This study investigates the anti-inflammatory, fibrinolytic and anti-oxidant activities of the n-hexane extract and fractions of Ficus sur Forssk leaves. The extract was separated on column chromatography using a gradient elution of hexane, dichloromethane and ethanol. Pooled column fractions were assayed for membrane stabilizing for anti-inflammatory, Streptokinase inhibition for fibrinolytic and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) reduction for anti-oxidant activity. Column fractions were pooled into five fractions (F1 – F5). The n-hexane crude extract and the fraction F3 consistently exhibited anti-inflammatory and fibrinolytic ability. The leaf extract of F. sur showed negligible anti-oxidant activity. Except for F1 all the fractions and the crude extract showed very high dose-dependent anti-inflammatory property even significantly higher (p <0.05) than the reference drug – diclofenac. Crude extract, F2 and F3 exhibited fibrinolytic ability. F1 showed the lowest assayed biological activity consistently. The study shows that the column fractions of n-hexane extract of F. sur leaves have fibrinolytic and anti-inflammatory activity and can be used in the management of thrombosis and inflammation.

In this article, I argue in favor of the idea that art is as valuable, perhaps even more so than science in a given society. I base this on the principles that art is well appointed to teach morality; as an educational tool; to foster empathy; enabling abstract thought through form and play and governed by aesthetic principles, the precondition for knowledge as it were. I believe this is a timely and necessary argument to be made in an increasingly technocratic and materialistic society where philosophical speculation and art as “deep” are often overlooked. I also believe there is a dialectic between art and science in the first place so that it is not a matter of pitting such disciplines against each other as it were.

A significant number of nations around the world have enacted cybercrime laws for the purpose of controlling the occurrence of cybercrimes and mitigating its ill effects. However, in spite of enacting such cybercrime laws, available data show that the incidence of cybercrime is rapidly increasing. There are many factors that contribute to the failure of criminal law to fully control cybercrime. These factors include anonymity related issues, jurisdictional issues, extradition related challenges, problems associated with the law enforcement machinery, non-availability of data relating to cybercrime including non-reporting of cybercrimes, difficulties to identify, locate and arrest the cybercriminal, lack of experts, technology related issues, problems posed by international law etc. Since, at present, criminal law is not able to fully tackle cybercrime, there is a need to focus on cybercrime prevention strategies.

The era of globalization has tremendously affected the banking industry in Cameroon. In this light, this paper after making clarifications of key concepts, seeks to appraise the legal provisions and mechanisms currently governing the banking industry in Cameroon, with particular focus on the regulatory parameters of the banking industry. As a result, the paper recommends salient measures in order to blend theory and practice for effective implementation in the banking industry in Cameroon.

Background: Acute appendicitis is the most common cause of acute surgical abdomen worldwide. This clinicopathological study aims to determine the negative appendectomy rates of the surgically removed appendix in our centre and to determine the diagnostic accuracy of acute appendicitis by considering HPE as the gold standard. Method: A retrospective study was undertaken to review the histopathology reports of all the emergency appendicectomy specimens submitted to the Department of Pathology Government medical college and Hospital, Jammu; from 30th June 2020 to 1st July 2021. Patient’s biodata, clinical signs and symptoms were extracted from the request forms. Result: A total of 250 appendices were received during the 1-year study period. The male to female ratio was 3.1:1 with age ranging from 5 to 75 years of age. Acute appendicitis was found in 50.4%, followed by suppurative appendicitis (20%), perforated appendix (15.2), gangrenous appendix (6.4%), acute on chronic appendicitis (8%) and 2 cases of carcinoid tumor (0.8%). NAR was calculated as 4.8%. The diagnostic sensitivity was calculated to be 95.2%. Conclusion: HPE is the gold standard test and helps to determine the negative appendectomy rates which is regarded as the quality indicator of the treating centre.

Background: Among several treatment options for the management of infected nonunion tibia, Illizarov technique is a newer one.Illizarov technic has many good advantages and features. But in Bangladesh we have very few research-based information regarding the effectiveness and outcomes applyingIllizarov principle in treatinginfected nonunion tibia. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and outcomes Illizarov principle in treating infected nonunion tibia. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Orthopedics, Holy Family Red Crescent Hospital Dhaka Bangladesh during the period from January 2018 to December 2019. In total 27 patients with infected nonunion tibia were selected as the study population. Illizarov technic was applied for all of the patients. Before starting data collectionproper written consentsfrom all the participants were taken. A pre-designed semi-structured questioner was used in collecting necessary patient data. All data were processed, analyzed and disseminated by MS Office and SPSS version 20.0 as per need. Results: In this study, as postoperative complications, local pain with motion, local oedema, painful tenting of skin and pin tract infection were found in 3.705, 7.41%, 14.81% and 18.51% participants respectively. There was not a single case of deep infection or unacceptable malunion or non-union. As the final outcomes of this technic as per the Karlstrom and Olerud criteria, the highest 59% patients got ‘excellent’ result. Then 30%, 7% and the rest 4% patients got ‘good’, ‘fair’ and ‘poor’ result respectively. Conclusion: For the management of infected nonunion tibia,Illizarov technic opened a new era. Considering the god features of this technic like less blood loss, lower complication rate, shorter duration of hospital staying and prompt healing physicians can take this principle as the method of choice in treating infected nonunion tibia.

The study aimed at evaluating the antibacterial and cytotoxic potential of endophytic bacteria extracts isolated from Solanum torvum Sw (Solanaceae), a plant traditionally used in the treatment of many pathologies such as diarrheal diseases. Isolation of endophytic bacteria was done on supplemented and non-supplemented nutrient media. The extracts of these endophytes were obtained after fermentation in Muller Hinton Broth (MHB). An antibacterial screening of the extracts was carried out on 04 bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium). The strains having demonstrated activity were retained for the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). The cytotoxicity tests of the extracts were carried out on healthy macrophage cells (Raw 264.7) and healthy kidney cells (Vero). A total of 41 isolates of endophytic bacteria were isolated from S. torvum. The antibacterial screening made it possible to retain 08 extracts which demonstrated antibacterial activity on the S. aureus and S. flexneri strains with MICs ranging from 100 to 200 μg/ml. All extracts exhibited weak cytotoxic activity except for one extract. Extracts of endophytic bacteria isolated from S. torvum showed antibacterial activity and low cytotoxicity on the pathogenic strains tested. This study shows that the endophytic bacteria of S. torvum are a source of antibacterial compounds to be explored to enrich the therapeutic arsenal against bacterial infections.

This study examined the role of English instruction on students' willingness to communicate (WTC) in Oman's English foreign language (EFL) context. WTC in a second language (L2) is a multi-faceted construct that integrates psychological, linguistic, and communicative variables to describe, explain, and predict students' communicative behaviour in an L2. This quantitative study employed a survey to assess L2 WTC key variables of informants from Year 1 (116) and Year 4 (88) English major students in higher education. A t-test analysis revealed that Year 4 students had higher WTC in English than Year 1 students, and they also had less communication anxiety than Year 1 students. Conversely, Year 1 students had higher self-perceived communication competence and tended to communicate more frequently than Year 4 students. They also tended to be more motivated than Year 4 students and had higher positive attitudes toward their learning situation, English- speaking community, and interest in foreign language learning. Surprisingly, the data revealed no significant differences in all those variables between Year 1 and Year 4 students.

Background: Urinary retention in females are rare. Ureterocoeles are uncommon causes of acute urinary retention in females. There are a wide variety and presentations of ureterocoeles with potentially diverse treatments. Open and endoscopic options have been described. We present a case of a 38-year-old female with acute urinary retention from a prolapsed ureterocoele associated with a stone. Objectives: To highlight caeco-ureterocoele as a rare cause of Acute Urinary Retention in females. A 38-year-old female presented with a history of severe lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) along with a urethral protrusion of a few weeks’ duration. Examination showed she was in retention with a tender irreducible and inflamed mass covered with mucosa protruding from the urethra. A urethral catheter was passed beside the mass to relieve the retention. A calculus was palpated in prolapsing mucosa consistent with a prolapsing caeco-ureterocoele. Under local anesthesia, the mucosa was incised and 1.5x1.5cm spherical calculus was extracted. Urine was observed flowing out of the ureterocoele. The patient improved significantly from her symptoms and a follow-up ultrasound scan did not show hydronephrosis. Conclusion: Prolapse caeco-ureterocoele with stone could cause acute urinary retention in females. A heightened index of suspicion is needed when a female presents with an associated urethral protrusion.

The diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis (CE) is based on imaging, but it is recommended to use serological test to support imaging in inconclusive cases. We performed a retrospective analysis of serology results of patients with CE lesions, seen from January 2016 to March 2020, to evaluate the contribution of the serology in the diagnosis accuracy and sensitivity of CE. Sera from eligible patients, including 86 patients with probable CE lesion, were used, with 2 commercial seroassays (NovaLisaTM Echinococcus IgG; NovaTec Immunodiagnostica, Germany and Western Blot; ECHINOCOCCUS Western Blot (WB) IgG from LDBIO diagnostics). Sensitivity of seroassays to liver cyst wasn’t significantly higher than lung cyst, but a statically significant correlation has been found between positive CE serology and complicated cysts (82% versus 55% p<0.001). Sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy of ELISA test combined to Western blot (WB) were higher than those obtained with ELISA test alone (65% versus 82% p= 0,001). Combining a first level seroassays as ELISA test with a high specific test as WB provide the best diagnosis accuracy for CE.

The purpose of study was to find out the effect of two modes of circuit training on muscular endurance in term of upper body of school boys. To achieve the purpose of the study, thirty school boys from different schools from of Alagappa Sports Foundation at Karaikudi, were selected as subject at random. Their age group range between 11 to 14 years. The study was formulated as pre and post test random group design, in which thirty subject were divided into three equal groups. The experimental group-1 (n=10, CT-SAD) underwent circuit training combined with speed agility quickness drills, the experimental group-2 (n=10, CT-JRD) underwent through circuit training combined with Jump Rope Drills and group 3 served as a control group (n=10, CG) did not undergo any specific training. In this study, two training programme were adopted as independent variable, i.e., circuit training combined with speed agility quickens and circuit training combined with jump rope drills. The physical fitness variable muscular endurance in term of upper body was selected as dependent variable. It was measured by push-up measured in counts. The selected two treatment groups namely circuit training combined with speed agility quickens drills and circuit training combined with jump rope drills were performed five days in a week for the period of six weeks, as per the stipulated training program. The muscular endurance in term of upper body was collected before and after the training period. The collected pre and post test data was critically analyzed with apt statistical tool of analysis of co-variance, for observed the significant adjusted post-test mean difference of three groups. The Scheffe’s post hoc test was used to find out pair-wise comparisons between groups. To test the hypothesis 0.05 level of significant was fixed. The performance of the muscular endurance in term of upper body is similar in circuit training combined with the jump rope drills and the circuit training combined with speed agility and quickness drills.

Gamification in learning and instruction is thought to appeal to a wide range of learners by increasing motivation, learner engagement, and social impact. This study aims to give a synthesis of the empirical findings of state-of-the-art literature in the burgeoning topic of gamification in the learning and teaching domain. It presents the most recent scientific evidence on developing trends in technology education and gamification plugins, but also extending the possibilities for future research directions in using gamification to transform instruction and learning. The adoption of gamification in learning and instruction is perceived to have mass appeal among the learners in stimulating motivation, learner engagement and social influence. Various responses and observation were made from employees to study the behavior in a controlled environment in order to understand the level of competency, social relatedness, meaning full task and there decision making freedom.

The aim of the present study was twofold: a) to test pedometers’ reliability of measuring physical activity level and recording steps, and b) to record the level of physical activity using pedometers in adult participants, in a structured 60-minute Greek traditional dance session. Twenty adult members of a dance club aged 20-55 years old (7 men and 13 women) participated in the study. Pedometers were placed above the right hip of the individuals and recorded steps, distance, time of participation, calories, burnt fat during a structured 60-minute Greek traditional dance session. Steps per minute were, also, calculated. The measurement was performed twice for each individual, with the same dancing protocol, with an interval of one week between measurements. The results for reliability showed that intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was significantly high for all variables, ranged from .91 to .99. Paired sample t-test analysis showed no significant differences between measurements, in all variables (p>.05). Moreover, according to results regarding the level of physical activity during participation in this session, participants recorded an average of 5,231.25 (±468.86) steps and they covered an average of 125.01 (± 7.81) steps per minute, meeting the needs based on the daily recommended number of steps, contributing to health benefits. In conclusion, pedometers were found to be an easy and reliable way of assessing physical activity in an hourly structured Greek traditional dance session. Thus, Greek traditional dance sessions may be planned and structured based on the principles for organizing an exercise session, and following the official physical activity guidelines. As a result, Greek traditional dance can be a means for participants in different age groups not only to obtain recreational benefits, but also, to achieve psychological and physiological health benefits, as well.

Trichoblastoma is a rare benign biphasic, epithelial and mesenchymal, adnexal tumor recapitulating the hair bulb. It can be developed alone or rarely associated with nevus sebaceus of Jadassohn. Microscopically, it can mimic basal cell carcinoma. Awareness of their clinical, histological, and immunohistochemical characteristics is essential for proper pathological interpretation. This paper discusses a case of nevus sebaceus-associated trichoblatoma in a 13-year-old girl with histological features mimicking basal cell carcinoma.

Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) may be asymptomatic at an early stage and may run an indolent course that requires minimal or no treatment. Early diagnosis through screening reduces the rate of advanced diseases. Whereas, in the western countries where screening is more prevalent, many presents early with a chance for curative treatment. In Africa, late presentation is often the case with palliative treatment sadly the only choice. Objective: To evaluate the associated complications in patients with prostate cancer and assess the Gleason’s grade as a risk factor for complications observed in patients with prostate cancer, in Port Harcourt, Rivers, Nigeria. Method and Methodology: This was a retrospective study carried out over ten years, between January 2011 and December 2020. All patients with histologically confirmed prostate cancer who presented to the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Sophia clinic, and Rosivylle clinic were evaluated. The folders were retrieved and their age, presenting complaints, skeletal survey, and biopsy reports were evaluated. Patients with incomplete records were excluded from the study. These data were collated using Microsoft Excel 2016 version and they were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: There were 335 patients with PCa with a mean age of 68.71year. The commonest complication was urinary symptoms observed in 192 with urine retention 119(35.5%) and nephropathy 73(21.8%). The spine was the commonest site of bone spread observed in 160(47.8%) followed by the femur 62(18.5%). Anaemia was the next common. There was an association between age, presence of urinary symptoms, and bone involvement with the Gleason’s Grade. However, there was a strong association of the overall presence of complications with Gleason’s score. Conclusion: Men with prostate cancer tend to present with advanced disease in Port Harcourt. The most common presentation was lower urinary tract symptoms followed by low back pain. Complications are associated with high Gleason’s grade cancers. Screening may aid in early diagnosis and cure of the disease especially for men of African descent.