Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are ubiquitous symbionts that colonize approximately 80% of wild and cultivated plants, with the exception of a few botanical families such as Amarantaceae, Brassicaceae, Cyperaceae, and Chenopodiaceae, which mycorrhizae less or not at all. These symbioses are important because they improve the hydro-mineral nutrition of plants. During a succession of crops on a plot, it is possible to observe the diversity of AMF in the soil; this work fits into this framework. The experiment was carried out in pots in a completely randomized block design with 5 crops, including rice-beans-amaranth-okra-eggplant, repeated 5 times. The temporal dynamics of AMF were assessed during crop succession on the same soil. The results show a high species richness for rice, with 23 AMF species compared to 9 AMF species found on amaranth. Spore density and root colonization frequency show the same trend, respectively 5 to 38 spores per 100 g soil for rice compared to 3 to 10 spores per 100 g soil for amaranth. The colonization frequency ranged from 79 to 80% in rice and bean, while amaranth was only colonized to 13%. The introduction of amaranth during crop succession contributes to a decrease in species richness, spore density and AMF colonization frequency, in contrast to other crops.

Wannan maƙalar ta yi nazarin karin maganganu na mutane masu buƙata ta musamman domin gano falsafar Bahaushe a kan wannan rukunin mutane da kuma tubalan da ake amfani da su wajen ginin karin maganganu masu alaƙa da su. Binciken ya yi amfani da manya da ƙananan hanyoyin tattara bayanai waɗanda suka haɗa da: Tattaunawa da lura ta kai-tsaye, da sauraren kafafen yaɗa labarai da ziyartar ɗakunan karatu na manyan makarantu don samun bayanai da karin maganganu masu alaƙa da mutane masu buƙata ta musamman. Sakamakon binciken ya yi nasarar fito da falsafar Bahaushe kan mutane masu buƙata ta musamman da kuma tubalai biyar da ake amfani da su wajen ginin karin maganganu na mutane masu buƙata ta musamman. A ƙarshe, maƙalar ta kammala da cewa, akwai jinsin mutane masu buƙata ta musamman a cikin Hausawa waɗanda ke da tunani da hikimomi da basira irin tasu. Sai dai, rashin kyakkyawar kulawa da kuma ƙyamar da wasu mutane ke nuna musu, ya sa suka zama tamkar saniyar ware a cikin al’umma. Saboda haka akwai buƙatar masana da manazarta su ƙara himma ga bincike a kan al’amurran da suka shafi waɗannan mutane domin inganta rayukansu da ciyar da al’umma gaba.

Co-curricular activities encompassing uniform units, clubs, and associations are compulsory courses in all educational institutions in Malaysia. The implementation of co-curricular activities requires neat preparation in order to reduce exposure to the risk of loss, injury, and accidents during the activities. Therefore, this study aimed to produce an instrument for effective co-curricular activity risk management (also known as (CoARM) to guide administrators, lecturers, and students, in conducting safe co-curricular activities, especially at Malaysian teacher education institute (TEIM). This study used the Fuzzy-Delphi method involving 30 experts in the field of co-curriculum from public universities and TEIM. The questionnaire was constructed based on the analysis of field expert interviews and a literature review. It was then sent for expert agreement on the elements, sub-elements, and content of CoARM at TEIM. The findings distinguish three (3) elements and fifteen (15) sub-elements of CoARM when planning and implementing co-curricular activities. The first element was the human element involving trainers, participants, support staff, service providers, and external agencies. The second element, the equipment element, involved anchorage, accommodation, facilities for special activity equipment, and safety equipment. The third element was the environment element with the sub-elements of weather, location, activity routes, security threats, and rescue routes. The CoARM instrument is expected to provide new knowledge as well as to serve as a guide in the field to increase the public’s confidence in organising co-curricular activities at Malaysian educational institutions and as a reference source in the future construction of CoARM modules.

As a business entity whose existence is strengthened by law, cooperatives in Indonesia cannot be run traditionally. Cooperatives are the cornerstone of the economy which must be managed in a modern way in the current modern era. The purpose of this research is to explain thateducationis one of the important aspects in changing digital-based cooperative civilization, especially in the aspects of membership, capital and member profits (SHU). The research design uses a qualitative approach with a case study type on a single case. The research results found that members become owners, users and potential customers of cooperatives, therefore cooperatives must respond to the needs of these members quickly through digital services. Cultivating cooperative capital is carried out through savings and loans, where by digitizing financial reporting can be monitored directly. Through participation, members' welfare can be improved in a sustainable manner.

This study analysed the spatial distribution of urban poverty in Uyo, Akwa Ibom. This research had three objectives and two hypotheses. This study used stratified and simple random sampling techniques to gather data through questionnaires and observations. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed on the collected data. The study found that poverty determinants in Uyo included education, occupation, source of income, housing conditions, household expenditure, medical facilities, sources of water, and power supply. The researchers tested two hypotheses using ANOVA, which found a significant difference in the spatial distribution of poor urban residents in Uyo, but no significant difference in the causes and consequences of poor residential districts. This study estimated Uyo's poverty line as ₦11,768.3 using 2/3 of the mean household expenditure of residents. The study also used the spatial interpolation technique in ArcGIS 10.3 software to design a map of Uyo showing the spatial distribution pattern of urban poverty, revealing that Oku and Ikono had high levels of poverty, while Offot and Etoi had the least. The study suggested the need for infrastructural development and enhancement of human capital through training in life skills and vocations to stimulate the innate entrepreneurial potential of people, expand their income-generating capacities, and become more productive.

Objective: When we say staple food, cereals & pulses come to our mind. The concept of food security that encompasses 3As & 1U is not to be thought of without cereals & pulses. These are Availability, Accessibility, Affordability and Utilization. This holds good for pulses as well. The current article deals with homoeopathic medicines made from pulses [1, 17]. Before going to therapeutics, the production, consumption & export of pulses in India has also been discussed from the past till date. The role of green revolution in decreasing the production & consumption has also been discussed. All these processes are essential part of the process of nutrition [14]. As pulses are a part of our life, some of the basics on pulses have also been discussed in a paragraph. Since eating pulses is an integral part of our life, Homoeopathy also has made pulses an integral part of its therapeutics. The medicines prepared from pulses have been used by Homoeopathic practitioners since the advent of 19th century after it was introduced to the world by Dr. Samuel Hahnemann in 1790 [18].

This paper focuses on: investigating the relationship between the refugees and the host community; to examine the efforts of stakeholders on the health of the Cameroon refugees in Cross River state; to assess the efforts of stakeholders on the education of the Cameroon refugees in Cross River state; and to evaluate the impact of humanitarian activities on the living standard of refugees in Cross River state. To do this, a sample of 423 refugees and humanitarian organization staff from three local government of Cross River State were purposively selected to participate in the interview through which data was gathered for analysis. Using description statistics and thematic analysis, the data was analysed and the result shows that some rights of the refugees are at risk, many of the young refugees are out of school; food, hygiene and sanitation materials are not in steady supply; the Humanitarian organisations are not well funded; lands for the resettlement of refugees are not enough. Therefore, the study concludes that to protect the rights of the refugees in order to guarantee the effectiveness of their rehabilitation, these challenges have to be resolved as recommended.

Medication errors are a significant cause of adverse events, with knowledge, attitudes, and behavior (KAB) being key factors. Nurses play a crucial role in the medication administration process and should be proactive in preventing medication errors. This article is based on the author's dissertation research on the influence of nurses' knowledge, attitude, and behavior toward medication errors on medication errors reported. In this article, the author focuses on the comparison of the mean ranks of KAB scores towards medication errors in relation to nurses' socio-demographic and professional characteristics. The researchers utilized a descriptive correlational design with a cross-sectional survey to examine the relationship between variables. Knowledge scores towards medication errors in relation to nurses' socio-demographic and professional characteristics show that there is no significant difference found in the mean ranks of knowledge scores across any of these characteristics. However, both attitude and behavior scores towards medication errors were significantly higher among female nurses, non-Saudi nurses, nurses with education in intravenous drug administration, and nurses of more than 40 years of age in attitude score. Knowledge influences attitude, as nurses who have a deep understanding of the subject matter are more likely to have positive attitudes towards their patients, their colleagues, and their work. Attitude, on the other hand, influences behavior. It is understood that nurses who have positive attitudes are more likely to behave in a professional and ethical manner.

Properties of fulvic acid (FA) extracted from the peat of the Nizhny Novgorod region of Russia by ultrasonic extraction with alkaline or ethanol solutions and further purification were studied in the paper. The purification of FA by the Lamar method was shown to possibly lead to the formation of FA polymorphs of the same composition but different structure (IR, solid-state 13С NMR, fluorescence, UV, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, SEM and optical microscopy, concentration of carboxyl and phenol groups). Aggregation of FA polymorphs in water led to the formation of nanoparticles with the average size of 8–10 nm and the zeta potential of –22 to –27 mV. The formation and properties of polymorphic supramolecular structures are greatly influenced by the drying mode. The solubility of the two FA polymorphs varied from freely soluble (3.3 mL of water per gram) after the FA solution freeze-drying to soluble (12 mL of water per gram) after the FA solution vacuum drying. The FA sample extracted by ethanol ultrasonic extraction from the peat, followed by convection drying, had a solubility of 666.7 mL of water per gram (Slightly soluble), a zeta potential of -6 mV, and a particle size of 15–20 nm.

يُعد التكرار ظاهرة فنيّة عرفها الشعر العربي منذ القديم، وأقبل على توظيفها كبار الشعراء، للتعبير عن أفكارهم وتطلّعاتهم، فالتكرار يحمل في أثنائه دلالات نفسية وانفعالية مختلفة تفرضها طبيعة السياق، ويُعد وسيلة من وسائل تشكيل الموسيقى الداخلية، وظاهرة من ظواهر المهمّة والمثيرة في قصيدة الشاعر موسى كليم القالي. والتكرار في شعره أضفى جمالا فنياً وثراءً دلالياً، وإيقاعاً ترنمياً، وقد أخرجه من السطيحة إلى الظرافة والبراعة الفنيّة، وأسهم في خلق أجواء موسيقة تدفع القارئ إلى التلذّذ والتمتّع بالنص وتبعده عن التعب والملل والرتابة. واستخدم الشاعر ظاهرة التكرار بأنواعها الثلاثة، وهي الحرف (الصوت)، والكلمة، والعبارة، وقد تفنّن الشاعر في استخدام التكرار في تجربته الشعرية التي بصددها.

Objective: To assess the Sonographic Correlation of polycystic ovaries (PCO) for the fatty liver. Method: This is a study carried out at the Dhaka National Medical Institute Hospital, Johnson Road, Dhaka from June 2022 to November 2022 for a period of 6 months. A total number of 60 female patients with an age range of 18 years to 45 years, who had Sonographic features of polycystic ovaries, were included. Postmenopausal women and patients with a history of HbsAg+ were excluded from this study. Proper history was taken from all patients. Then every patient underwent USG of the Radiology & Imaging department of DNMC. Curvilinear probe 3-5 MHz Samsung HS40 machine was utilized patients with polycystic ovaries and NAFLD (Non-Alcoholic Fatty Livers Disease) are remembered for this examination and patients with some other pelvic pathology are avoided in this investigation. Results: During the study, 40% belonged to 27-35years age group and all patients had bilateral PCOS. Plus, 83.33% had fatty liver. 40% had grade-II fatty liver. Followed by 32% had grade-III fatty liver and only 28% had grade-I fatty liver. Among the 18-26 years group grade-I fatty liver was higher, 70% followed by in 27-35 years group grade-II fatty liver was higher, 52.38%, and the 36-45years years group grade-III fatty liver was higher, 42.85%. Prevalence of Hepatomegaly is typically seen higher in the 36-45years age group, 25%. Conclusion: Based on our study we can conclude that there was a significant correlation between fatty liver and PCOS.

AI-supported teaching practices have emerged as a game-changer for the continuous professional development of educators. Utilizing advancements in AI and avatar technologies, this novel paradigm fosters a transformative approach in teacher education. By melding the strengths of microteaching with AI's analytical prowess and the immersive nature of avatar-guided simulations, this method ensures a comprehensive, adaptable, and inclusive learning environment for pre-service teachers. Drawing from firsthand experiences and academic discourse, this article sheds light on the potential, challenges, and future prospects of integrating AI-supported practices in teacher training.

Background: Over 50% of young people between the ages of 15 and 24 are affected by HIV. This state of affairs is destroying youth, threatening the country's future and jeopardizing national development. The aim of this study is to assess the knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of young people in the city of Isangi with regard to HIV/AIDS. Materials and Methods: To collect the data, this descriptive cross-sectional study used a questionnaire administered to a non-probability convenience sample of 70 young people aged 16 to 20. The descriptive analysis enabled us to compare our results with previous work. Results: We observed that the average age of our respondents was 18, with a sex ratio of 1.4 in favor of males. 95% of young people had already heard of AIDS. Over 65% of subjects have acceptable knowledge of the risk of contracting HIV, the route of transmission and condom use. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission and voluntary testing were recognized. 70% of young people agreed to take care of a PLHIV in their family while keeping his or her serostatus secret (75.7%). For 40% of subjects, it is not normal for a woman to refuse to have sex with her unfaithful partner; she can demand a condom. Conclusion: To reduce HIV transmission among young people, an information and education program is needed.

The tussle between China and India is not a new phenomenon. The main reason for this is border conflicts. Occasionally, news regarding conflicts or the other keeps coming from the border. Both countries are nuclear power and live in competition with each other. However, China is far ahead of India. But in the last few years, especially after the coronavirus and Ukraine war, the trend of the world, mainly Western, is inclining towards India as it is a democratic country and more transparent. Both countries are developing economic corridors to expand their influence on near and far lands. In this context, this paper analyzes the relations between China and India using qualitative methodology. It discusses the root causes of rivalries and the motivation behind economic corridors such as BRI, INSTC and Chabahar Port.

Background/Objectives: Obesity has surged globally, posing various health risks. Its prevalence and management, especially in primary health care settings in Saudi Arabia, have recently been under the spotlight. This research synthesized various studies, analyzing the knowledge and preparedness of primary health care physicians in addressing and management of obesity in Saudi Arabia. Methods: An exhaustive evaluation of studies spanning different regions of Saudi Arabia, focusing on physicians' capabilities, knowledge, and practices in obesity management. This analysis also took into account the comparative approaches of countries like Canada, the UK, USA, and Hungary. Various factors, such as specialized obesity treatments, patient-centric approaches in pediatric obesity, career stages of physicians, obesity's correlation with noncommunicable diseases, and nutritional competence, were studied. Results: Nine studies were included. From a collective pool of 2430 participants across the discussed studies, challenges in obesity management were consistent. Despite having an understanding of obesity, there was a significant knowledge gap in specialized treatments, with many physicians feeling unprepared to manage the condition. Factors such as geographical diversity, physicians' experiences, external influences on pediatric obesity management, and the correlation between obesity and other health conditions were highlighted. The need for effective nutrition care, despite perceived capability, was a notable finding. Conclusion: Saudi Arabia faces a significant challenge in obesity management in primary health care settings, marked by knowledge gaps and the need for continuous training. The analyzed studies emphasize the importance of tailored interventions, robust training modules, and public health campaigns within Saudi Arabia's unique context to combat the obesity epidemic effectively.