In the crystalline basement terrains of Southwestern Nigeria, groundwater exploration remains a significant challenge due to the extreme lateral and vertical heterogeneity of the subsurface. This study investigates the Agbaje–Ijokodo area in Ibadan, a region historically plagued by high borehole failure rates, using an integrated geophysical approach. By combining 1D Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) at 28 locations with 2D Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) across 14 profiles, we mapped the complex architecture of the local aquifer system. The results reveal a predominant three-layer geoelectric sequence: a clayey topsoil, a weathered saprolite layer (averaging 10.8 m in thickness), and a basal fractured-to-fresh basement. Interpretation of geoelectric curves, primarily H-type (57%) and Dar-Zarrouk parameters indicates that while the weathered regolith provides storage, its productivity is often hampered by high clay content. Critical secondary porosity was identified in deep-seated fracture zones and basement depressions, particularly in the Agbaje sector, where reflection coefficients below 0.75 and longitudinal conductance values (0.2 - 0.69 mhos) suggest both high groundwater potential and moderate protective capacity. In contrast, the Ijokodo area is characterized by shallow bedrock ridges and thin overburden, explaining its poor-to-fair yield history. These findings suggest that sustainable groundwater development in the area must shift from targeting shallow saprolite to deeper, localized fracture networks. This research demonstrates that an integrated resistivity framework is indispensable for reducing the risks associated with borehole siting in complex metamorphic terrains.

Background: Tashrīḥ-ul-Badan (anatomy) occupies a foundational position in the Unani system of medicine. Although the anatomical framework of this system is rooted in classical Greek traditions, it has undergone significant expansion, empirical critique, and refinement within the Greco-Arabic medical paradigm during the Islamic Golden Age. Objective: This study systematically examined the historical evolution of anatomical knowledge within the Unani system of medicine by analyzing how classical texts prescribed the operationalization of this knowledge in diagnostic reasoning, therapeutic interventions, and surgical procedures. Methods: This study employed a structured qualitative historical review methodology underpinned by systematic textual analysis of classical Greco-Arabic medical literature. The systematic nature involved defined criteria for primary source selection, a multi-stage content analysis framework including open coding and thematic synthesis, and a comparative evaluation strategy to ensure robust interpretation. Findings: The analysis revealed three interrelated themes concerning Tashrīḥ-ul-Badan: foundational Greek influence, critical refinement by Arabic physicians, and continuous integration into diagnostic and surgical practice. Evidence from the literature demonstrates how historical scholars have envisioned anatomical knowledge that actively guided clinical reasoning and operative procedures. Conclusion: Canonical texts meticulously prescribed Tashrīḥ-ul-Badan as an operational clinical science rather than a static theoretical discipline. This advanced anatomical framework was designed to directly inform diagnostics, therapeutic strategies, and surgical interventions, highlighting the profound clinical sophistication championed by Greco-Arabic medical scholarship. This demonstrates a commitment to anatomically informed practice that resonates with the spirit of rigorous clinical anatomy in modern medicine, despite differing methodologies and technological capabilities.

The vitality of a nation is deeply intertwined with the vigor of its youth, making youth affairs a strategic priority. Since China entered a new era, its youth have engaged with the world with unprecedented breadth and depth. They actively participate in international affairs, demonstrating a level of rationality, tolerance, confidence, and self-reliance seldom seen before. This article adopts an interdisciplinary approach, integrating pragmatics with news discourse. Employing a literature review and a mixed-methods design that combines quantitative and qualitative analysis, it examines how language is employed in China Daily to construct and project the image of Chinese youth. The study finds that the newspaper’s discourse strategically adheres to collaborative and appropriateness principles to foster a positive and influential youth image. In the process of adhering to pragmatic principles, news reports have successfully shaped multiple positive images of contemporary Chinese youth: they are not only deeply engaged in social affairs and shoulder the responsibility of promoting national development, but also play the role of cooperators in international exchanges.

This study aimed to evaluate the morphometric characteristics and anatomical variations of the atlas (first cervical vertebra) in the North-East Bihar population to support safer surgical interventions at the craniovertebral junction. A descriptive cross-sectional osteological study was conducted on 70 dried, intact adult atlas vertebrae using a Vernier caliper for precise measurements. Parameters assessed included vertebral canal dimensions, superior and inferior articular facets, and anterior and posterior arch heights. The results demonstrated a mean atlas width of 69.03 mm, with consistent vertebral canal dimensions indicating adequate space for neurovascular structures. Most parameters showed bilateral symmetry, except for the transverse diameter of the superior articular facet, which was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Overall, the findings revealed low variability and a homogeneous pattern, suggesting structural stability with minor functional adaptations. These morphometric insights are clinically relevant for surgical planning and instrumentation at the craniovertebral junction.

The rapid penetration of renewable energy sources such as solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind power into modern power grids introduces significant operational challenges, including intermittency, voltage instability, harmonic distortion, and fault vulnerability. Conventional control strategies are often insufficient for handling dynamic grid disturbances and nonlinear system behavior. This study proposes an Artificial Intelligence (AI)-enhanced control framework for grid-connected renewable energy systems to enable adaptive control, predictive fault detection, and resilient operation. The proposed architecture integrates machine learning-based fault classification, adaptive inverter control, and real-time grid condition monitoring. A hybrid dataset composed of simulated grid disturbances and real operational parameters is used to train and validate the AI model. Results demonstrate improved fault detection accuracy, reduced system recovery time, enhanced voltage stability, and improved power quality under dynamic grid conditions. The proposed AI-driven framework enhances grid reliability, supports high renewable penetration, and contributes to resilient and sustainable energy infrastructure.

This research investigates the impact of an AI adaptive language assessment system, when combined with special education principles, on neurodiverse students in TESOL contexts. Although adaptive systems have been extensively debated in language learning, there has been remarkably little attention paid to students with autism spectrum disorder, dyslexia, or ADHD. To fill this research void, the study employed a sequential explanatory mixed-methods approach. In the quantitative component, 120 students were included in a 12-week quasi-experimental design comparing the impact of AI adaptive assessment with traditional testing modes. The data included standardized English proficiency test scores, test anxiety, engagement, and psychometric statistics using Item Response Theory and differential item functioning. The results demonstrated greater proficiency achievement, reduced anxiety, and increased engagement among students using the adaptive system. Reliability coefficients were high, and subgroup analysis revealed little measurement bias. In the qualitative component, teacher interviews shed light on usability and integration in the classroom. In general, the results of this study indicate that by combining adaptive assessment with organized special education principles, students with diverse cognitive abilities can be treated equitably and meaningfully in language assessment, while also offering a roadmap for future research on transparency and long-term implementation.

Dental luting cements are essential materials used for the retention of indirect restorations and prevention of microleakage. Over the years, these materials have evolved from conventional non-adhesive cements to advanced adhesive resin-based systems. This review discusses the classification, properties, composition, and clinical applications of various luting cements along with their advantages and limitations, emphasizing evidence-based selection for optimal clinical outcomes [1].

Coexisting pituitary lesions may range from clinically non-functioning adenomas to hormonally active tumors such as prolactinomas and growth hormone (GH) or thyrotropin (TSH)-secreting adenomas. A 22-year-old male presented with a two-month history of generalized tonic-clonic seizures, accompanied by signs of intracranial hypertension, including intermittent frontal headaches resistant to analgesics and a sudden decrease in visual acuity. He also reported a 20 kg weight gain and an increase in shoe size from 40 to 44 over a seven-month period, without any decline in libido. Clinical examination revealed normal blood pressure and heart rate, and no dysmorphic features, particularly no acromegaloid characteristics. The patient had moderate obesity (BMI: 34 kg/m²), bilateral gynecomastia, mild violaceous striae, no galactorrhea, and was classified as Tanner stage G5P5. Hormonal evaluation showed hyperprolactinemia at 278 ng/mL, central hypothyroidism (TSH: 0.6 mIU/L; free T4: 8 pmol/L), and central hypogonadism (FSH: 1.37 IU/L; LH: 1.1 IU/L; total testosterone: 1.80 ng/mL). IGF-1 was within the normal range (275.8 ng/mL; reference: 120–338). Morning cortisol was 15 µg/dL, with an appropriate suppression after a 1 mg overnight dexamethasone test (0.7 µg/dL). A 24-hour urinary free cortisol measurement was also normal (75 µg/24h). HbA1c was 5.5%. Ophthalmologic examination revealed a normal fundus, but visual field testing showed nasal isopter narrowing. Pituitary MRI demonstrated a well-defined intra- and suprasellar lesion measuring 19 × 16 × 19 mm, consistent with a pituitary macroadenoma. Additionally, an infiltrative cortical and subcortical lesion in the fronto-cingulate region (36 × 24 × 47 mm) suggested a low-grade glioma. The patient was started on cabergoline 0.5 mg twice weekly and levothyroxine 25 µg daily. Neurosurgical intervention for the glioma was performed with gross total resection. Histopathological analysis confirmed a low-grade glial proliferation. Postoperative clinical and biochemical follow-up showed favorable outcomes. This case highlights the need for comprehensive neuroimaging in patients diagnosed with pituitary adenomas who present with atypical neurological symptoms, such as seizures.

This study analyzes the philosophical values embedded in Ho Chi Minh’s thought on building the Vietnamese people’s armed forces. From a philosophical perspective, Ho Chi Minh’s ideas transcend the scope of political or military doctrines; they represent a profound dialectical reflection on the relationships between human beings and community, politics and ethics, national independence and humanistic ideals. Grounded in Marxist–Leninist philosophy, Ho Chi Minh creatively developed a distinctive ideological model in which the strength of the armed forces originates from the people and ultimately serves the people. The core philosophical value in Ho Chi Minh’s thought is reflected through his humanistic worldview, moral rationality, and the unity between theory and practice affirming the ontological role of the people as the foundation of national strength. In today’s context, this research seeks to elucidate the enduring significance and contemporary relevance of Ho Chi Minh’s philosophical thought in developing a “revolutionary, regular, elite, and gradually modernized” armed force aimed at safeguarding the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

In developing countries around the world, tourism has been a major driver of regional economic changes and has also played an important role in shaping the economies of certain regions that are geographically sensitive and have significant economic diversity. This research examines how tourism-led development has affected North Bengal (home to part of the Himalaya mountain range), which is an environmentally sensitive zone with significant structural disparities within its respective economy, by assessing the role of tourism-led development as it relates to providing employment in North Bengal. Using district level panel data collected from 2010-2024, descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the relationship between tourist visitations, tourism revenue, developed infrastructure as well as government investment related tourism, and employment generation. The research results provide empirical evidence in support of the tourism-led growth hypothesis, indicating that tourism and/or infrastructure investment have both increased all forms of employment opportunities (direct, indirect). Furthermore, the results show that the degree of increase in employment opportunities has been dependent (and, thus, highly heterogeneous) on each respective district's ability to develop its own institutional capacity, establish connectivity between the district and other areas, and implement sustainable practices. Although strong multiplier effects were associated with expanding tourism, the research highlights the importance of conducting environmentally sound planning throughout the delicate Himalayan ecosystem. By incorporating regional development theories and employment elasticity modelling, the research contributes empirical evidence to the micro-level tourism-growth literature that should provide policy recommendations related to improving infrastructure, developing community-based tourism, enhancing skill sets of the local workforce, and establishing governance structures that would provide long-term resilience for employment. Overall, tourism is identified as a strategic driver of inclusive and sustainable regional development in North Bengal when supported by coherent policy frameworks and environmental safeguards.

Azae Ḥawāse Khamsa Ẓāhira—the five external sensory organs—is the cornerstone of the historical development of medical and philosophical thought. This study offers a novel historical-comparative analysis. It elucidates the specific methodological differences between Greek philosophical reasoning and Arabic empiricism, and demonstrates how this shift drove concrete anatomical advancements through detailed historical tracing. Through the works of Aristotle, Hippocrates, and Galen, Greek tradition established the epistemological framework of the five senses, primarily within a philosophical context. However, these early interpretations often lack clinical and gross anatomical precision. During the Islamic Golden Age (8th–13th centuries Common Era [CE]), Arabic medicine rose as scholars like Hunayn ibn Isḥāq, Al-Rāzī, and Ibn Sīnā critically engaged with Greek texts, translating, revising, and expanding their scope. By integrating clinical observations and empirical methods, Greco-Arabic medicine significantly advanced the concept of Azae Ḥawāse Khamsa Ẓāhira, laying crucial groundwork that demonstrably foreshadowed developments in modern neuroanatomy and ophthalmology. Crucially, these findings underscore the enduring diagnostic and therapeutic principles that are directly traceable to Greco-Arabic refinements. This provides concrete evidence of their active role in shaping modern Unani medical curricula, thereby offering a more nuanced understanding of how Unani medicine has historically continued.

Cancer is now being viewed not as a single genetic disease but as a multi-layered, multi-level disease that exists on a systems level and is a biochemical process that is powered by dynamic, multi-layered interactions with molecules. This review will take the systems biology approach by combining metabolomics, proteomics, and epigenomics to explain the biochemical heterogeneity and adaptive plasticity of cancer. The bioenergetic requirements of growing tumor cells are manifested through metabolomic reprogramming which is the altered glycolysis, lipid metabolism, and redox balance. Simultaneously, proteomic changes remodel signaling pathways, which mediate cell survival, immune resistance, and treatment resistance. Additional epigenomic changes such as DNA methylation, changes in histone positioning and regulation of non-coding RNAs also coordinate the pattern of gene expression without changing the sequence of the DNA itself. The intersection of these layers of omics points to cancer as an outcome of interdependent biochemical processes, and not single events at the molecular level. Recent developments in the field of multi-omics integration, which has been made possible by the high-throughput and computational modeling technologies, have allowed the discovery of new biomarkers and therapeutic targets with greater specificity and predictive capability. Notably, this integrative model changes the existing paradigm of reductionist approaches to the holistic tumor biology concept. This review identifies the opportunity of systems-level knowledge in informing precision oncology by mapping cross-talk between metabolic pathways, protein networks, and epigenetic landscapes. Finally, the combination of multi-omics information offers a strong foundation to unlock the complexity of tumors, enhance the early diagnosis of cancer, and inform the design of tailored therapeutic approaches during cancer treatment.

This study examines the international city image communication strategy of Yiwu through the lens of “using commerce as media”, an emerging yet underexplored approach in city branding research. Focusing on ten short videos from the 2025 Wanguo Chuangfu Chao series produced by the Yiwu Belt and Road International Communication Center, the study adopts qualitative content analysis to investigate how commercial practices, entrepreneurial narratives, and value-oriented storytelling jointly construct Yiwu’s global image. The findings reveal that Yiwu’s communication strategy successfully projects a multidimensional city image as (1) a hyper-efficient global trade hub, (2) a culturally inclusive and integrated cosmopolitan community, and (3) an aspirational platform for entrepreneurial success. This is achieved through three key strategies: a glocal storytelling framework that integrates personal narratives with macro-level positioning, the strategic use of foreign entrepreneurs as credible narrators, and value-forward communication linking commerce to global themes such as sustainability and inclusivity. The study contributes to the literature by addressing the gap in self-constructed city image research and advancing the conceptualization of commerce-as-media as a distinct communication paradigm. It also offers practical implications for cities seeking to enhance their international visibility through innovative and culturally resonant communication strategies.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of different neuromuscular training on muscular endurance of junior athletes. Methods: The experimental study enrolled 60 junior athletes’ who taking part in the school level zone athletic competitions from Sakthi Higher Secondary School, Erode Tamilnadu. The age ranged between twelve and thirteen years, which were selected to carry out the research. The subjects who met the inclusion criteria were selected using random sampling and divided into three intervention groups and a control group. The test items used to collect the muscular endurance tested by modified it ups test and performance recorded in counts. The 12 weeks of stipulated training was provided to the participants for the period of 60-minute sessions for the three alternative days in a week. Statistical Procedure: To process the results of the study, analysis of the data was done with the IBM SPSS Statistics 22 software. The statistics obtained were provided by way analysis of co variance. The level of confidence was fixed at 95% and values below p<0.05 were considered significant. Results: The one-way analysis of co variance showed a significant (p<0.05) improvement in muscular endurance over the 12 weeks of stipulated training. Conclusion: The results indicate considerable significant improvement on muscular endurance was observed. The findings indicate that the selected training regimes led to significant improvement on agility.

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has emerged as a promising biologically active adjunct in regenerative endodontics due to its high concentration of autologous growth factors that promote angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and tissue healing. Used as a scaffold and bioactive reservoir, PRP supports pulp–dentin complex regeneration, particularly in immature necrotic teeth. This review highlights the biological basis, preparation methods, and diverse clinical applications of PRP in endodontics. Despite its advantages, limitations related to standardization and growth factor release persist, emphasizing the need for further long-term clinical studies to establish predictable protocols.