The purpose of the study was to determine the multiple physical training regimens on selected physical fitness variables among college men handball players. To attain the purpose sixty (N=60) Handball players studying various affiliated colleges in Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India. Their age is between 17 and 21 years. The selected subjects were divided at random into four groups of fifteen each (n=15). Group-I underwent High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT), Group-II underwent Functional Training (FT), Group-III underwent Combined High-Intensity Interval Training and Functional Training (HIITFT) and Group-IV acted as Control group(CG). Speed was selected as dependent variable and it was assessed by 50 meters run. The duration of the training period was restricted to eight weeks and number of sessions is five days per week. The data was collected prior to and immediately after the training period of eight weeks. The data obtained from the experimental groups before and after the experimental period were analyzed by using the statistical technique with depended ‘t’ test and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). Whenever, the obtained ‘F’ ratio for the adjusted post-test was found to be significant the Scheffe's Post hoc test was used to access the paired mean differences. In all cases, 0.05 level is fixed as level of confidence to test the significance which is considered as appropriate. The results of the study observed that there is a notable difference among High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) group, Functional Training (FT) group, combined High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Functional Training (FT) group and Control group on Speed. Further the results of the study concluded that combined High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Functional Training (FT) group is better than groups on developing Speed.

Background: Cholangiocarcinoma is a malignant tumor of the biliary epithelium with poor prognosis due to late presentation. Histopathology is the gold standard for diagnosis but is invasive and limited in assessing tumor extent. Triphasic multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) offers a non-invasive alternative for evaluation. Objective: To assess the diagnostic role of triphasic MDCT in characterizing cholangiocarcinoma and to correlate imaging findings with histopathology. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, from September 2022 to August 2024. A total of 33 patients with suspected cholangiocarcinoma underwent triphasic MDCT. Imaging findings regarding lesion characteristics, location, growth pattern, vascular invasion, lymph node involvement, and enhancement patterns were analyzed. Histopathology was used as the reference standard. Diagnostic performance was calculated using sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy. Results: The mean age was 65.6 ± 7.51 years, with 66.7% males. Most tumors were perihilar (63.64%) and periductal infiltrating (60.6%). Ill-defined margins (69.7%) and delayed enhancement (81.82%) were common findings. Vascular invasion and lymph node involvement were seen in 27.3% and 39.39% of cases, respectively. MDCT showed a sensitivity of 89.66%, specificity of 75%, accuracy of 87.88%, PPV of 96.3%, and NPV of 50%, with a significant correlation with histopathology (p = 0.01). Conclusion: Triphasic MDCT is a reliable, non-invasive modality with high diagnostic accuracy for cholangiocarcinoma and is valuable for tumor characterization and staging.

Cloud-based SaaS platforms now run essential services across finance, healthcare, and government sectors. Many of these systems include automated agents and decision engines that operate at high speed and scale. Identity and access governance therefore serves as a central control layer. Traditional IAM models depend on fixed roles, centralized authorization servers, and periodic reviews. Such structures struggle in distributed, multi-tenant environments that process millions of access requests each day. Prior studies address adaptive authentication, Zero Trust security, decentralized identity, anomaly detection, and cloud resilience. However, these solutions often function separately rather than within a unified framework. This paper introduces a Resilient Identity and Access Governance Architecture that integrates real time risk evaluation, distributed policy enforcement, lifecycle governance for human and machine identities, and fault tolerance in a single design. The framework defines measurable targets for availability, detection time, throughput, and policy propagation. Risk scoring occurs during live authorization decisions, and enforcement spans multiple nodes. The result is a scalable identity governance model suitable for complex SaaS ecosystems that require high availability and consistent control.

Electromagnetic Bandgap Structures (EBGS) have emerged as an effective technique for suppressing undesired harmonic components in microwave and RF systems. Harmonic distortion degrades signal integrity, reduces power efficiency, and increases electromagnetic interference in communication and power electronic circuits. This research presents the design and simulation of an EBGS based microstrip bandpass filter aimed at achieving compact size, sharp selectivity, and effective harmonic suppression. The proposed structure integrates periodic defected ground plane patterns beneath a microstrip transmission line to create frequency selective stopbands while preserving passband characteristics. MATLAB based modeling and full wave electromagnetic simulations were performed to analyze S parameters, insertion loss, return loss, and harmonic rejection performance. The results demonstrate that the EBGS based bandpass filter significantly attenuates second and third harmonics while maintaining low insertion loss within the desired passband. The proposed design provides improved selectivity and compactness compared to conventional microstrip bandpass filters. The study contributes to the advancement of high-performance filtering solutions for wireless communication systems, radar applications, and RF front end modules.

Industrial IoT systems rely heavily on wireless communication, yet security and regulatory compliance are often addressed separately during system development. This paper examines how wireless infrastructure security can be integrated with electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and radio frequency (RF) regulatory requirements at the design stage. It analyzes common wireless attack vectors in industrial settings, including jamming, spoofing, and protocol exploitation, and evaluates how regulatory constraints influence hardware and network architecture decisions. A security centered device architecture is proposed where RF shielding, grounding schemes, spectrum allocation, and firmware isolation are treated as interconnected design elements. The framework incorporates zero trust communication principles within industrial wireless networks while maintaining compliance with EMC standards such as IEC 61000 and relevant RF certification requirements. The study demonstrates that early coordination between cybersecurity engineering and compliance engineering reduces redesign cycles and certification delays. The proposed model offers a structured pathway for building industrial wireless systems that meet both security and regulatory obligations without post development modifications.

Power electronic converters have been at the center of industrial systems and various energy systems such as renewable energy systems, industrial motor drives, and grid-connected power systems. The systems face harsh conditions, making reliability an essential factor for the design. The traditional procedure for the design of converters considers the reliability of the system after the parameters have been selected for the design, making it difficult to consider the parameters of the system during the design stage. This paper proposes a reliability-oriented design optimization framework for power electronic systems operating in industrial and utility-scale applications. The proposed methodology integrates electro-thermal modeling, physics-of-failure lifetime estimation, and mission-profile-based stress evaluation within a unified multi-objective optimization framework. Junction temperature profiles and thermal cycling patterns are obtained through electro-thermal simulation under realistic operating conditions. Device lifetime is then estimated using fatigue-based models, and the resulting reliability metrics are incorporated into a multi-objective optimization algorithm that considers lifetime, efficiency, and system cost. A case study involving a 500-kW grid-connected converter demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Simulation results show that the optimized design reduces thermal stress and increases predicted semiconductor lifetime from 6.8 years to 13.6 years while maintaining high efficiency with a moderate increase in system cost. The proposed framework provides a systematic approach for reliability-oriented design of industrial power electronic systems.

The ready-made garment (RMG) sector in Bangladesh has emerged as one of the most significant drivers of economic growth and employment over the past three decades. The industry accounts for the majority of the country’s export earnings and employs millions of workers, the majority of whom are women from rural and economically disadvantaged backgrounds. While the sector has contributed substantially to women’s economic participation and empowerment, female garment workers continue to experience multiple occupational challenges, including excessive workload, unsafe working conditions, long working hours, and limited access to occupational health resources. These factors often contribute to heightened levels of occupational stress and adversely affect workers’ physical and psychological wellbeing. Scholars have widely acknowledged that occupational stress arises when job demands exceed an individual’s capacity to cope with those demands, leading to negative outcomes such as fatigue, anxiety, reduced productivity, and long-term health problems (Karasek & Theorell, 1990; Bakker & Demerouti, 2017). Within labor-intensive industries such as garment manufacturing, these stressors are frequently intensified by production pressures, strict deadlines, and limited worker autonomy. This study examines the relationship between occupational stress, workplace safety conditions, and the overall wellbeing of female garment workers in Bangladesh. Drawing on a mixed-methods research design, the study integrates quantitative survey data collected from female garment workers with qualitative insights obtained through in-depth interviews. The research explores the prevalence of occupational stress, workers’ perceptions of safety practices within factories, and the implications of these conditions for physical health, mental wellbeing, and job satisfaction. The findings indicate that a large proportion of female garment workers experience moderate to high levels of occupational stress associated with production targets, repetitive work, inadequate rest periods, and limited managerial support. Moreover, although safety reforms have been introduced in the industry following major industrial disasters, many workers still report concerns regarding emergency preparedness, workplace ergonomics, and access to protective equipment. These workplace conditions significantly influence worker wellbeing, contributing to health issues such as chronic fatigue, musculoskeletal pain, psychological distress, and reduced life satisfaction. The study highlights the critical need for improved occupational health policies, stronger enforcement of workplace safety regulations, and the integration of psychosocial support systems within garment factories. By addressing both structural and psychosocial aspects of workplace conditions, policymakers and industry stakeholders can contribute to improving the wellbeing, productivity, and long-term sustainability of the garment workforce in Bangladesh.

This study investigated gender- and age-based differences in the quality of life (QoL) of residential school adolescents using the WHOQOL-BREF framework. A total of 216 students from residential schools in West Bengal, India, participated in the study (Male 14–15 years: n = 68; Male 16–17 years: n = 46; Female 14–15 years: n = 51; Female 16–17 years: n = 51). Participants were assessed across four Quality of Life (QoL) domains: physical health, psychological health, social health, and environment. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted to examine the combined effects of gender and age, followed by univariate analyses to identify domain-specific differences. The results revealed a significant gender difference only in the physical health domain, with males reporting higher physical health than females. No gender differences were found in psychological, social, or environmental domains. However, significant age differences emerged in these three domains, with younger adolescents reporting better overall QoL than older students. The findings highlight developmental and contextual influences on adolescents’ lived experiences and underscore the need for residential schools to implement age-sensitive psychosocial support mechanisms to promote holistic well-being. These findings have implications for educational planning and student support systems in residential school settings.

This article examines the evolving, dual role of Nigerian legal practitioners within the anti-money laundering (AML) and counter-terrorism financing (CFT) framework. It traces the historical emergence of money laundering in Nigeria. It analyses the progressive development of legal and regulatory responses, highlighting the profession’s initial resistance to being designated as a Designated Non-Financial Business or Profession (DNFBPs). This resistance, rooted in the sanctity of attorney-client privilege, created a regulatory gap that was often exploited for illicit financial flows. The article critically assesses the pivotal shift introduced by Chapter Two of the 2023 Rules of Professional Conduct (RPC) for legal practitioners. This new chapter represents the legal profession’s formal, self-regulatory acknowledgement of its responsibility in combating financial crimes. It imposes specific obligations on lawyers, including client due diligence (CDD), record-keeping, risk assessment, and the mandatory reporting of suspicious transactions to the Nigerian Bar Association Anti-Money Laundering Committee (NBAAMLC). This research adopts a doctrinal research method. The RPC 2023, particularly Chapter Two, imposes significant Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism (AML/CTF) obligations on legal practitioners, effectively casting them in a "dual role" as both zealous advocates for their clients and essential gatekeepers for the financial system. This dual mandate creates an inherent tension, particularly concerning the sacred duty of client confidentiality and the mandatory reporting of suspicious transactions. Finally, the article identifies key challenges to the effective implementation of this new ethical regime, including potential resistance from practitioners, weak enforcement mechanisms, and inadequate awareness. It concludes that for Nigeria’s AML/CFT efforts to be robust, lawyers must embrace their dual role not merely as client advocates but as essential gatekeepers of the financial system’s integrity. The successful implementation of Chapter Two’s provisions will be crucial to reshaping professional ethics and bolstering Nigeria's fight against money laundering and terrorism financing.

Despite increasing global attention to improving women’s healthcare experiences, limited research has examined how cultural expectations and health system structures influence women’s pain management experiences. This study investigated women’s perceptions, expectations, and satisfaction with pain management provided by caregivers in hospitals in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia. A descriptive, cross-sectional design was employed, involving 307 women who experienced pain and sought care in outpatient clinics or emergency departments. Data were collected using the validated Pain Treatment Satisfaction Scale (PTSS). Descriptive statistics summarized demographic characteristics and satisfaction levels, while the Kruskal–Wallis test examined differences in perceptions, expectations, and satisfaction across groups. Results showed that 72% of participants believed pain medication was effective, and 45.3% reported that it met their expectations. Approximately half of the women were “satisfied,” and about one-fourth were “very satisfied” across all items (22.5%–31.9%). The highest “very satisfied” ratings were for nursing care related to pain (30.3%) and pain medication (31.9%). Younger women (20–25 years) reported higher satisfaction, expectations, and positive perceptions of pain management compared to women over 45 years. The findings highlight the need for personalized, culturally competent, and communication-centered pain management approaches that consider women’s emotional, social, and demographic contexts.

Functional nutrition plays a pivotal role in aquaculture by promoting fish growth, enhancing immune responses, and mitigating the impact of environmental and pathogenic stressors. With the intensification of fish farming and growing concerns over antibiotic resistance, the use of functional feeds including nutraceuticals, prebiotics, probiotics, antioxidants, and immunostimulants has emerged as a sustainable alternative to conventional practices. This review critically examines the nutritional requirements of fish, explores the bio efficacy of various feed additives, and evaluates their roles in gut health modulation, disease resistance, and stress mitigation. We also discuss proactive health management strategies and the integration of vaccination and feed-based interventions. The review highlights current advancements, identifies research gaps, and emphasizes the need for precision in formulating functional feeds tailored to species-specific requirements. This integrated nutritional approach supports healthier fish stocks, improves aquaculture productivity, and reduces the industry's ecological footprint.

The ethical environment within organizations significantly shapes employee behavior, workplace relationships, and overall psychological well-being. Organizational ethical climate refers to the shared perceptions among employees regarding appropriate ethical behavior and the procedures for addressing ethical issues in the workplace (Victor & Cullen, 1988). A positive ethical climate establishes norms that encourage respect, fairness, and accountability, while discouraging misconduct such as harassment and abuse of power. In contrast, weak or ambiguous ethical climates often enable unethical behaviors, including workplace harassment, which can have serious implications for employee psychological health and organizational effectiveness. Workplace harassment encompassing verbal, psychological, and social forms of mistreatment remains a critical organizational concern globally. Research indicates that employees exposed to harassment frequently experience elevated stress levels, anxiety, depression, emotional exhaustion, and reduced job satisfaction. These psychological consequences not only affect individual well-being but also undermine productivity, commitment, and organizational performance. This study investigates the relationship between organizational ethical climate and workplace harassment and examines how these factors collectively influence employee psychological health. Drawing on ethical climate theory and occupational stress frameworks, the research explores how organizational norms, leadership behavior, and institutional policies shape employees’ experiences of harassment and their psychological responses. A mixed-methods research design was employed, combining quantitative survey data from 350 employees across multiple sectors with qualitative interviews to capture nuanced insights into workplace experiences. The quantitative component measured perceptions of ethical climate, exposure to workplace harassment, and indicators of psychological health using validated scales derived from established research. Qualitative interviews further explored employees’ perceptions of organizational ethics, reporting mechanisms, and leadership accountability. Findings reveal that organizations characterized by strong ethical climates particularly those emphasizing caring, fairness, and adherence to ethical rules tend to report significantly lower levels of workplace harassment. Statistical analysis demonstrates a strong negative correlation between ethical climate and harassment, suggesting that supportive and principled organizational environments act as protective mechanisms against abusive workplace behaviors. Furthermore, workplace harassment is found to have a significant negative impact on employees’ psychological health, contributing to heightened stress, emotional exhaustion, and reduced well-being. Importantly, the study also identifies ethical climate as a moderating factor that can buffer the adverse psychological effects of harassment, indicating that employees working in ethically supportive environments are better able to cope with workplace stressors. The findings highlight the critical role of ethical leadership, transparent reporting systems, and organizational accountability in promoting a safe and psychologically healthy workplace. By strengthening ethical climates, organizations can reduce the prevalence of harassment and enhance employee psychological well-being. This study contributes to the growing body of literature linking ethical organizational environments with employee mental health outcomes and underscores the importance of integrating ethical governance with workplace health policies. Ultimately, fostering a strong ethical climate is not only a moral imperative but also a strategic organizational practice that supports sustainable employee well-being and productivity.

Solar photovoltaic systems are increasingly connected to smart grids, making equipment reliability a major concern. Failures in solar inverters and grid connected components reduce energy output and increase operational cost. Most existing predictive maintenance studies focus either on PV systems or on smart grid assets separately and rely mainly on centralized cloud processing. This paper proposes a unified predictive maintenance framework that integrates solar inverter and smart grid monitoring within an edge-based architecture. Electrical and thermal signals are processed locally, where time and frequency domain features are extracted and analyzed using a CNN–LSTM model for real time fault classification. A health index model is applied to estimate remaining useful life for condition-based maintenance planning. Experimental results show 96.8% classification accuracy and a reduction in inference latency from 85 ms in cloud-based processing to 18 ms at the edge. The proposed framework reduces communication load, supports faster decision making, and improves operational stability in distributed renewable energy systems.

This article examines the pervasive yet under-documented issue of sexual assault and harassment of female lawyers by their colleagues within the Nigerian legal profession. Despite the profession's role as a custodian of justice, it is rife with significant gender-based discrimination, abuse, and impunity. This study synthesises data from recent empirical reports, analyses the existing legal and regulatory frameworks, and evaluates the cultural and structural factors that perpetuate this problem. Through an examination of landmark cases, such as Ejieke Maduka v Microsoft Nigeria, and the policies of the Nigerian Bar Association (NBA), this research highlights the profound disconnect between legal ideals and the lived realities of many female practitioners. It finds that a combination of patriarchal societal norms, hierarchical professional structures, economic vulnerability, and inadequate reporting mechanisms creates an environment in which sexual misconduct thrives, and victims are silenced. The research concludes with comprehensive recommendations for legislative, institutional, and cultural reforms to foster a safe, equitable, and just legal profession for all practitioners in Nigeria.

The coming and evolution of technology have seen its adoption in many domains, including the financial sector, following the introduction of online or digital financial transactions. This method of money transfer has been adopted by many financial institutions, with the microfinance sector being very active in it. The increased use of this mode of money transfer has led to numerous consumer rights violations, an increase in money laundering, and other unacceptable activities by individuals with malicious intent. The boiling point here is the laxity of the legislator in solving these difficulties encountered in online transactions within the microfinance sector in Cameroon. This scientific article is aimed at assessing the regulatory oversight of online transactions in MFIs in Cameroon, with a focus on the impact of regulatory laxity. It aims to assess the effectiveness with which the regulator of online financial transactions in the microfinance sector in Cameroon ensures the smooth operation of such transactions within the sector, taking into consideration their significance for consumer protection, financial stability, and, above all, financial inclusion. Through an examination of the current regulatory framework, analysis of risks, challenges, and explorations of policy recommendations, this work provides significant insight for policymakers, regulators, and stakeholders in addressing regulatory loopholes and ensuring an effective system for online transactions in the microfinance sector in Cameroon.