Background: Cataract is a common cause of visual impairment in the elderly and the leading cause of blindness worldwide. Bangladesh is not exception of this. Though cataract treatment is available across the country but there is no nationwide strategy to prevent this disease. Therefore, this study tried to explore the distribution of this diseases among the elderly patients in Bangladesh to provide some insights about the prevention strategies of cataract. Methodology: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among conveniently selected 1020 cataract patients attending in two eye camps of Bagura and Jaypurhat districts in Bangladesh. Face to face interview was taken by using a structured validated questionnaire. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, median, and standard deviation as well as inferential analysis were used for both categorical and continuous variables with the application of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. Results: Out of 1020 cataract patients, male and female were 53.5% and 46.5%, respectively where 69.5% were in the age group of 15-64 years. Approximately 50% of participants were illiterate and 70.6% had family history of cataract. About 42.8% of respondents had identified age as the cause of disease and almost 50.8% were suffered from 1.1 to 3 years. 39.4% had delayed in receiving treatment for having financial issues. Age and gender had statistical significant association (p<.05) with the cataract. Conclusion: Age and gender based prevention strategies should be planned and implemented as cataract is found to be prevalent on these variables in this study.

Background: The complexity of the root canal system makes it difficult to completely disinfect is the leading cause for endodontic retreatment. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is the traditionally used irrigation solution and has improved its efficacy with various adjuncts. The use of lasers in disinfecting the canal system has come into prominence in recent years. Aim: To assess the efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and Er, Cr: YSGG laser against E faecalis biofilm. Methodology: A systematic search was conducted using a search strategy in PubMed and Google scholar for studies published between 1st January 2011 and 21st March 2022. Hand searching of relevant articles in Institutional library was also performed. Comparative in vitro studies in English language or articles in other languages which had a possibility of translation into English comparing sodium hypochlorite and Er, Cr: YSGG laser for irrigation against E faecalis biofilm were included in the review whereas, studies comparing efficacy against biofilm other than E faecalis, comparison with other laser activated intracanal irrigation, data reported through letter to editors, short communications and conference proceedings were excluded from the review. Results: A preliminary search yielded a total of 67 studies of which seven articles giving 11 estimates were included for qualitative synthesis. Data on colony forming units for both the groups (sodium hypochlorite and Er, Cr: YSGG laser) was extracted. Overall, four studies presented significant difference in the effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite and Er, Cr: YSGG laser whereas three studies presented with no difference among the two groups. Conclusion: Irrigation of root canal by sodium hypochlorite and Er, Cr: YSGG laser activation both prove to be effective in reducing the E faecalis colony forming units. However, it is difficult to provide a conclusive statement on the superiority of Er, Cr: YSGG laser activated irrigation over sodium hypochlorite solution as half of the studies gave contrasting results. Future studies with larger sample size on complex anatomical root structure are recommended.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, China, in late 2019. This became a global health crisis which caused millions of deaths worldwide. The first official case reported in India on 27th January 2020 in Thrissur, Kerala. The vaccines developed, approved and in function are Covaxin (BBV152), Oxford-AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1nCoV-19), Covishield, PfizerBioNtech and Moderna. These vaccines are still under their respective phases of trials. Their adverse effects are under surveillance. In India these AEFIs are reported to Ministry of Health and Family welfare. The common systemic reactions observed were injection site pain, myalgia, fever, headache and shivering. The delayed and rare side effects reported include dyspnea, ischemia, thrombolysis, anaphylaxis, neuralgias, orofacial symptoms and death. The list of orofacial adverse effects based on the clinical trials include palatal petechiae, herpes zoster, angular cheilitis, mucositis, xerostomia, burning sensation in mouth, dysguesia, oral apthous ulcers, trigeminal neuralgia and facial nerve palsy. Reporting these oral lesions are under the onus of oral medicine experts and this article aims to provide a systematic review of the same.

Background: The hospital setting itself can be a cause of both hope and distress to the ill children and their families. Prolonged hospitalization and advance medical procedures and care can lead to anxiety or depression. Aim of the Study: To assess reactive anxiety and depression level among hospitalized children before and after application of art therapy intervention at pediatric ward. Material & Method: A quantitative quasi-experimental, cross sectional design. The study conducted in the medical/surgical inpatient wards at in Tabuk City- King Salman Military Hospital. It was consecutive sample, the sample size was 30 child. The researcher used a tool to assess level of reactive anxiety and depression of hospitalized children. Results: The study results showed levels of HADS Anxiety for children before test and after, its reported that (23.33%) of children tested in the hospitals their anxiety level is border line pretest and (0%) on the same level after posttest. levels of HADS depression for children before test and after, its reported that (63.33%) of children tested in the hospitals their depression level is border line pretest and deceased to (13.33%) on the posttest. DAP test showed decrease in the anxiety and depression indexes in the posttest compared to the pretest. ANOVA indicated a significant time effect pre and posttest. Thus, there is a significant evidence that there was a change is art therapy.

The Lung function test of smokers and non-smokers was carried out using spirometer and Peak Expiratory Flowmeter in 50 subjects in Ubimini Community of Rivers State. Their ages ranged from 19.0 to 40.0 years. Mean PEFR was 524.5±80/min in smokers and 418.4 ± 96/min in non-smokers. Smokers are insignificantly lower than non-smokers. Mean 'TV was 255.8+98 in smokers and 246.4±84 in non-smokers. These results obtained showed an exceptionally increase, instead of a decrease because of the passive smokers who were exposed to cigarettes smoke most of the time while in the midst of heavy smokers but do not smoke themselves. This agreed with the findings that cigarette particles inhaled by smokers and non-smokers settle on their airway epithclia and alveoli and can elicit allergic reactions. Mean 1RV was 401.2±110 in smokers and 402.7±126 in non-smokers. Mean ERV was 323.3±150 in smokers and 424±185 in non-smokers. Mean VC was 908.4±171 in smokers and 914.3±192 in non-smokers. This showed that a non-smoker is likely to have more respiratory volume than a smoker. Mean BM1 was 40.25± 8kg/m2 in smokers and 37.55 ± 5kgm2 in non-smokers. This fact also agreed with the findings that cigarette particles inhaled by smokers and non-smokers settle on their airway epithelia and alveoli thus, can elicit allergic reactions. In comparison, PEFR is lower in smokers than in non- smokers. Thus, smokers have low flow rate when compared with non-smokers. This means that, cigarette smoking has adverse effect on lung volumes.

Community participation and collaboration among tourism stakeholders are considered key to promote sustainable tourism planning and development in the destinations. This study aims to critically analyse the role and context of community collaboration with tourism stakeholders to promote sustainable community development in the case of Annapurna Sanctuary Trail (AST) in the Annapurna Conservation Area of Nepal. It has adopted multiple tools of data collection such as household’s survey, key informants interview, participant observation, informal discussion with local residents and archival research for examining the role and context of community collaboration with tourism stakeholders in settlements around AST. The survey results revealed that the current approach of ecotourism development is tenuous and does not truly satisfy the key objectives of ecotourism i.e. fostering inclusive participation and stakeholder’s collaboration. Although tourism has brought significant impacts on the local communities; the extent of these impacts is usually different with difference in the location of households, their level of interaction and exposure with tourists, their capacity and power to involve and influence the participation and collaboration process, and their education, skills, and financial resources. Overall, the existing approach to ecotourism planning is not able to implement the effective and efficient form of collaboration, and hence local community specifically farmers receive minimal benefits from the tourism. It is suggested to empower and enhance the collaborative capacity of local residents to actively participate and influence the planning process for receiving maximum benefits and promoting sustainable community development.

The intention of this paper was to find out the impact of Christian education curriculum in the application of Christian stewardship principles among Christian students of university of Ibadan, Nigeria. Three research questions were raised to guide the study to which answers were given based on the findings of the study. The descriptive research design was adopted for this study. The study was conducted among Christian students of University of Ibadan, Nigeria. The study engaged a purposive sampling technique and 210 (two hundred and ten) Christian students of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria, were purposively selected, including undergraduate and postgraduate students. The instrument for the study was a researcher designed questionnaire which benefited from literature. The instrument was validated and a reliability coefficient value of r= .71 was obtained. This adjudged the instrument to be reliable. An electronic questionnaire was sent to 210 (two hundred and ten) Christian students in the University of Ibadan through their fellowship presidents and coordinators. However, 205 Christian students responded to the questionnaire. The data was analysed using mean, mean percentage, standard deviation and ranking. Findings revealed some material pursuits among Christian students of UI to include exotic cars, latest gadgets such as phones and laptops, designer wears and accessories, visit expensive bars and club houses and books to study. The study also shows the extent Christian students in UI possess material things is moderate. Again, the study shows the application of Christian Stewardship principles among Christian students of UI to include stewardship of stewardship of ownership, responsibility, reward and accountability.

Introduction: Many women and girls face financial challenges in meeting their menstrual hygiene management needs. The main objective of this study is to estimate the financial cost of menstrual hygiene management among school-going girls. Methodology: This is a prospective study carried out in a semi-urban school environment at the Public High School in the health district of Bla in 2020. Results: This study was conducted among 125 high school girls with no income. The average age was 18 years old. Parents lived in rural areas with no fixed monthly income in 52% of cases. Multipurpose pieces of cloth were the protective material used in 67% of cases. The girls explained this choice in 100% of cases by the high cost of single pads and tampons. The average monthly cost of menstrual hygiene management was 0, 56 $ or 6, 67 $ per year with extremes of 0, 16 and 2, 45 $ per month. This amount was used to buy either single-use pads or soap for body care and multiple-use pads. This financial cost was covered at 92% by female support (mother, aunt, sister); male support (father, spouse) accounted for only 8%. Conclusion: This study made it possible to estimate the average annual financial cost of menstrual hygiene management among young school girls in Bla. These findings call for further studies to better understand the financial implications of menstrual hygiene management in low-resource settings.

We report here a 54 year male who presented with a complaint of left sided epistaxis for 5 days & a swelling on the hard palate palate for 8 years. CECT scan revealed a soft tissue lesion involving the hard palate and extending into the left maxillary sinus as well as both nasal cavities. Direct nasal endoscopic biopsy initially suggested an adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified. Immunohistochemistry delineated it as low-grade non-intestinal-type, which occur very uncommonly in the sinonasal region.

Background: Malaria is a highly infectious disease responsible for the significant mortality and is caused by Plasmodium, a protozoan parasite of the genus Plasmodium. Different developed and developing nations have launched various initiatives to prevent diseases and eradicate them from society and for this understanding the disease and its various manifestations is crucial to achieving the goal of prevention and eradication. Aim: As a result, the current study was designed to investigate malaria knowledge or understanding among college/university students in the Jammu region in terms of their attitudes and practices toward malaria and its various dimensions. Method: For the current study, 400 students (undergraduate and graduate) were recruited, with an equal number of males and females in the age range of 18- 23 years. Result: According to the study's findings, young students' general awareness of malaria is below average, and no significant difference in knowledge of the diseases was observed between males and females. As a consequence, it was concluded that health education should be made mandatory in all educational institutions to promote student awareness, which may be enhanced through media such as television, newspapers, and social networks. Conclusion: The current study revealed that effective tactics and new methods are required for people to maintain proper awareness.

Extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera and Xylopia aethiopica have been used in the management and treatment of various ailments. This study investigated and compared the effects of ethanolic extract of both plants on estrogen in female wistar rats. Twenty-four rats were randomly divided into eight groups (n=3): one group for control and groups 2-8 served as experimental test groups. At the end of twenty-five days of oral administration of Tetrapleura tetraptera and Xylopia aethiopica extract, the test rats were sacrificed under chloroform anaesthesia and estrogen was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Results showed significant reduction in serum estrogen after administration of low dose of Tetrapleura tetraptera in Group 2 rats at P < 0.05, but a non-significant increase and decrease in serum estrogen level in Groups 3 and 4 respectively at P < 0.05. Xylopia aethiopica extract caused a non- significant decrease in serum Estrogen level in Groups 5 and 6, but a non-significant increase in estrogen level of Group 7 at P < 0.05. In contrast, serum estrogen was significantly increased in Group 8 rats at P < 0.05 when Tetrapleura tetraptera and Xylopia aethiopica extracts were administered simultaneously. In conclusion, results obtained in this study suggest that individually, both Tetrapleura tetraptera and Xylopia aethiopica can affect the secretion and concentration of estrogen. The combination of extract of both plants could exert a positive effect on female fertility by increasing the levels of Estrogen.

For their protection during the very adverse conditions produce different types of primary and the secondary metabolic compounds. As these stresses progressed in plants, a multi - gene response is triggered which caused changes in many of the proteins, signaling molecules, primary and secondary metabolites, amino acids and so on. The metabolism in plants is disrupted which leads to metabolic enzymes inhibition, substrates shortage, an increased demand of some particular compounds or all these factors combination. In this review, we showcase various kind of abiotic stresses which harms the plant. We also describe how the time scale variable stresses impact profile of secondary metabolites which could be used to identify different stresses. This paper has ability to attract researchers’ attention operating on the quantitative trait locus mapping with metabolites and also metabolomics genome wide linkage.

At present, the ICT industry of Bangladesh is expanding day by day and improving widely. The significance of the IT sector towards the global economy is increasing rapidly. Bangladesh is currently one of the finest sites to source IT support worldwide. By enhancing IT employee’s performance, this sector can be more ameliorated. Our paper seeks to study about the steps an organization takes to improve their employee’s performance. It also describes the expectation of employees from an organization as well as their environment, employee’s motivation, satisfaction level, and their work engagement. This paper also includes occupational stress levels among employees.

Background: The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is a network of medical devices and applications that are connected to the internet, allowing healthcare providers to remotely monitor and manage patient health. King Hamad University Hospital (KHUH) is a tertiary care hospital in Bahrain that has implemented various IoMT applications to improve patient care. Methods: The aim of this study is to investigate the application of Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) in King Hamad University Hospital (KHUH) and its impact on patient care and hospital operations The study will be conducted at KHUH, which is a tertiary care hospital located in Bahrain. KHUH, accommodates 739 bed in all services. (In- patients including isolation rooms: 348, Out-patient clinics: 242, Other services: 149). That provides specialized medical services to patients from Bahrain and neighboring countries. Results: The survey results showed that the most commonly used IoMT applications were remote monitoring devices for vital signs, telemedicine platforms for virtual consultations, and electronic health records for patient data management. Healthcare providers reported that these applications were effective in improving patient outcomes, reducing hospital readmissions, and increasing efficiency in healthcare delivery. However, some challenges were identified during implementation, such as technical issues with connectivity and data security concerns. Conclusion: The implementation of IoMT applications in KHUH has shown promising results in improving patient care and healthcare delivery. However, ongoing efforts are needed to address the challenges faced during implementation to ensure the sustainability and scalability of these technologies. Further research is also needed to evaluate the long-term impact of IoMT on patient outcomes and healthcare costs.

Biofloc consists of special substances called probiotics, where probiotics contain beneficial microorganisms in cultivation activities. Probiotics can be given through feed and water (media). Probiotics can break down metabolic waste and stimulate an immune response so that fish health increases and affects growth. Probiotics have an effect on the growth of ti- lapia, but there is no information for freshwater pomfret. This study aims to determine the ef-fect of probiotic types on biofloc volume, water quality, and fish growth in pomfret culture (Colossoma macropomum) biofloc system. The method used was giving different types of probiotics, treatment A control, B EM4, C Probiotic-7, D Aquaenzym. The results of the re-search showed that the lowest pH of the system was 7.85, namely the pH of the probiotic-7 type. The mean floc growth measurement results for treatment A was 12.93, treatment B was 17.54, treatment C was 17.59, treatment D was 15.98. Aquaenzym probiotic has a fish surviv-al rate of 100% compared to other probiotics. The type of probiotic that has the best results in increasing the growth performance of freshwater pomfret (Colossoma macropomum) is probiotic-7.