The aim of the study was to formulate herbal soap for the treatment acne and dry skin and statistical optimization of herbal ingredients by 22 factorial design approach. Totally six soap were developed with varying concentration of herbals for preliminary trial. The prepared products are evaluated for pH, foam stability, antimicrobial activities, foam height, moisture content, foam retention time, percentage free alkali, alcohol insoluble content, washing capability etc were also measured. The best preliminary trial soap formulation (F 6) was subjected for optimization by 22 factorial design approach. The study result suggest increasing the concentration of neem extract exhibit improved antibacterial activity. When the concentration of SLS increased, increases foam retention time. The In conclusion the optimized formulation (R4) suitable for effective treatment of acne and dry skin.

Background: The etiology of cleft lip and palate is complex and thought to involve genetic influences with variable interactions from environmental factors. Although genetic and environmental triggers are important for syndromic cleft lip and palate, the etiology of the more common non-syndromic (isolated) forms remains poorly understood. Recognition of etiology, risk factors and natural history is essential to define how prevention and treatment should be planned and implemented. Objective: This study is aimed at assessing the possible risk factors in the etiology of patients presenting with cleft lip and palate. Materials and methods: A total of 254 children (children 12years and below) for cleft surgery at three surgical centers (Mercyland orthopedic Hospital, Galaxy Medical Center and shifa Royal Hospital) in the North Eastern under the Smile Train, project for a 2-year period (January 2021 to December 2022) were included in this study. A Self- administered questionnaire was prepared to fill in data about the patients' gender, family history of cleft, consanguineous marriages, maternal risk factors. Ages of the children were ascertained in months and years as told by the parents. Paternal and maternal ages were also recorded. Statistical analysis was done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM) 23.0 version. The significant level was set at a p value of \0.05 at 95% confidence interval. Results: Median age at presentation was 4 month, varying from <1 months to 12 years. The gender distribution was 133 (52.4%) males and 121 (47.6%) females (M:F = 1:0.9). Majority (214, 84.3%) of the affected children belonged to low socioeconomic group while only a few (12, 4.7%). High proportion of mothers between the age of 26 to 35 years (42.5%) was observed, but no association was found between maternal age and clefts (p=0.331). There was evidence of association between paternal age >35years old and cleft (p=0.005). Conclusion: This study revealed a strong association between consanguineous marriage, low socioeconomic status and persistent maternal fever during the first trimester and cleft. Increasing paternal age was also found to increase the risk of cleft. The relevance of this study is for public health workers and clinicians to be equipped with adequate information to provide useful counseling to parents particularly those with history of cleft.it may also provide adequate information for policy makers when making policies of public health concerns.

The word "glomerulonephritis" refers to a group of kidney illnesses marked by immune-mediated destruction to the basement membrane, mesangium, or capillary endothelium, resulting in hematuria, proteinuria, and azotemia. Acute Kidney Injury episodes in glomerular disease are typically caused by rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN). acute glomerulonephritis is caused by immunologically mediated damage caused by numerous infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, or protozoa, as well as non-infectious causes such as Henoch–Schonlein purpura (HSP). The most prevalent infectious cause is post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN). The emergency physician must conduct a thorough physical examination and obtain a complete medical history, including herbal agents, sports supplements, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), and calcineurin inhibitors, among other medications. In addition, the patient's blood pressure, weight, hydration status, edoema, skin manifestations, pulmonary and cardiac examinations must all be correctly monitored. Because there is no particular medication for renal illness, the treatment for acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) is mostly supportive. The underlying infections must be addressed when acute glomerulonephritis (GN) is accompanied with chronic infections. The critical care unit's expertise may be required for the treatment of individuals with hypertensive encephalopathy or pulmonary edoema. A nephrologist's consultation may be necessary. Renal function, blood pressure, edoema, serum albumin, and urine protein excretion rate should all be evaluated on an outpatient basis. In this article, we will be reviewing Acute glomerulonephritis, its evaluation as well as management.

Primary rectal lymphoma (PRL) is a rare form of gastrointestinal lymphoma, representing less than 0.5% of all colorectal neoplasms; Clinical symptoms are similar to those of rectal cancer. This article presents a rare case of primary rectal lymphoma discussed by a thorough review of the literature.

The present paper describes a technique for semi-permanent replacement of missing anterior edentulous span with an Essix retainer-supported pontics. The objective was to incorporate an esthetic alternative for the maxillary anterior edentulous span, which would be the least invasive and comfortable for the patient.

This study is aimed at determining selected liver enzymes functions effect of Raphia Hookeri fruits pulp extract in male wistar rats. A total of 32 apparently healthy rats of weights between 130g and 200g were involved. The rats were segregated into 4 groups, 3 groups administered orally with doses of extract at 500mg/kg, 1000mg/kg and 2000mg/kg body weight while control group fed with feed and water for 28 days. The animals were sacrificed, samples taken, laboratory test done for liver enzymes functions. SPSS version 21.0 (ANOVA) followed by Post-Hoc multiple comparison test used and p< 0.05, values were expressed as SEM for statistical analysis. Results showed AST level of groups 3 and 4 had significant decreases when compared to control and 500mg/kg group respectively. AST level of group 4 was significantly lower compared to that of group 3. ALT level indicated non-significant changes in treated groups when compared to both control and test groups. The ALP levels in groups 2 and 3 showed significantly raised levels of ALP when compared to that of control had significantly reduced level of ALP compared to that of group 2. Increased AST an indication to measure serum ALT to determine whether the increased AST is from liver Willard & twedt, 2012. So the decreased level AST has demonstrated ameliorative effect of the raphia hookeri fruit pulp on hepatic disease and any other disease that causes an increase AST in the body. Regular consumption of this fruit is recommended for those with liver issues.

The protracted claim of marginalization, subjugation, neglect, and disregard by individuals and political groups in the part of the Republic of Cameroon that was colonized by Britain known as Anglophone Cameroon metamorphosed into an armed rebellion in 2017. This came as a result of confused talks /dialogue sessions between the Cameroon government and the Anglophones Teachers/Lawyers trade Unions in Bamenda. While the Cameroon government played for time to implement the resolutions of the talks, the self-appointed leaders of the Anglophone communities who had been beating the drums of War on all social media platforms from their safe hoods in the Diaspora lost their patience and ordered an all recruitment of boys and girls into an army which went by different appellations. Without adequate preparations for War either in the dimension of training, money, or weaponry, so many people in Anglophone Cameroon were both persuaded and brainwashed to abandon their daily chores to join the ranks of the make-shift fighting scouts; amba militia that went by a myriad of appellations. The recruits profited from the chaos and disorder to seize guns that formed the nucleus of nobility, honour, and wealth of the people of the grass fields and took these arms of honour to their camps mostly in the bushes to carry out the War assignments. The prime target of the make shift militia as heralded by this deeply aggrieved faction of the English-speaking Cameroon was to secure a quick victory over the Cameroon army and agencies thereby, liberating Anglophone Cameroon from what they called colonization, domination, marginalization or, or imperialism. Guns at home in the Grass fields before 2017 were kept by dignified individuals mainly titled and wealthy men. The gun culture that reigned then was regulated both by a sort of intrinsic morale that formed a pattern of prestige and social effervescence beyond common compare but their mass seizure by these hurriedly formed boys under the guise of rage and furry became a source of worry and danger to the social, political and material wellbeing of the people within this niche. This paper has exploited primary and secondary sources to underscore the trouble encountered by this unfortunate guns shift from the houses to the bushes in the Bamenda grass fields. It argues that the guns at home and with dignified men served purposes that were for the most part peaceful and defensive but those in the bushes simply inaugurated an age of violence and wanton destruction uncommon to the grass fielders in all its historical time scale.

Anal disease encompasses a diverse array of disorders, including conditions such as sphincter defects, anorectal fistulas and abscesses, unexplained chronic anal pain. The objective of this study is to assess the diagnostic value of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in the context of anal diseases. A total of 58 patients who benefited from an EUS, over a period between January 2018 and april 2023. Mean age was 43,4 years with a sex ratio (M: F) of 0.4. The main indication for EUS is dominated by fecal incontinence (FI) in 53% of patients, followed by the anoperineal manifestations of Crohn's disease in 22%. Among patients with perineal Crohn's disease (CD), fistulas were observed in 47% of CD cases. anovaginal or rectovaginal fistulas (ARVFs) were visualized in 9% of all cases. In patients presenting with fecal incontinence (FI), EUS identified defects in the internal and external anal sphincters. EUS is a highly sensitive technique for assessing anal anatomy and diagnosing of anal diseases.

Background: Ureteral stones are a common type of urinary tract stones, accounting for 20% of all cases. The majority of these stones, approximately 70%, are located in the distal ureter. Recent studies have shown that α1- Adrenergic blockers can enhance the spontaneous passage of distal ureteral stones. Objectives: This study was done to compare the outcomes of treating distal ureteral stone with Silodosin, an α1- A adrenergic blocker, versus without Silodosin. Materials and Methods: A total of 70 patients aged between 18 and 50 years, diagnosed with distal ureteral stone, were enrolled in the study, which took place at the Department of Urology, Dhaka Medical College, from October 2017 to March 2019. The patients were divided into two groups: Group A and Group B. Group A consisted of 35 patients who were instructed to drink 3 litres of water daily, while Group B received the same instruction and also received Silodosin 8 mg/day. The treatment duration was four weeks, during which patients were monitored weekly through history, serum creatinine levels, X-ray KUB, and ultrasonogram of KUB. The number of stone expulsions, duration of spontaneous stone passage through the ureter, analgesic dosages, and adverse effects were recorded. Results: The higher expulsion rate in Group B (91.4%) compared to Group A (71.4%) (P=0.031). The mean expulsion duration was significantly shorter in Group B (8.94±3.58 days) compared to Group A (13.08±7.26 days) (P<0.00298). Additionally, Group B required significantly lower analgesic dosages (115.71±75.51 mg) compared to Group A (255.71±108.31 mg) (P=0.00001). No adverse effects were observed in Group A, while two patients in Group B experienced adverse effects (retrograde ejaculation and postural hypotension). Conclusion: These results indicate that 8 mg/day of silodosin facilitates the expulsion of distal ureteral stone of about 5 to 10 mm in diameter in the largest dimension and significantly reduces the number of analgesic dosages.

Taxpayer compliance is a condition where a taxpayer fulfills all of his tax obligations by making periodic and annual tax payments and reporting. The purpose of this research is to analyze the influence of public trust and mastery of taxpayer compliance technology with compliance costs as a moderator. The population of this research is taxpayers in Indonesia. This study uses SmartPLS4 software version 4.0.9.4 to process data. The sample in this research is 102 taxpayers. The results of this study are: first, the influence of public trust in the tax authorities has no significant effect on taxpayer compliance. Second, public trust in the government has no significant effect on taxpayer compliance. Third, mastery of technology has a significant effect on taxpayer compliance. The four effects of public trust in the tax authorities on taxpayer compliance have no significant effect on moderating compliance costs. The five influences of public trust in the government on taxpayer compliance have no significant effect on moderating compliance costs. The six effects of technology mastery on taxpayer compliance have no significant effect on moderating compliance costs.

In search of effective treatment against E. coli there are some conventional medicinal treatments available but it becomes difficult to fight against MDR strains as they are resistant to most of the antibiotics. It was found that Bakreshwar hot spring water has some therapeutic properties against various infections, mostly against skin infections. Bakreshwar hot spring having a pH range of 8.1-8.5 and temperature which varies from 35°-71°C, contains several chemical compounds. Our aim of this work was to study whether Bakreshwar hot spring water can cure infections caused by E. coli in Gallus gallus embryo in relation to their gross appearances and IFN- γ and IL-10 gene expression changes. The sample water was collected around March, 2023. To study the therapeutic activity of Bakreshwar hot spring water, different experimental sets were set up with 14days embryonated eggs. Freshly prepared 0.5Mcfarland E. coli culture was inoculated into the eggs and in curative set, 100µl hot spring water was injected to check any alterations. Allantoic fluid was collected and mRNA was extracted the very next day. cDNA was synthesized from the extracted mRNA. Along with master mixture (primers, nuclease free water, Syber green) the cDNA was run at RT-PCR and CT value was obtained. The mean gene expression shows that IL-10 and IFN- γ both gene expression was decreased in curative set after treatment with water as compared to control sets. These finding suggests that Bakreshwar hotspring water treatment can be a potential method to control E. coli caused infections.

Objectives: The main objective of this work is to determine the factors affecting the failure rate of pancreatic aspiration cytology, in particular the size, location, and nature of the mass as well as the size of the needle, the aspiration site, the number of passages, and realization of Fanning. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective study conducted in the EFD-HGE department at Ibn Sina Hospital in Rabat from March 2017 to May 2023. 138 patients with a solid or cystic pancreatic mass on imaging were included. A video-linear Pentax-type echoendoscope was used with needles of different gauges: 19G, 20G, 22G, and 25G. Statistical analysis was performed using R software and the level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: The sex ratio F/M was 1.35. The average age was 59 years old. The average tumor size was 40.5 mm. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) under ultrasound-endoscopy (EUS) was positive in 70% of cases: adenocarcinoma in 60% of cases, chronic pancreatitis in 9.33% of cases, neuroendocrine tumor in 8% of cases, solid and pseudo-papillary tumor of the pancreas in 4% of cases, mucinous cystadenoma with low-grade (LGD) in 1.33% of the cases, an intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) in 2.66% of the cases, pancreatic tuberculosis in 1.33% of the cases. Normal pancreatic parenchyma without signs of malignancy in 13.33% of the cases. The failure rate of pancreatic fine-needle aspiration was estimated at 30% of cases (inconclusive result). By univariate analysis, we demonstrated that the risk of having an inconclusive fine needle aspiration increases on the one hand by the location of the mass at the head of the pancreas (p = 0.02), the presence of a cystic component (p = 0.01), the infiltrating character of the mass (p = 0.01), and on the other hand by the absence of Fanning (p = 0.03). However, this study did not show a significant correlation with the other factors, in particular the size of the mass, the size of the needle, the site of fine-needle aspiration, and the number of passages. No complications were noted. Conclusion: The failure rate of fine-needle aspiration biopsy was 30%. We demonstrated that it increases by the location of the mass at the head of the pancreas (p = 0.02), the presence of a cystic component (p = 0.01), the infiltrating character of the mass (p = 0.01), and the absence of fanning. An additional study with a larger sample or a multicenter study seems necessary to confirm our results.

ان الجريمة وجدت منذ القدم وكان ظلها الذي لم يفارقها هو العقوبة التي استخدمتها المجتمعات البشرية وعلى مختلف تطورها الحضاري كأداة لمكافحتها وقد استمر استخدامها على مدى أجيال عديدة كانتقام من الجاني حتى انها بلغت مستوى من القسوة والشدة والوحشية مما دفع الكثير من المفكرين الاجتماعيين ومنهم المفكرين الجنائيين بصورة خاصة إلى المناداة للحد من هذه القسوة والشدة من ناحية وجعلها من ناحية أخرى وسيلة لاقتلاع القيم الفاسدة من شخصية الجاني الذي انزلق إلى هاوية الجريمة نتيجة عوامل متعددة وغرس القيم الصالحة بدلاً منها لإعادته إلى حظيرة مجتمعه كعضو نافع فيه وقد وجد ذلك ضالته في نظام الأعذار القانونية المخففة الذي أنبثق نتيجة لتطور المجتمعات الإنسانية في سلم الحضارة فقد تطورت وظيفة تلك الأعذار بحيث أصبحت من الوسائل الهامة في التفريد القضائي للجزاء الجنائي بحيث تحقق الانسجام بين النصوص القانونية المجردة وواقع الحياة المتطور مما جعل العقوبة متناسبة مع جسامة الجريمة وظروفها وظروف المجرم بالإضافة إلى التخفيف من شدة وقسوة العقوبة . وبناءاً على ذلك فان القوانين العقابية اخذت تنص على الاعذار القانونية المخففة ومن تلك القوانين قانون العقوبات العراقي رقم 111 لسنة 1969 حيث نظم احكامها في المواد من (١٢٨/129/130/131) . وبناءاً على تلك الاعتبارات نجد أن دراسة الموضوعات الخاصة بالمسؤولية الجزائية وما يتعلق بها من عقوبات وما تطرأ على المسؤولية من اسباب لتخفيفها من الموضوعات المهمة التي يستند اليها القاضي في المحاكم الجزائية في احكامه حيث ان قانون العقوبات العراقي اعطى القاضي في تلك المحاكم سلطة تقدير العقوبة حيث حدد القانون حدین ادنی واعلى للعقوبات وبما ان لكل جريمة ظروفها وملابساتها ودوافعها فالقاضي عند فرض العقوبة يأخذ بنظر الاعتبار تلك الاعذار فقد قيل أنه ليس للقاضي ان يحكم بالعقوبة ذاتها على كل متهم يرتكب جريمة مماثلة للجريمة التي يرتكبها متهم آخر فان الجرائم وان تشابهت بأركانها الا ان لكل جريمة ظروفها الخاصة ومن هذه الامور التي تحيط بالجريمة والمجرم وتؤدي الى إنقاص العقوبة دون حدها الادنى هي الاعذار القانونية المخففة والتي هي على نوعين عامة وخاصة والتي نص القانون على الأخذ بها عند تحققها في الواقعة المنظورة من قبل المحكمة .

إن الفساد ظاهرة عالمية تتعرض لها جميع الدول وعلى مختلف العصور فهي ظاهرة خطيرة من ظواهر السلوك الإنساني التي اقلقت المجتمعات البشرية والحكومية منذ القدم لأنه أصبح وباء يهدد هذه المجتمعات بالاكتساح وعلى نطاق واسع بل هو آفة ذات جذور عميقة تأخذ ابعاداً سياسية واقتصادية واجتماعية وتتداخل فيها عوامل عديدة ويظهر في المجتمعات كافة ولكن بدرجات متفاوتة تختلف من مكان إلى آخر حسب درجة الوعي الديني والاخلاقي ومدى تطبيق الدولة لوسائل الحد من هذه الظاهرة. إن الكثير من المجتمعات قد جاهدة في سبيل التخلص من هذه الآفة المجتمعية التي تعيق التطور و السلام لتلك المجتمعات، كما ان تفشي ظاهرة الفساد المالي والإداري في كل مؤسسات الدولة وعدم وجود رادع حقيقي يقف حائلاً للحد من انتشارها يؤدي إلى أن تتحول الموارد والإمكانات من المصلحة العامة إلى المصلحة الشخصية أو مصلحة فئة قليلة وهي بيدها السلطة أو الثروة اوالاثنين معآ و التي من المفترض أن تكون ملكاً للجميع مما ينعكس على امن وسلامة المجتمع ومستقبل الدولة الاقتصادي والسياسي ويخلف أثاراً سيئة ضارة تعيق نمو الدولة وتكاملها و جرائم الفساد الاداري في عالمنا اليوم تشكل خطراً كبيراً على كل الأصعدة السياسية و الاقتصادية والاجتماعية وكذلك على المستوى الوطني والدولي ومن أجل مكافحتها والقضاء عليها و الحد من انتشارها على أقل تقدير شرعت الأمم المتحدة اتفاقية مكافحة الفساد في العام (2003) التي وقعت عليها غالبية دول العالم و ضمنت في نصوصها آليات معالجة جرائم الفساد الإداري والمالي وكيفية التعامل معها بالعمل على منع جرائم الفساد بانواعها والتحري عنها ويعتبر الفساد بأنواعه المختلفة ومنها الفساد الاداري من أخطر الآفات التي لازمت الحياة الإنسانية بما يتضمنه من تجاوز حدود النطاق القانوني للسلطة وإساءة استخدامها ويحدث الفساد الاداري نتيجة الانحراف عن تأدية الواجبات الوظيفية الرسمية بفعل تأثيرات مادية او غير مادية حيث تتحول الوظيفة من كونها تكليفاً قانونياً وأمانة وطنية مقدسة إلى سلعة يتم المتاجرة بها بيعاً وشراء بممارسة مختلف الاساليب الفاسدة وتحقيق مكاسب ذاتية وشخصية من خلال أساءة استخدام السلطة المخولة وتحقيق المنافع المادية حيث يقوم الموظف بشكل مباشر او غير مباشر على التأثير غير المشروع وغير القانوني على صاحب الحاجة بدفع ما يسمى هدية بشكل غير قانوني من أجل آداء أو الامتناع عن أداء الإجراءات الرسمية فهو ظاهرة من ظواهر السلوك الانساني التي اتفقت الشرائع السماوية والقوانين الوضعية على تجريمه.

Digestive manifestations during systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are rarely reported in the literature, in particular, hepato-pancreatic manifestations. We report the case of a patient in whom SLE was revealed by acute hepato-pancreatitis with mixed acute hepatitis, acute pancreatitis fulfilling 2 diagnostic criteria (high lipasemia and Balthazar stage C pancreatitis on the abdominal CT scan). The diagnosis was retained on the ACR criteria. The evolution under corticosteroid therapy and resting of the digestive tract was favorable.