Our judicial structure owes to the colonial administration for its evolution & is still bearing the remnants of the system it inherited from its predecessor. Our judiciary is still following the adversarial trial system. Though the British legal system has developed to a standard for others we are still on the same footing where they left us. We could not overcome the obstacles associated with the civil justice system. The main problems facing our judiciary are the cost, delay & complexity. Several steps have been taken to solve the problems but deserved success cannot be achieved. The main problem lies probably in the identification of the real problems & providing pragmatic solutions. In this research I have tried to identify the real problems by interviewing different legal persons & litigants, by analyzing the opinions of different scholars & taking into account the attitude of the society towards the civil litigation social aspects & applying my own reason & experience. I have evaluated the reforms made in some foreign legal systems to compare with our system specially the Woolf’s reform in England. Lastly, I have provided some reform & amendment proposals based on the findings.

Worldwide e-learning has emerged as a leading channel of learning but its implementation in Kenya has not been successful. Studies have noted infrastructural challenges in implementation of e-learning, an aspect the present study sought to address. The study determined infrastructural factors that influence implementation of e-learning in TVET institutions in Uasin Gishu County. The study established the extent to which the following factors affect the effective implementation: the availability of good bandwidth; quick response time in uploading and retrieving content; fast processors; high performance features on the servers; accessibility of learning management system and the availability of electronic learning equipment. The study was guided by Roger’s theory of Diffusion of innovation and adopted an explanatory research design with a target population of 94 electrical and electronic engineering trainers and 6 HoDs of electrical and electronic engineering departments from public TVET institutions from Uasin Gishu County. Data was collected by use of questionnaire, observation and interview schedule. The piloting of the tools was done in Kitale National Polytechnic to test for reliability and validity. Quantitative data was analyzed by use of both inferential and descriptive statistics using SPSS version 25 while qualitative data using themes and sub-themes. The inferential statistics used included: simple and multiple regression, Pearson’s correlation and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) while descriptive statistics included mean, standard deviation and frequencies. From the findings, the coefficient of determination (R square) of .449 indicated that the model explained only 44.9% of the variation or change in implementation of e-learning. The study findings indicate that infrastructure (t =2.589, P<.05), significantly influence the implementation of e-learning in TVET institutions in Uasin Gishu County and it is therefore important for TVET institutions to consider strengthening the infrastructure requirements for e-learning.

Leakages in pipeline is an important problem that can occur at any stage of the pipeline lifespan due to ageing, improper installation, or human related factors like bunkering or vandalization. Several invasive and non-invasive techniques are being used which have proven to be successful. However, this study focuses on leakage in an area of the pipeline network that is most often overlooked. This area is within the first 100 meters of the pipeline network to the excitation pump and is often prone to leakages due to high pressure. This study shows that even at no leak conditions pressure profile of a short pipeline in a closed loop configuration can vary by as much 59.93 percent. The study also examined the impact of single leak, double leaks, and triple leaks on the pipeline network with pressure loss compared to the no leak condition ranging from about 10 percent to as high as 60 percent.

The Lefort II fracture (pyramidal fracture) or high transfacial is a solution of bone continuity of the middle stage of the face whose fracture line concerns the glabella, the ethmoid massif, the two maxillary sinuses and the pterygoids causing more or less important the mobility of the middle stage of the face. Objectives: of this study were to study the frequency of Lefort II fractures at Nianankoro FOMBA Hospital in Segou; to study the target population of Lefort II fractures at the Nianankoro FOMBA hospital in Segou; evaluate the treatment option for this pathology; to study the fate of treated patients. This was a prospective study, carried out in the stomatology and maxillofacial surgery department of Nianankoro FOMBA Hospital in Ségou over a period of 3 years, i.e. 36 months from October 1, 2016 to October 1, 2019. It covered all cases of Lefort II fractures admitted to this department for their care. During our study we recorded 225 cases of maxillofacial trauma including 17 cases of Lefort II fractures or 7.55% of all traumatic injuries admitted to the service. Lefort II fractures are a social and public health problem affecting mainly young male subjects in the 20 to 29 age group most often following accidents on public roads. Their diagnosis is made by clinical examination associated with paraclinical examination (computed tomography) which makes it possible to locate the fracture foci.

Breastfeeding is one of the important and natural mode of feeding a child and it should be encouraged in every society irrespective of your occupational status. Every woman owes a duty to breastfed their child to ensure a healthy living. This study is to ascertain the Pattern of Breastfeeding Adopted by Working Class Nursing Mothers in South-South Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional study involving 320 working class nursing mothers who were within the age of 18 to 47 years. A well-structured questionnaire was administered to participants. Each participant had one questionnaire to fill appropriately and independently after instructions were given to them by the Research Assistants. The study lasted for a period of 6 months. The research findings revealed that 20(6.30%) were within 18-22 years, 40(12.50%) were within 23-27years, 50(15.60%) were within 28-32 years, 120(37.60%) were within 33-37 years, 60(18.80%) were within 38-42 years while 30(9.40%) were within 43-47 years. The study also revealed the educational status of the participants which shows that 50(15.60%) had primary level of education, 80(25.00%) had secondary level of education, while 190(59.40%) had tertiary level of education respectively. The occupational distribution of the respondents shows that 80(25.00%) were farmers, 100(31.30%) were business women, and 140(43.80%) were civil servants. 300(93.80%) of the participants were nursing mothers whereas 20(6.30%) were not nursing mothers. 300(93.8%) of the participants agreed that they are aware of exclusive breastfeeding and 20(6.3%) said no awareness. The findings also revealed that 250(78.10%) of the participants do not breastfed their child / children while 70(21.90%) agreed that they do. 20(6.30%) of the respondents agreed that they carried out exclusive breastfeeding and 300(93.80%) did not. 280(87.50%) of the participants who are working class women said they preferred non-breastfeeding methods of child’s nutrition.

High drop-out rates in sports programmes, both health and therapeutic sports, are not exceptional. Long-term retention of active athletes is a problem. This is equally true for fitness training in fitness clubs, where about half of the active individuals drop out prematurely. The aim of this study is to create a comprehensive inventory of the dropout problem and the prevention of it in fitness sports. From the results obtained, recommendations for action can be derived to increase customer satisfaction in fitness facilities and thus reduce the dropout rate in the long term. Methodologically, a review of the relevant literature was conducted in this study. When analysing various research results, it was found that dropping out of a sports programme always depends on several factors. Characteristics of dropping out of sports activity can be personal as well as situational and structural. While it is often possible to identify individual reasons that ultimately tip the balance in favour of quitting, this is usually influenced by a complex set of factors. The reason that fitness club membership fees are too expensive is found at the top of the list in all known studies, followed by the statement that the time spent on sport is too much. Relocation, job and family reasons, other hobbies and, last but not least, health reasons are then usually found in the further course of the lists of dropout reasons. All these reasons seem plausible, but they may also be feigned. They are often difficult to verify by those responsible in the fitness clubs and usually have to be accepted as such. They are rather unsuitable for use in successful dropout prevention. At most, stated health reasons can play a role for preventive measures, but not if serious diseases are involved. Essential demands on the management of a fitness club are therefore the creation of a good social atmosphere during training, time-efficient training programs, fun during the training, fulfilment of training goals and intensive support mechanisms. Only sensible innovations, market-oriented behaviour and flexibility can lead to future success in the fast-moving fitness market.

Triage is the first process of assessment and prioritization of all patients who present to emergency departments (EDs) into categories according to their condition and level of urgency. In this study, a systematic review of the literature on the effectiveness of triage systems was conducted in Saudi Arabia. Following PRISMA guidelines, six large databases were searched for relevant articles published between 2003 and 2023. Three authors reviewed the titles, abstracts, and full texts. The databases were searched using the following keywords: triage systems, CTAS, emergency department overcrowding, non-urgent or inappropriate visits to the ED, ED overutilization, and triage and ED overcrowding in the Middle East. A total of 1,051 articles were identified, of which 245 met our inclusion criteria. From the findings of these studies, in relation to the factors that reduce triage efficacy in the Middle East and specifically in Saudi Arabia, it can be argued that there is a need for more studies and solutions to address these issues. Patients are in need of health education, and alternative solutions must be considered to address the high percentage of non-urgent visits to the ED. Emergency department triage is the first screening step that sorts patients in emergency situations by categorizing their urgency levels to prioritize patients for evaluation and treatment. Because the ED is an integral hospital department and a complicated, fast-paced environment, ED healthcare services have evolved to be delivered through effective triage systems to reduce waiting times and overcrowding.

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is is a technique used for the exploration of the digestive system, enabling the diagnosis and classification of gastric tumors. The aim of our study was to describe the contribution of EUS and fine needle aspiration in the diagnosis and determination of the histological type of gastric tumors. Our study consists of a retrospective descriptive study involving 36 patients. The mean age was 54 ± 14.4 years, with a female-to-male sex ratio of 2. EUS revealed an ulcerated and polypoid appearance with prominent folds in half of the cases. Fine needle aspiration biopsy was performed in 80.5% of cases. The histopathological findings were predominantly gastrointestinal stromal tumors and adenocarcinomas.

Background: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage (EUS-BD) is a relatively new therapeutic modality in the arsenal of endoscopists for attaining satisfactory biliary drainage when traditional ERC fails. The aim of our study is to describe the first Moroccan experience with EUS-BD in patients with malignant biliary obstruction after a failed or inaccessible ERCP. Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted at Ibn Sina Hospital, from Mars 2018 to July 2022, which include 27 patients with an inoperable or metastatic malignant biliary obstruction who underwent endoscopic ultrasonography-guided biliary drainage (EUS-BD) in case of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) failure. Results: From a total of 288 patients with malignant biliary obstruction,27 underwent EUS-BD (9,3%), 15 EUS-guided hepaticogastrostomy (55,5%) and 12 EUS-guided choledocoduodenostomy (44,4%) were performed. The mean age was 62.5 years (age range: 23-74 years), a male predominance of 59% was noted, cholestatic jaundice was present in 100% of patients and associated with pruritus in 92.59% of cases. The mean level of Total Bilirubin was 190 mg/l. The causes of biliary obstruction were: an inoperable pancreatic head mass in 13 patients(48,1%), a cholangiocarcinoma in 7 patients (25.9%), an ampullary mass in 4 patients(14,8%), a gallbladder cancer with hepatic and duodenal invasion in one patient (3,7%), a gastric antropyloric adenocarcinoma with pancreatic head invasion in one patient (3,7%) and Duodenal adenocarcinoma in one patient (3,7%).The leading causes of failed ERCP were secondary to tumor infiltration of the duodenal wall and critical duodenal stenosis in 11 cases (40,7%), in 9 cases due to a difficult cannulation (33.3%) and in 7 cases due to a failure to pass the stricture by ERCP (25.9%). In EUS-HG The technical and the clinical success rates were 86.6% (13/15) and 84.6% (11/13), respectively, the complication rate was 13.3% (2/15) including one case of stent migration complicated with bile leak and one case of cholangitis. In EUS-CD The technical and the clinical success rates were 91.6% (11/12) and 81.8% (9/11)), respectively, the complication rate was 16.6% (2/12) including two cases of cholangitis. The technical and the clinical success rates in all EUS-BD were 85.1% (24/27) and 83.3% (20/24), respectively. The complication rate was 14.8% (4/27). Conclusion: EUS-BD appears to be an effective and safe therapeutic option for biliary decompression in cases where ERCP fails.

‘Church Going’ by Philip Larkin, the romantic recluse is not a religious poem, as it may appear from the title, but a poem about Going to Church. The poem expresses a view that faith and belief in religion must die but that the spirit of tradition represented by the English Church can’t come to an end. Larkin’s agnosticism becomes more understandable if we look at this poem in the National and the International context of the post-world-war years. The poem refers both to the erosion of the Church as an Institution and to the perpetuation of some kind of ritual observance. The poet’s tone is pessimistic and somewhat sceptic about the bleak future of the Church. But he is quite confident of the lasting mystic spiritual significance of the Church, “Serious house on serious earth” for its devotees. Larkin’s dilemma is not whether to believe in God but what to put in God’s place. The loss of religious faith and the fear of death are counteracted by an unshakable faith in individual human potential. So, the poem is both reverent and irreverent that indicate poet’s dual split personality, skepticism, agnosticism.

Two texts are presented here. The first is by Gerhard Lehmann who talks about the philosophical and political activity of Alfred Baeumler. The second is the first English version of ‘Nietzsche and National Socialism’ by Alfred Bæumler, Philosopher, Full Professor at the University of Berlin, Director of the Institute of Political Pedagogy.

Tuberculosis (TB) has been a significant public health burden in Bangladesh, and to address this issue, the country has implemented the Directly Observed Treatment Short-Course (DOTS) intervention since 1993. The government has partnered with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to implement community-based TB control programs. Research has shown that this approach has led to significant success in TB control, including a high case detection rate (> 81%), successful TB treatment (95%), and reduced TB mortality (27/100,000 population) over the past two decades. However, there are still significant concerns regarding the control of people living with HIV-TB (PLHIV-TB), multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), and latent TB infection (LTBI). Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic has slowed down the progress of TB control efforts. Challenges such as inadequate linkages with local NGOs, social stigma, gender discrimination in TB diagnosis, inadequate human resources, and poverty factors further exacerbate the situation. This study calls for a paradigm shift in TB control intervention towards a rights-based and need-based approach, considering gender, ethnicity, elderly people, and children. By addressing these challenges and implementing a comprehensive approach to TB control, Bangladesh is expected to achieve its goal of ending TB by 2035.

Student participation in sports has a big impact in their academic performances that influence their studies and their future. The researchers of the study aim to investigate the significant relationship between level of sports participation and academic achievement of the 173 student-athletes in a private high school in central Pasig City, Philippines, SY 2022-2023. Quantitative correlation is the research design in order to assess a social phenomenon to establish and describe relationship between their sports participation and academic performance important to identify the areas to be assisted and to improve for better performances in both field of endeavour. Based on the significant findings of this study, the researcher recommends 1) the school administrators may orient teachers in preparing important tasks that will give merit to student-athletes, 2) the need for coaches and academic teachers to agree on scheduling of the training of the players, 3) the learning competencies in academic subjects to be align in physical activities and sports, 4) and this study be replicated and validated in the public schools and colleges; and further investigation be made on the effect of respondents perception of role and other factors on their level of participation in different team sports without jeopardizing their academic performances.

It is observed that the majority of English non-native speakers (NNSs) use English as a Lingua Franca among themselves rather than as a foreign language to communicate with English native speakers (NSs). Nonetheless, the English language attitude of NNSs in the context of ELF has not been clear so far. Many studies on accent attitude have assumed that their participants had been aware of different English accents and had the ability to identify them, but it seems not true for a certain number of students. Therefore, this research surveyed 50 Chinese university students and 30 overseas students from other expanding circle countries. Three aspects were examined: (1) the ability to identify and understand different English accents; (2) the familiarity with different English accents; (3) the accent attitude in the aspects of pleasantness and acceptance. The results indicated that the accent attitude of participants correlated with their identification ability to some degree. Participants who were more familiar with different English accents tended to show higher acceptance for them. Their acceptance depended largely on the intelligibility of the accents. In addition, only a few students would like to show their cultural identity through speaking English with a local accent. This study addressed a significant research gap in the position of students’ identification ability for different English accents in the context of ELF. Based on this study, the educators in the expanding circle could be more aware of the impact of the development of ELF on students.

Mathematics is compulsory for all learners in secondary schools, as recommended by the Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development (2010). The performance of mathematics has been consistently low and one of the reasons is insufficient Mathematics laboratory. The study sought to determine Mathematics performance among secondary school students. The study instruments that were used included a pre-test, post-test, non-equivalent group experimental design, questionnaires, and an interview schedule. The researcher sampled 298 students and 26 teachers who took part in the study. The Form two students were selected to participate in the study. A sample size that represented the study population was selected using simple random sampling and purposive sampling while stratified sampling was used to select the schools. The study used the Solomon Four-Group design where two groups were formed, one experimental and one control group. The experimental group entered laboratory instructional strategy method while the control group entered conventional instructional strategy method. The respondents were assigned in their complete classes to four groups; experimental groups 1 and 3, and control groups 2 and 4. All the groups were taught the same content of the reflection and congruence. However, groups 1 and 3 were taught using laboratory method while groups 2 and 4 were taught by conventional methods. Groups 1 and 3 were pre-tested prior to the implementation of the laboratory method treatment. Teachers who took part in the study were inducted prior to the study by the researcher for period of three weeks. Mathematics Achievement Test 1 and Mathematics Achievement Test 2, questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data. SPSS was used to aid in data analysis. Chi-square tests were used to establish relationships. The study findings indicated that the laboratory method arouse the learners’ interest, increased learner participation, boosted the performance, enabled learners to develop the necessary skills for more advanced study research and promoted the development of scientific thinking. The study recommends that there is need for teachers to use laboratory method, which ensures that learners are more involved and engaged more in doing Mathematics activities and teachers have to be trained on the use of such pedagogy.