Introduction: Cervical cancer is the most common form of cancer in women in developing countries and the second most common form of cancer in the world as a whole. An estimated 468,000 new cases of cervical cancer and 233,000 deaths occurred in the year 2000. Cervical cancer constitutes about 26 % of female cancer in different areas of Bangladesh. Objective: To find out the role of VIA for the detection of precancerous and early cancerous lesions of the cervix with co-relation of Colposcopic findings and ultimate. Methods: A prospective study was conducted from January, 2010 to June 2010 on 100 women attending at the "Colposcopy Clinic" of Gynae Oncology Division of Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of BSMMU, Dhaka. Only VIA positive cases were taken into consideration for the study. Results: The mean age of the participants were 33.39 years (range 18-60) with 41.0 % in the age group between 36-45 years. Among all the subjects, the majority (75%) was housewives and 70.0% the patients hailed from urban area. The yearly incomes of 46% families were between 50,000 to 60,000 Tk. The mean parity of the respondents was 1.75 and 4. More than 4 children were found in 14% cases. Up to 35.0% had 2 children only. About 46.0 % had experienced menarche at the age 13 years and the range was 12-14 years. In regard to risk factors, 64% used hormonal methods. Among the participants 80% experienced first coitus of age between 13-20 years. Excessive vaginal discharge and backache were the principal complaints. Colposcopy evaluated 65 cases as CIN (CIN I 34 %, CIN 11-17%, CIN-III 14%) and 3.0% as invasive lesions. Biopsy evaluated 45% as CIN (CIN I-20% CIN-15%, CIN-III 10%) and 1% as invasive lesions. The sensitivity and specificity of colposcopy were 82.14 % and 50.00% respectively. This suggests the role of colposcopy in the evaluation of CIN and cervical cancer. Conclusion: The study concludes that the VIA and colposcopy are the important methods of diagnostic tools for the diagnosis of cervical pre-malignancy. VIA may be used as a tool for screening in underdeveloped countries and may be associated with a referral procedure for further methods like colposcopy and biopsy. Colposcopy is an indispensable procedure in the evaluation of unhealthy cervix through it requires considerable training and experience.

Purpose of current study is to investigate the different trends of breastfeeding in Pakistani culture. Pakistani culture has been divided into three types, rural culture, semi-rural and urban culture. Natures and habits of breastfeeding are changing in these cultures. Author has used quantitative data in this study. Questionnaire has been developed from previous approved studies and conducted a survey in Pakistani culture. Sample size is 90 mothers who are breastfeeding or well aware about the breastfeeding in Pakistan. This is a quantitative study that has found that mothers are trying to breast feed in urban, rural and semi-rural areas. Mothers are facing many issues regarding breastfeeding. These issues are linked with the social problems and most of the mothers have less knowledge about the benefits of breastfeeding. It has found that general public is not feeling good to breastfeed at working place or public places. Current study has recommended some suggestion to the health organizations and Government to increase the breastfeeding trends in Pakistan. Current study will help the government and other health organizations to launch a campaign relevant to the breastfeeding that will increase this trend in Pakistan.

Back pain and sciatica are common afflictions for adults. Working hours are reduced significantly, as well as financial losses for people and the government as a consequence of these changes. These individuals require a comprehensive assessment before treatment can begin. Medical or surgical therapy that falls short of a patient's needs may wreak havoc and exacerbate their condition. The aim of this case report see the effects of acupuncture in the treatment of PLID. This observational study was done in Suo-Xi Hospital, Shantinagar, Dhaka. A 30 years old male patient’s patient visited in the clinic complaining of low back discomfort that has been spreading down her left leg for the past two months. Diagnosis was confirmed by MRI of lumbo sacral spine. The results of the follow-up study were excellent. The Low back pain for 14 months which radiate towards left leg showed signs of healing after the 12th day of acupuncture. The patient's lower back pain, which had been spreading down his left leg, was no longer present. Conclusion: Acupuncture can confirmatively promote the functional recovery for patients with PLID.

Background: Genital prolapse is a very common gynaecological disorder in Bangladesh but women do not admit this problem due to shame, ignorance, social taboo and insolvency. The rural scenario is much more disastrous. Objective: To determine the risk factors & outcome of operative procedures of genital prolapse. Material & Methods: It was a cross sectional study. The research work had been carried out from July, 2019 to December, 2019 in the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmad Medical College Hospital, Gazipur. Hospital women patients had been caring with genital prolapse were considered in this study and asked for proper history. Data was collected by using pre-design questionnaire. All the patients included in the study were evaluated by detailed history, through physical examination and relevant laboratory investigations. The maximum extend of the prolapse was clinically measured during a valsalva maneuver or coughing and was confirmed by the patient as being the most severe protrusion. Written informed consent to participate in this study was taken. Result: The mean age was found 59±5.4 years with range from 50 to 70 years. Educational status of the patients, 85(85%) patients were illiterate & marital status more than half 52 (52%) Patients were living with husband and 47 (47%) patients were widow. Regarding occupational status, Three forth 72 (72%) Patients were housewives, 18(18%) were day laborer and 10 (10%) were worker. 23% patients were underweight, 67% patients had average body weight and 10 % were obese. Primi para were found 2(2%) multipara were 53 (53%) and grand multi para were 45 (45%). Number of living child of the patients. 1-2 child were found 10(10%) patients, 3-4 child were 48 (48%) and ≥5 child were 42 (42%) patients. History of abdominal surgery was found in 6(6%) patients, vaginal delivery was found in 100 (100%) Patients, home delivery was in 90 (90%), majority 44(44%) patients had prolong labour during delivery and 2% had instrumental delivery. 60% patients did heavy work during puerperium, 32% did moderate work and only 8% did light work. 31% patients were engaged in heavy physical activities, 20% suffered from chronic cough and 15 % suffered from chronic constipation. 85% patients were delivered by untrained birth attendant. 100(100%) patients had felling of something coming down, 20(20%) had retention of urine, 92(92%) had frequency of micturition, 51(51%) had backache, 53(53%) had difficulty in emptying bladder, 41(41%) had burning during micturition, 45(45%) had constipation, 38(38%) had stress incontinence, 25(25%) had dragging pain in lower abdomen, 22 (22.0%) had white discharge and 5 (5%) had irreducible prolapse. 80(80%) patients had 2nd degree of uterine prolapses, 15(15%) patients had 1st degree & only 5(5%) patients had 3rd degree of uterine prolapses. 90 (90%) patients had moderate cystocele, 69(69%) patients had moderate rectocele, 27(27%) patients had urethrocele, 36(36%) had decubitus ulcer, 40(40%) had stress incontinence and 17 (17%) had elongation of cervix. management of the study population by vaginal hysterectomy with anterior colporrhaphy and posterior colpoperineorrhaphy 70(70%), anterior colporrhaphy 15(15%), posterior colpoperineorrhaphy 5(5%), pelvic floor repair 10(10%).20(20%) had pyrexia, 5(5%) had hemorrhage, 15(15%) had urinary infection, 4 (4%) had local sepsis and 3(3%) had urinary retention. complete relief was found 93(93%) and 7 (7%) had partial relief. Conclusion: Genital Prolapse has a very high prevelance in multiparous women. There is a significant association between genital prolapse, history of collagen disease and childbirth-related pelvic floor trauma. Pyrexia and urinary infection were more common complication after surgical procedures of genital prolapse. Complete relief was found 93.0% of the patients.

A syndrome described as "hurried child syndrome"—a combination of stress-related behaviors—may develop when a child's parents expect performance levels much above his or her mental, social, or emotional capacity. In essence, parents overbook their children's calendars, put pressure on them to succeed academically, and expect them to act and react like young adults. The current situation of trade is another factor. Many people that market to children today are aware that their parents no longer have complete control over what their children eat, wear, or engage in for entertainment. The consumerist economy is taking advantage of this reality, and it affects children. The following statistics serve as an example of the "hurried child syndrome": The suicide and homicide rates have increased by three times over the previous 20 years, childhood obesity has increased by half, and 15 to 25 percent of young children are "failing" kindergarten, according to recent research on the effects of rushed kid syndrome. In an effort to "manage" them better at home and at school, millions of children take drugs. According to recent data, 70% of virgin girls will not remain virgins by the time they reach maturity, and 40% of adolescent girls who engage in sexual activity will become pregnant by then. Addiction to drugs and alcohol is the main cause of death for young people today, but suicide rates are also rising. Every year, 5,000 teenagers take their own lives.

Background: Patients need enough food to recover from any disease. Patients with serious illnesses have high nutritional requirements and can become malnourished very quickly. Research findings suggest that early nutrition is important for patient outcomes. The nutritional needs of all patients are reviewed daily and nutrition is initiated as soon as possible, usually on the first day of admission. In critical care areas, enteral feeding is used to overcome malnutrition conditions and to keep patient in the safety side. Therefore, enteral nutrition is considered an easier method and cheaper when compared to parenteral nutrition which has more complications and costlier, additionally, having enough knowledge about enteral nutrition by the nurses is considered very crucial to administer the enteral feeding to patients in the proper way at the critical care units. Method: Non-experimental, cross-sectional research design which will identify nurses’ knowledge regarding enteral feeding among cardiac nurses at CCH. The study will describe knowledge by using a quantitative method. The research will be conducted in Cardiac Center Hail, Ha’il Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and will focus on all cardiac nursing care units. Results: The data obtained from this study were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 25.0 program. A descriptive statistical analysis using means, frequencies, percentages, and standard deviations was used to describe the demographic variables and answer question 1. Kruskal-Wallis was used to determine if there are significant differences among the means of the groups (more two groups) and Mann-Whitney (independent-samples) for questions 2, because the data doesn’t follow normality distribution, where of the Table 2, we find that the significance level of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was less than 0.05. This leads us to reject the null hypothesis that the data follow the normal distribution, so we used nonparametric tests. Conclusion: The nurses’ knowledge regarding enteral nutrition at the cardiac nursing units were enough under safe practices. The in-short activities of Continuing Nursing Education had a positive effect in improving the nurses’ knowledge and practices regarding enteral nutrition in the in-patients’ departments at Cardiac Center Hail.

An accused person, otherwise referred to in French as “le prevenu”, is a person who must appear before the trial court to answer to the charge brought against him whether in respect of a simple offence, a misdemeanor or a felony [1]. The Cameroon Criminal Procedure Code upholds the trial rights of accused persons. The code like the 1996 Constitution of Cameroon provides a platform for the implementation of criminal norms in the country. It also helps protect accused persons from arbitrary and unjust laws and sanctions. The present Criminal Code harmonized the two procedural codes that existed in Francophone and Anglophone Cameroon which were the Code d’Instruction Criminelle, and the Criminal Procedure Ordinance respectively. These trial rights of accused persons are upheld through a legal process by the trial courts of Law in Cameroon. This therefore means that the rights of accused persons are therefore suppose to be treated in a particular way during a criminal trial. These rights embody the right to be given something as well as the right to be allowed to do something in a specific manner. Adopting purely qualitative research method involving purely content analysis of cases and relevant statutes, this paper conclude that the government has made efforts in respecting the rights of accused persons standing trial before a competent court of law but its efforts are inadequate. Notwithstanding, finding a compromise between the respects of the rights of accused persons standing trial before a competent court of law with societal interest has never been a trouble-free assignment. To this end, the paper seeks to examine the protection of the rights of accused persons as are confectioned in the criminal procedure code and its extent of implementation as we sought to respond to the main question, to what extent does the Cameroon government guarantee the respect of the rights of accused persons standing trial before a competent court of law?

The present study aimed to assess male and female Taekwondo (TKD) players based on four domains of World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL) -BREF and to find the dominant domain in TKD players' life. Forty-six (46) male and fifty-five (55) female participants were included in the study through purposive random sampling. The information on four quality of life domains, i.e., physical health, psychological, social relationship, and environment, were gathered through the WHOQOL-BREF Bengali version (WHO, 2020) questionnaire. The researchers analysied the data through descriptive analysis, ANOVA, LSD, and students' t-tests at 0.05 level of significance. The analysis revealed that irrespective of Gender, the social relation domain plays a dominant role in TKD players' life, and the male TKD players are better than their female counterparts in the physical health domain only. Based on the result, we concluded that regular practice and participation in the TKD program help the participant to develop all four aspects of WHOQOL-BREF. Among the four domains, the participants scored significantly better in the social relation domain in both gender groups. The interpersonal relations and interaction among the players during a practice session and competition may be the possible reason behind such kind of result. In the inter-group comparison, the male participants responded significantly better in the physical health domain than the female participants, possibly because of some physical and physiological gender differences.

The research conducted in this article was used to prove that work stress has a measurable impact on wellness and productivity of professionals. Research was conducted by placing typical work patterns of subjects in perspective, identifying sources of data for various aspects of the subject’s interactions with work during the day, classifying and organizing collected data based on criteria related to time, groups, etc. and then used to draw conclusions via corelation of work stress periods with periods of productivity. The research concluded that work stress does in fact have a measurable impact, not just on individual subjects, but also has long term consequences for organizations/groups.

This study carried out to determine the impact of school physical facilities on students’ academic performance in senior secondary schools in Aba Education Zone of Abia State. A descriptive survey research design was adopted by the study with the population of 47 respondents (29 male 18 female teachers) sampled purposively from the 11 secondary schools in Aba educational zone of Abia State. Two research questions and two null hypotheses guided the study. The instrument for data collection was a structured 27-items statement questionnaire developed by the researchers after an extensive literature reviewed sectioned A & B with rating scales of Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A), Disagree (D) and Strongly Disagree (SD) assigned the numerical values of 4, 3, 2 & 1 respectively. The instrument was validated by research experts while the reliability index of 0.87 was obtained using Cronbach Alpha reliability estimate. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the two research questions while the null hypotheses were tested using t-test statistics at .05 level of significance and appropriate degree of freedom. The result of the analyses revealed that library as a school physical facility has great impact on the students’ academic performance in senior secondary schools in Aba Education Zone. It was afterwards recommended that adequate school physical facilities should be provided by appropriate authorities to ensure effective teaching and learning activities. It is believed that if the facilities are available and adequate, there would be effective performance among students in senior secondary schools in Aba Education Zone of Abia State.

Vertical bone atrophy in the mandible is a challenge when inserting dental implants. In situations where less than 3 mm of residual bone is present but both vestibular tables remain intact, a mandibular split technique can be used. It is a highly predictable and easy to perform technique although borderline situations such as those shown in the present clinical case series with less than 3 mm bone width may be less unpredictable in terms of outcome and long-term implant survival. Therefore, we show a series of extreme cases treated with a technique of splitting, biological reaming and matching of the implant to the recipient bed, which achieves lasting results ten years later.

The study explored perceived challenges faced by student-teachers during the off-campus teaching practice. A descriptive survey design was adopted for the study. The population for the study was all the student-teachers (300, 350, and 400 levels) from College of Education (Regular), University (Regular), University (Sandwich), and other modes of education. However, 135 student-teachers were randomly and conveniently sampled for data collection. The instrument used for the study was an adapted questionnaire. The instrument was validated from an expert perspective. Data to answer research questions were analysed using the means and standard deviations. The study found that student-teachers do not have personal challenges during their teaching practices. The study found that student-teachers do not have supervisory challenges during their teaching practices. The study also revealed that student-teachers do not face major challenges from their practicing schools during their teaching practices. It is recommended that Colleges of Education, Teacher Continuous Professional Development of the Universities, as well as Ghana Education Service should organise periodic workshops for student-teachers and in-service teachers on the selection of appropriate TLMs for various lessons.

Introduction: Ovarian neoplasm is produced by the rapid growth and division of cells within the ovary. Under normal circumstances, ovarian cells reproduced to maintain tissue health. When growth control is lost and cellular division is too much and too fast, a cellular mass or tumor is formed. Ovarian neoplasm is the one of major gynecological malignancies & is a frequent site for primary & metastatic tumors. Due to its complex structure, primary ovarian neoplasm manifests a wide spectrum of clinical, morphological & histological features. Ovarian neoplasm has become increasingly important, not only because of a large variety of neoplastic entities but also because they have gradually increased the mortality rate due to genital cancer. The study aimed to find out the unilateral and bilateral involvement of ovarian tumors according to histopathological types. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out among forty-five patients who were admitted to the department of gynecology at Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College & Hospital with features of ovarian neoplasm from February 2013 to February 2014. Result: A total of 45 cases were studied in this present study. Patients were of age group 2nd to 7th decade with ovarian tumors. Among 45 cases majority had benign tumors (82.3%), followed by malignant tumors (15.5%). A case of borderline tumor (2.2%) was also found. Benign tumors were the commonest in the 3rd decade. The highest frequency of malignant tumors was in the 4th to 6th decade. Germ cell tumors were found at a young age and sex cord-stromal tumor was found in the 5th decade. Most of the benign tumors (67.56%) were cystic, the rest 27.03%, and 5.42% of cases were partly cystic and partly solid respectively. Among benign tumors, two of the mature teratomas were solid. About 42.86% of malignant tumors were solid, 42.86% were partly cystic partly solid and only 14.28% cases were cystic. Among the malignant tumors, serous cystadenocarcinoma was solid in 3 out of 4 cases and the rest of the malignant tumors of different histology were partly cystic and partly solid. Borderline Brenner tumor was solid in morphology. Most of the benign cases were unilateral 78.38% and the rest 21.62% were bilateral. Among the benign cases, serous cystadenoma showed the highest percentage covering 45.95% followed by mucinous cystadenoma at 18.92%. The borderline tumor showed unilateral distribution. Among malignant cases 57.14% were bilateral and 42.86% were unilateral. Conclusion: This study concludes that benign ovarian tumors are more common from the 3rd decade & malignant tumors occur in the 4th to 6th decade. This study also showed that most of the benign tumors were cystic. Malignant ovarian tumors had an equal percentage of being solid entirely and partly cystic partly solid. Most benign cases were unilateral and malignant cases were mostly bilateral.

Aim: The present study is to evaluate nutritional status of undergraduate students of Saida Waheed FMH College of Nursing. Methodology: Study design: Descriptive Cross-sectional study design was use to conduct this study. Study setting: Study was conducted at Saida Waheed college of Nursing Lahore. Study population: Students studying at a private Nursing College. Sampling technique: Researchers used Simple Random sampling method to collect sample. Study Duration: This study was completed within 6 months From December 2021 to May 2022. Sample size: The sample size was be 132 undergraduates BScN 4years students. Data Collection tools: Data was collected through adopted QUESTIONAIRE from ISLAMIA COLLEGE BAHWEL PUR FROM MR KHLIL AHMED after taking his consent. Data Analysis Plan: Data was analyzed by using SPSS version 25. Means and standard deviations (SD) was be calculated from continuous data, whereas, categorical data is expressed in frequencies and percentages. Result: In this study the total participants were 132undergraduate BScN 4years students.. Among total participants 58 (43.9%) were male and 74 (56.1%) female. Majority 65 (59.2%) of the participants having age group between 21 to 25 years. 43.2% students were studying in first years , 35.6% in year two,12.1% year three and 9.1 % students studying in year four. Most of the respondents were belong to middle income family 62.9%, only one participants having family income more than 100000. Among them mostly students residing in hostel (65.9 %) and 34.1% were day scholar. Regarding their area of location 68.9% were from Urban and 31.1% belong to rural are. Majority were Muslims (78.0%) as compared to Christian (21.2%) and 1 participant were from Hindu community (24%) consume fat more than 30%. Conclusion: Students are future and backbone of any nation’s and countries. Special attention is needed for their health. Present study findings indicate that 26% of study participants are overweight and obese and few 12% are also suffering from underweight while 62% participants are found with normal Body Mass Index.

The work is aim at the development of a computer program for the nonlinear analysis of rectangular thin isotropic plate on Ritz method. Twelve boundary conditions were analyzed which include: SSSS, CCCC, CSCS, CSSS, CCSS, CCCS, CCFC, SSFS, CCFS, SCFC, CSFS, and SCFS. General expressions for displacement and stress functions for large deflection of isotropic thin rectangular plate under uniformly distributed transverse loading were obtained by direct integration of Von karman’s non-linear governing differential compatibility and equilibrium equations. Polynomial function as shape function was on the decoupled Von Karman’s equations to obtain particular stress and displacement functions respectively. Non-linear total potential Energy was formulated using Von Karman equilibrium equation and Ritz method was deployed in this formulation. A computer based program was developed using Matlab programming language to circumvent the challenges involved in solving the governing differential equations of thin rectangular plates. The developed program is capable of determining deflection and stresses at any point of the plate against the usual method of evaluating deflection at the center. The results obtained were compared with those of previous researchers The comparison made are only for SSSS, CCCC and CCCS plates. It was so because the remaining boundary conditions considered in this work have not been researched upon by previous researchers. From results obtained, the average percentage differences recorded for SSSS, CCCC, and CCCS plates for the present and previous studies are 4.01978%, 3.7646%, and 5.02% respectively. The percentage differences for the three plates compared are within acceptable limit of 0.05 or 5% level of significance in statistics. From the comparison made, it was obvious that an excellent agreement was observed in all cases thus indicating applicability and validity of the polynomial function and computer program for solving exact plate bending problems.