Introduction: Brain tumors are the most common tumor of the childhood and the second most common malignancies after haematological malignancies. Childhood central nervous system (CNS) tumors differ significantly from adult brain tumors in reference to their sites of origin, clinical presentation, tendency to disseminate early, histological features and their biological behaviour. Aims and Objective: Analyse the Clinical and histopathological spectrum of brain tumors, in pediatric patients ≤18 year of age. Materials and Method: This was a cross sectional study conducted at the department of pathology, SMS medical college, Jaipur from January 2020 to October 2021. This is a laboratory based descriptive type of observational study and data of brain tumors in children equal or less than 18 year of age procured and their clinico-histopathological spectrum were analyszed. Result: In our study, Out of 116 patients 51.8 % were male and 48.2 % were female. Mean age for the male cases were 10.11 and for female cases were 9.78. we observed intracranial pediatric tumors 67 cases (57.7%) were located in infratentorial region and 49 cases (43.3%) were located in supratentorial region and incidence for intracranial tumor was 39(33.62%) cases of astrocytomas followed by 25 (21.55%)cases of medulloblastoma, 20 (17.24%)cases of ependymoma, 13 (11.20%) cases of craniopharyngioma, 5 (4.31%) cases of pituitary adenoma, 4 (3.44%) cases of meningioma, 3 (2.58%) cases of embryonal and choroid plexus tumor, 2 (1.72%) cases of ganglioglioma and 1 (0.86%) case of Schwannoma and PNET. In this article, Based on tumor location, the symptoms of CNS tumors on the supratentorial region were headache (22 cases, 44.8%), impaired vision (10 cases, 20.4%), seizures (6 cases, 12.2%), vomiting (4 cases, 8.1%). Symptoms of CNS tumors on the infratentorial region were headache (48 cases, 71.6%), vomiting (5 cases, 7.4%), impaired vision (4 cases, 5.9%), seizures (3 cases, 4.4%). Conclusion: Infratentorial cases, maximum number of cases were medulloblastomas and supratentorial cases, maximum number of cases were astrocytic tumours. Overall astrocytic tumours in all senses constituted the most common group of CNS tumours. Within astrocytoma, low grade astrocytoma (grade I & II) was most common CNS paediatric tumour.

Background: The L5/S1 intervertebral foramen which houses the largest nerve trunk in the lumbosacral region is the smallest in the vertebral column, and studies on spinal health has revealed that certain clinical conditions of the lower back and the predisposition to them such as spondylosis, spondylolysis and lower back pain may be associated with anatomical variations in the size of the bony components in this region. The study seeks to evaluate normal measurement values of the LSA, LSA and LLD of the spine of healthy female Nigerians, and find out if there exists significant associations between these normal values and with respect to age. A secondary purpose is to provide an indirect method for estimating the epidural space by measuring the depth of lumbar lordosis (LLD). Materials and Methods: Lateral x-ray films of the lumbar and lumbosacral spine of 45 informed volunteers who met the inclusion criteria were studied with respect to the LLD, LLA and LLA using standard radiologic procedures. Results and Discussion: Lumbosacral parameters were 32.04±6.080, 49.84±8.260 and 3.36±0.45cm for LSA, LLA and LLD respectively. Average values of spine parameters varied significantly with age; except for LSA, significant differences were found between age groups. Mean LLA was significant between age group 18-22 and 23-27 years, while mean LLD was significant between age group 18-22 and 23-27, as well as 18-22 and 33-37 years. Statistically significant correlation (at P < 0.05) was found between LLA and age and also between LLD and age. On the average, the size and shape of lumbosacral curve dimensions as determined by lateral x-ray in healthy female Nigerians, fall within the range considered normal and are significantly influenced by age. Conclusion: The findings of this research will be helpful to physicians in the management of low back and also in drawing treatment plans for other back related conditions.

The whole world is faced with different kind of insecurity challenges. To tackle the current insecurity and safeguarding the national security of a particular nation, there is the need to make effective use of GPS technology. For Nigeria to tackle the current insecurity problems, GPS technology must be fully utilized in tackling and destroying different types of security threat bedeviling the nation, ranging from the Boko Haram terrorist, the economic terrorist in the Niger Delta, kidnappers, Armed Robbers and the herdsmen and other criminal gangs around the country. The focal point of this paper is to examine the legal aspect of GPS technology on the development of national security. The paper will recommend possible ways of improvement.

The use of traditional research methods has evaluated the Professional strength of woman female rowing boat racing young nation team at National Sports Training Center Da Nang as a basis for selection, Appropriate exercise to develop endurance for a female athlete rowing boat racing young nation team at National Sports Training Center Da Nang, olong with a science-based program that is tailored to the actual conditions of the boat racing training program at the National Sports Training Center Da Nang.

Drinking water has always been a major issue in many countries, especially in developing countries like Nigeria. The study was aimed to assess the effect of anthropogenic activities on water quality parameters at Gundutse River in Kura Kano, Northern Nigeria for a period of 3 month (April - June, 2019). Surface water sample for the study were collected from three (3) different sampling (A, B and C) sites based on the depth of the water and analysis of water was conducted either in situ or transported to the laboratory for further analysis. The physicochemical and microbiological properties of the water were determined using standard method. The result of physicochemical properties of the water showed that the temperature, pH, turbidity and electric conductivity ranges from 25 to 260C, 7.3 to 7.7, 140 to 155 NTU and 617 to 628μs/cm respectively. The average values of nitrate, phosphate, Dissolve Oxygen and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) of the water ranges from 1.80 to 2.13 mg/L 1.0 to 1.16 mg/L, 3.73 mg/L to 4.10 mg/L, 1.96 to 2.23 mg/L respectively. The result of microbiological analysis of the River showed that Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter sp. and Klebsiella pneumoniae were identified. The use of the river water for drinking may be hazardous. The study therefore, stresses on the need to control the faecal pollution of the water before use.

This work investigated effect of peer-tutoring on senior secondary school students’ academic performance in mathematics in Ahoada East Local Government Area of Rivers State. The study adopted quasi experimental research design of pre-test, post-test non-equivalent group design. This was premised on the fact that; there has been poor performance of students in both internal and external examinations among the senior secondary school students in Mathematics in the schools. Two research questions and two hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. A sample size of one hundred and ninety- five (195) students was drawn from a population of four thousand, one hundred and fifty-eight (4,158) SS 2 students. Mathematics performance test (MPT) and lesson notes (LN) were the two instruments used for data collection. The face and content validities of the instrument was done by three experts in Educational Measurement and Evaluation in the Department of Guidance and Counselling, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education. A reliability coefficient of 0.76 was obtained for the MAT using test-re-test reliability method. The data collected were analysed using mean, standard deviation and ANCOVA which were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The result of the findings revealed that students taught Mathematics using Peer Tutoring Strategy performed better than those taught using Conventional Teaching Method. It is therefore recommended that peer tutoring strategy be incorporated in the teaching of other subjects.

Background: Thyroid diseases and diabetes mellitus are common endocrine disorders and Euthyroid Sick Syndrome is very common in uncontrolled type2 Diabetes Mellitus. As of thyroid hormones; the catabolic hormone Leptin is thought be closely linked with Diabetes Mellitus and Euthyroid Sick Syndrome. Objective: To evaluate the thyroid hormone pictures in absence of clinical thyroid diseases among type2 diabetic subjects in a Bangladeshi population. To see the baseline serum leptin concentration in a group of Bangladeshi adult population and to document how the leptin is related to glycemic status and Sick Euthyroid syndrome in the setting of uncontrolled type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Method: This case and control study was carried out in the Endocrinology Department in collaboration with the Bio-Medical Research Group (BMRG), Research Division, Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (BIRDEM)), Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period of January 2000 to December 2002. A total of 100 type 2 diabetic subjects, 30-50 years of age, irrespective of glycemic status, duration of diabetes, Body Mass Index (BMI) and sex were recruited from the outpatient department (OPD) of BIRDEM hospital. Control subjects (n=30) were selected from friends and family of the patients within 5 years of age band without diabetes or impaired glucose regulation {Impaired Fasting Glycemia (IFG), Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT)} determined according to American Diabetic Association (ADA) criteria [37] and having no clinical thyroid diseases or other evident systemic diseases documented on clinical evaluation. Results: It was observed that mean± SD of the thyroid hormone pictures in diabetic and control subjects were; TT3 (ngm/dl) {in controls (88.91±15.88) and in diabetic subjects (84.27±22.29)} was not statistically significant to each other (p=0.209). Mean±SD of TT4 (µgm/ dl) in control subjects was 8.32±1.64 and in the diabetic subjects was 9.26±1.44, which is almost similar in both the groups (p= 0.589). FT4: (pgm/ml) in control subjects was 2.60±0.54 and in diabetics was 2.53±1.72 (p= 0.830). FT4. (µgm/ dl) in control subjects was 1.43±0.22 and in diabetics subjects 1.36±0.25. (p 0.179). TSH (µlu/ml) in control subjects was 1.34±1.00 and in diabetic subjects 1.54±1.21 (p: 0.411). FT3; FT4 and TSH showed no significant difference between control and diabetic subjects. Thyroid hormones (TT3, TT4, FT3, FT4) and TSH were reanalyzed according to HbA1c and BMI category and showed no significant differences. But when the FPG and HbA1c goes beyond 12 mmol/l and 10% respectively there was more worsening thyroid hormone pictures in comparison to groups whose FPG and HbA1c were below 12mmol/l and 10%. It was also noticed that there was a tendency to develop lower thyroid hormone pictures and more deteriorating glycemic status in patient with low and normal BMI groups in comparison to higher BMI groups of patients. Insulin and leptin were found to have strong positive correlation with BMI and other indices of obesity. Serum leptin was also found to be positively correlated with FPG and HbA1c upto a certain limit, but HbA1c went beyond 10%; serum leptin concentration tended to be declined. Serum leptin and Insulin showed strong positive correlation to each other’s. Thyroid hormones and TSH were re-analyzed and its relationship to FPG, HbA1c, fasting serum Insulin and Leptin were explored. Fasting serum Insulin and Leptin showed no significant differences among the different thyroid hormones groups. Conclusion: Uncontrolled type2 diabetes mellitus is associated with alteration of thyroid hormone pictures particularly affecting TT3, FT3 and TSH. This biochemical feature is more evident if the BMI of the Diabetic subjects is low or within the normal range and also the more worsening the glycemic status, there were more deteriorating serum thyroid hormone pictures. Serum leptin was not found to have any relation with these changes.

As the COVID 19 pandemic evolves, concerns about fungal co-infections and superinfections are increasing, mainly towards invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), which increases significantly the risk of mortality in these patients, thus requiring early detection and diagnosis for better treatment efficiency. We’re describing the case of a young, non-immunocompromised patient with SARS COV 2 infection, who developed an IPA due to Aspergillus flavus.

Endoscopic per-oral myotomy (POEM) is innovative an endoscopic technique for treatement of achalasia. This new technique has recently introduced in Morocco. It was performed on 7 patients at our institution. We collected patients data, the duration of the procedure, the location of the myotomy and patients follow-up. Results: Per-oral endoscopic myotomy was successfully performed in all patients, with adverse events observed in only one patient. Two months after POEM, significant reductions in symptom scores (Eckhardt Score 7.5vs 3) and this persisted at 3 years after POEM. Gastroesophageal reflux was observed in 16.8% of patients at 1 month and 21.3% at 3 years of follow-up. Per-oral endoscopic myotomy was successfully performed in all cases. Complications were rare (1.4%) and there was no mortality. Significant improvements in Eckhardt score were observed at 2 months, 1 year after POEM. Conclusions: Based on our series, POEM is a safe and effective treatment for achalasia, there are relatively few contraindications, and the procedure can be used as first- or second-line treatment.

All health workers who care for women and children during the postnatal period and beyond are key players in protecting, promoting, and supporting breastfeeding. However, most health workers do not have the necessary knowledge and skills to effectively play their roles. This study aims to assess the knowledge about breastfeeding among health workers. This was a cross-sectional study among 220 health workers at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital. A 32-point questionnaire based on the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) manual on the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative Training Course for Maternity Staff was used to assess the knowledge of the health workers. Scores of >50% were classified as good knowledge and <50% as poor knowledge. The overall good knowledge about breastfeeding was 51.8%. The majority (80.0%), had good knowledge about the benefits of breastfeeding and 169 (76.8%) of health workers had good knowledge about exclusive breastfeeding and the timing of breastfeeding. Good knowledge about the importance of colostrum was 27.7%, 91 (41.4%) health workers had good knowledge of birth practices that affect breastfeeding, and only 72 (32%) health workers had good knowledge about the problems of breastfeeding. In conclusion, the overall knowledge about breastfeeding among health workers in this study was not satisfactory. To breach this gap, hospitals should ensure that their staff has sufficient knowledge, competence and skill to support breastfeeding.

The study examines empirically exchange rate determinants in African sub-Sahara countries specifically Anglophone West African countries like The Gambia, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone between 1981 and 2019. In order to achieve this objective, both descriptive statistics and the Panel Least Square (PLS) estimation methods were employed to analyze the data. The result of the analysis reveals that INFL has a negative relationship with EXCR but it does impact significantly on it at 5 percent level; INTR has negative and an insignificant impact on EXCR at 5 percent level; CABL has negative relationship with EXCR and it also impacts significantly on it at 5 percent level; TMTR has negative relationship with EXCR and it also impact significantly on it at 5 percent level. The study therefore concludes that inflation rate (INFL), interest rate (INTR), current account balance (CABL) and terms of trade (TMTR) depreciates exchange rate (EXCR) in African sub-Sahara countries specifically Anglophone West African countries. Based on the findings of the research work, the following are recommended: The government should encourage export diversification especially the non-oil sector exports. This can be achieved through value addition to both the agriculture and manufacturing sub-sectors output. There should be stable exchange rate management policy that avoids over-valuation or excessive depreciation of their currencies and ensures international competitiveness of tradable goods, relative price stability as well as avoiding inconsistent fiscal policies.

This paper illustrates the hypothetical study conducted when using quarry dust (QD) and sludge in producing 225mm x 225mm x 450mm hollow sandcrete blocks. QD and wastewater treatment sludge (WWTS) were used to replace river sand at 10%, 20% and 30%. Proportions of 50%QD:50%WWTS and 75%QD:25%WWTS were considered for a standard cement to sand combination of 1:6. Water-cement ratio (w/c) was increased as the percentage replacement increased. Specimens were produced and cured via sprinkling for 28 days. They were subjected to compression and water absorption tests. Mix A2 having 75%QD:25%WWTS at 0.55 w/c and 10% sand replacement had the highest compressive strength and water absorption values of 3.69N/mm2 and 6.22% accordingly. These results exceeded the NIS 87:2000 recommendation of 3.45N/mm2 for 225mm load bearing blocks and 12.61% by ASTM C140 respectively. Therefore, QD and WWTS in right proportions can substitute river sand in producing load bearing sandcrete hollow blocks.

Involvement of the ovary with malignant lymphoma is a well-known late manifestation of disseminated nodal disease. Primary ovarian Burkitt lymphoma is very rare and mainly affects young children. We present a case of a 25-year old woman at 37 weeks pregnant with sporadic Burkitt lymphoma who presented as having ovarian cancer. The patient was managed via elective cesarean section and unilateral oophorectomy. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical stains were carried out, revealing non-Hodgkin B-cell Burkitt lymphoma. After the diagnosis, the patient was referred to the oncology center for chemotherapy.

Introduction: to compare the clinical, biological, and evolutionary profiles of sepsis with multi-drug resistant and non-multi-drug resistant bacteria in the newborn population. Methods: we performed a prospective, observational, comparative study to monitor all the episodes of blood stream infection, received from the neonatal intensive care, from June to December 2019. Collected data included demographics, symptoms at the time of sepsis, laboratory values, microbiologic results, preliminary and final outcomes. Results: Out of 219 positive blood cultures, 93 episodes were retained. The median age was 6,66 days, 63.4% of newborns were male and 62,4% were premature, 39% of whom had a gestational age of less than 34 weeks. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria caused 68 sepsis episodes, while non-MDR resistant bacteria caused 25. Bacteremia with MDR organisms, in comparison with non-MDR organisms was associated with poorer preliminary outcomes after empirical antibiotherapy (14% vs 32%; P= 0,001), higher overall mortality rate (20% vs. 51%, P =0.003), and longer antibiotic intake (9.84 vs 7.56 ; P=0,02). The major risk factor found is prematurity (70% vs 40%, P<0,001), No statistical significance was found when other clinical features or laboratory values were compared for infections with MDR vs. non-MDR bacteria. Conclusion: Septicemia with MDR bacteria is more common than non-MDR one in NICU, and it is related to higher morbidity and mortality rates.

This article focuses on the research of the characteristics of foreign energy discourse from the perspective of "One Belt One Road". Combined with the current international economic background, the international energy cooperation language discourse and activities relevant documents reading are carried out through a horizontal and vertical comparative analysis. It is mainly about the language itself to analyze energy discourse development, existing problems and improvement measures. From the case analysis of scientific knowledge competition and discourse construction in the international energy field, it can be seen that adding the scientific and technological discourse perspective to study energy transition is conducive to a deeper understanding of the future energy strategic pattern and direction. It is also advantageous to the huge driving force contained in energy transition to promote China's development and international system change. It requires us to consider the international background work understanding and the language plan itself. We are supposed to analyze the current political hotspots reasonably such as the situation in Russia, Ukraine and related energy development strategies, and conduct in-depth exploration of energy academic discourse studies socially and contemporarily. Besides, it is significant to highlight the times development theme to promote global energy governance.