. Overall pain in affected arm shows (p=0.001), specific activities (p=0.000) and usual activities (p=0.000). Distribution of pain during pretest found 6 (30%), specific activities 4 (20%) and in usual activities 3(17%) which was comparatively reduced after 6 months physiotherapy treatment found in posttest distribution was in affected arm 1 (2%), specific and usual activities was same in each 2 (9%) which proved that the physiotherapy treatment was more effective for reduction of pain of the Lateral Epicondylities. Conclusion: After 6 weeks of physiotherapy interventions, patient showed better outcome of the treatment and better recovery from Lateral Epicondylitis. So, the treatment program should be started as early as possible.

With the further development of cultural diversification, cultural conflict and integration has become a major issue of worldwide concern. This paper selects the representative characters from The Joy Luck Club, and analyzes the cultural differences from three perspectives: conflicts between mother and daughter, husband and wife, and between friends. By comparing the cultural differences between China and the West, the paper also gives suggestions on the strategies of intercultural communication.

Carbon nanotubes were introduced in the 21st century into biomedicine for the delivery of therapeutic, diagnostic and imaging agents. CNTs are unique one-dimensional structures having fascinating physical, mechanical and chemical properties and also drug loading properties. Ease in cellular uptake allows them to be explored for a wide range of applications in biology and medicine. This current review is an informative compiling of the origin of CNTs, and how CNTs are used in different aspects of biomedicine including drug delivery and cancer treatment, bio-sensing, biomedical imaging, and tissue engineering. The current review also focuses on the pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and metabolism of CNTs and discusses the potential advantages and obstacles associated with biomedical applications.