This study examines the legal deadlock in the enforcement of civil monetary judgments in Indonesia, particularly arising from the inability of successful litigants to identify the assets of judgment debtors during the execution stage. This condition not only disadvantages the prevailing party but also undermines the authority and credibility of judicial institutions. The central issue addressed in this research lies in the inadequacy of Indonesian Civil Procedure Law, which fails to provide effective legal mechanisms to compel judgment debtors to disclose their assets during enforcement proceedings. Such regulatory gaps are frequently exploited by debtors through the concealment or transfer of assets to evade execution. This study aims to analyze the structural and substantive weaknesses within the existing framework governing the execution of civil monetary judgments and to propose an asset disclosure mechanism as an alternative institutional solution to achieve equitable enforcement. Employing normative legal research with a statutory approach, this article proposes a paradigm shift in civil execution through the adoption of a sworn asset disclosure mechanism. The findings are expected to contribute to the reform of Indonesian Civil Procedure Law in order to strengthen legal certainty, judicial effectiveness, and access to justice for litigants.

Background: Telemedicine has moved from an emergency substitute during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic to a permanent component of many family medicine and primary-care systems. Patient satisfaction and perceived consultation quality are central to judging whether remote consultation can be safely integrated into longitudinal, person-centred family practice. Objective: This systematic review synthesized evidence on patient satisfaction and perceived quality of telemedicine consultations in family medicine and primary-care settings. Methods: A structured literature search was designed in accordance with PRISMA 2020 principles and covered PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from January 2020 to May 2026. Eligible studies were primary research articles involving adult patients receiving telephone, video, virtual-clinic, or asynchronous teleconsultation in family medicine, general practice, or primary-care clinics, with patient satisfaction, patient experience, communication quality, access, safety, or preference outcomes. Because of heterogeneity in instruments and reporting, findings were synthesized narratively. Results: Nine studies were included in the qualitative synthesis, representing diverse primary-care contexts in Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, Canada, the Philippines, Iran, the United States, and broader outpatient telemedicine cohorts with direct relevance to primary-care redesign. Most studies reported high or generally favourable patient satisfaction, commonly driven by convenience, reduced travel and waiting burden, continuity of access, perceived safety during infection-risk periods, and acceptable communication with clinicians. Quality concerns were consistent across settings and included inability to perform physical examination, weaker relational depth in selected encounters, technical or internet limitations, privacy concerns, and lower satisfaction among older adults or patients who did not actively choose virtual care. Conclusion: Telemedicine consultations in family medicine are generally acceptable and often highly satisfying when used for appropriate visit types and supported by reliable infrastructure, clear triage, privacy safeguards, and access to face-to-face assessment when clinically needed. Future work should use standardized satisfaction and quality instruments, examine equity across age and digital-literacy groups, and evaluate long-term outcomes beyond pandemic-era implementation.

Energy drinks are increasingly consumed due to their perceived ability to enhance physical and mental performance. However, concerns remain regarding their stimulant composition and acidic nature. This study quantitatively determined the concentrations of caffeine, taurine, and titratable acidity in six commercially available energy drink brands sold in Abuja Nigeria namely Predator, Fearless, Climax, Monster, Red Bull, and Power Horse. Caffeine and taurine were determined using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV), while titratable acidity was determined using standard acid–base titration methods. The results showed that caffeine concentrations ranged from 129.14 ± 0.74 to 2186.66 ± 5.95 mg/L, with Climax recording the lowest level, while Power horse had the highest. Taurine concentrations varied between 59.16 ± 0.94 and 378.75 ± 0.83 mg/L, with Fearless exhibiting the highest taurine content and Climax showing the lowest concentration. Titratable acidity values ranged from 5.24 ± 0.20 to 9.77 ± 0.56 g/100 mL, indicating varying degrees of acidity among the samples, with Power Horse and Monster showing relatively higher acidity levels. The low standard deviation values recorded demonstrate the precision and reliability of the analytical methods employed and the observed variations in caffeine, taurine, and acidity among the energy drinks highlight the need for continuous quality assessment and regulatory monitoring to ensure consumer safety. This study provides baseline scientific data on the chemical characteristics of energy drinks and supports the need for stricter regulatory oversight, improved labeling, and increased public awareness regarding energy drink consumption.

Introduction: Streblus asper Lour. (Moraceae), known locally as Sheora or Khoi, has been traditionally used across South and Southeast Asian medicine systems including Ayurveda and folk practices in Assam, India for the treatment of intestinal worm infestations, filariasis, and gastrointestinal disorders. Despite this well-documented ethnopharmacological background, systematic in vitro evaluation of its anthelmintic potential using standardized bioassay models remains inadequate in the published literature. Aim of the study: To evaluate the in vitro anthelmintic activity of successive Soxhlet-derived chloroform, ethyl acetate, and hydroalcoholic (70% ethanol) leaf extracts of S. asper against Pheretima posthuma, using albendazole as a positive control, and to characterize the phytochemical profile of each extract. Materials and methods: Dried leaf powder (100 g) of S. asper, authenticated by voucher specimen (SA/BOT/2026/01), was subjected to successive Soxhlet extraction with chloroform, ethyl acetate, and 70% ethanol. Each extract was characterized by qualitative phytochemical screening. Anthelmintic activity was assessed using adult P. posthuma earthworms (n = 6 per group) at concentrations of 10, 20, and 40 mg/mL by recording time to paralysis (TP) and time to death (TD) at 37 ± 0.5°C. Data were analysed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test (p < 0.05). Results: Extract yields were 3.12% (chloroform), 4.56% (ethyl acetate), and 8.84% (ethanolic) w/w. The ethanolic extract tested strongly positive for tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and cardiac glycosides. All three extracts produced dose-dependent anthelmintic activity (p < 0.001 vs. negative control). At 40 mg/mL, the ethanolic extract produced paralysis in 23.40 ± 0.82 min and death in 39.60 ± 0.98 min, compared to albendazole at 16.00 ± 0.58 min and 27.80 ± 0.74 min, respectively. Potency ranking at all doses: albendazole > ethanolic > ethyl acetate > chloroform extract. Conclusions: The hydroalcoholic leaf extract of S. asper exhibits significant anthelmintic activity attributable to the synergistic action of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and cardiac glycosides. These findings provide rigorous pharmacological substantiation for the ethnomedicinal use of this plant as an anthelmintic and identify it as a promising candidate for further bioactivity-guided fractionation and in vivo validation.

This study explored the digital entrepreneurship in the informal economy: adoption, monetization, and profitability among open market traders in Warri Metropolis, Nigeria. The objectives of the study focused on exploring the adoption, modernization, profitability, barriers, and drivers of digital platforms use among open market traders in Warri, Nigeria. Employing a mixed methods design, survey data (200) were complemented with qualitative interviews to capture both statistical trends and lived experiences. Results show moderate adoption (mean – 3.05), with traders relying more on informal platforms such as WhatsApp and Facebook than on formal e-commerce system. Monetization remains limited (mean = 2.98), with indirect benefits, such as; boosting physical purchases than online income. Profitability perceptions are moderate (mean = 3,25), with digital marketing expanding customer reach but traditional walk-in customers remaining dominant, Barriers are significant (mean = 3.48), particularly unstable electricity and poor internet connectivity, while drivers such as education and social influence (mean = 3.23) encourage adoption. Correlation analysis revealed a positive and significant relationship between adoption and profitability (r = 0.414, p < 0.01), while regression analysis confirmed monetization as the strongest predictor of profitability (β = 3.636, p < 0.001). Qualitative findings reinforced these results, highlight infrastructural frustrations, trust concerns in online payments, and the role of younger relatives in facilitating digital engagement. Conclusively, this study demonstrate that adoption alone does not guarantee profitability; rather, effective monetization strategies are critical. The study then recommends that the constraints be addressed in order to achieve sustainable profitability.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major cardiovascular risk factor, yet echocardiographic data from the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia are scarce. Methods: This retrospective case-control study included Adults 168 patients with T2DM and 160 non-diabetic controls, (age- and gender are matched), who underwent transthoracic echocardiography at two hospitals in Jazan in period from (October 2024 to April 2026). Clinical, demographic, and echocardiographic data were retrieved from electronic medical records. Results: Echocardiographic abnormalities were detected in 85.1% of diabetic patients. The most common findings were mitral regurgitation (40.5%), left ventricular hypertrophy (30.4%), and tricuspid regurgitation (27.4%). Diabetes duration ≥10 years was a significant risk factor (OR 8.6, p=0.041). BMI <25 kg/m² showed a protective effect in logistic regression (p=0.011), though abnormalities were prevalent across all BMI categories. Compared with controls, diabetic patients had significantly higher LVIDS, LVIDD, ESV, and aortic root area (all p<0.05), with reduced fractional shortening. Conclusion: In Jazan, echocardiographic abnormalities are common, especially among T2DM patients, where significant risk factors include diabetes duration and BMI. Cardiac screening should be performed routinely, regardless of BMI, as it helps identify and manage cardiac abnormalities.

In In the era of cyber threats evolving at lightning speed, the multinational companies (MNCs) must also incorporate an AI-driven cybersecurity framework to detect the threat, prevent intrusion, and manage the data security to continue to stay afloat. Using federated learning-based security models combined with ABSorbed ML, ABSorbed DL, and ABSorbed NLP, the AI-powered three-phase cybersecurity architecture is presented in this research for data management, intrusion detection, and real-time threat intelligence. In addition to the NSL, CICIDS, and UNSW-NB15 datasets, several AIs are used to train the AI using the AI, viz., Random Forest, XGBoost, CNN_LSTM Hybrid, Autoencoders, and Federated Learning AI in order to experiment with the effectiveness of intrusion detection. Federated Learning greatly outperformed standard security protocols: they found that Federated Learning had a collection of values of 99.0 percent accuracy and a minimum false positive rate. Few algorithms employing the use of NLP and AI for automated threat analysis had enabled proactive security intelligence, reduced detection reaction time by orders of magnitude, and enhanced IDS for intrusion detection systems. In addition, federation encryption methods also reduced the cost of computation by 2.5% and ensured high-performance data protection with homomorphic encryption and zero trust architecture (ZTA). Even in learning cybersecurity using AI-based frameworks, the adversarial attacks had suffered strong resistance, and through the usage of federated learning, the attack success rate under PGD attacks was lowest, with just a success rate of 8.5%. There are, however, several important subjects related to AI related to ethical issues, regulatory compliance, and responsibility. It leads research aimed at enhancing improved AI governance models, explainable AI (XAI), and adversarial AI defensive mechanisms for strengthening cybersecurity infrastructures in multinational corporations. After all, if used well, an AI-integrated cybersecurity framework can be utilized by MNCs to create scalable, flexible, and resilient security architecture with solid cyberthreat prevention and safe data management capabilities. Future research can also encompass a study on the federated AI cybersecurity protocols, quantum-safe cryptographic AI models, and improvements in the real-time monitoring tools in order to boost the performance of AI-driven cybersecurity defenses.

This study presents the optimization of a Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) system with integrated low-temperature heat recovery to enhance thermal efficiency and promote sustainable energy utilization in a combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) power plant. The research addresses key industrial challenges, including high exhaust flue gas temperatures (~200°C), dependence on electric heating, and underutilization of waste heat. A secondary heat exchanger (Preheater-2) is introduced downstream of the Make-Up Water Heater (MUWH) to reduce the flue gas exit temperature to 60°C while recovering energy for potable water heating. The system was modeled and optimized using Aspen Plus. Results show that the proposed configuration can offset approximately 550 units of 3 kW electric heaters, resulting in a daily energy saving of 11.55 MWh. Thermodynamic performance improved, with HRSG heat duty increasing from 2.546 MW to 3.711 MW and overall thermal efficiency rising from 61.25% to 64.76%. Sensitivity analysis identified an optimal potable water flow rate range of 60,000–70,000 kg/h, yielding stable outlet temperatures of about 80°C. Exergy analysis confirmed reduced system irreversibility. The low sulphur content of Nigerian natural gas supports safe low-temperature heat recovery without corrosion risk. The system offers a scalable solution for industrial waste heat recovery, with applications in process heating, domestic hot water generation, and energy cost reduction.

This research investigates how artificial intelligence (AI) might aid data security protocols in custodian banks. The paper evaluates custodian bankers' preparedness to adopt AI-based security solutions and the role that AI can play in securing data. To collect quantitative information from attitudes, difficulties, and readiness to integrate AI, sixty-two custodian bankers were asked to answer a structured survey. AI significantly increases the data security in risk management and fraud detection, and the majority of respondents (86.67%) agreed with this finding. It is proven that organizational readiness and financial limits have a large influence on the adoption of AI. Respondents reported being moderately to well prepared for AI, although the greatest obstacle to its deployment was budgetary restrictions. Using t-tests to test hypotheses, we were able to find that using AI actually helped data security with a mean score of 4.25 out of 5. In regression analysis, the impact of institutional readiness and budgetary limits on opinions concerning AI's ability to attract investments was identified. Cluster analysis identified three separate custodian bank groups that had different financial capabilities and preparedness. Overall, the results suggest that custodian banking needs particular tactics focused on overcoming financial obstacles and making organizations AI-ready to promote adoption of AI.

General higher education plays a critical role in human capital formation, economic development, and social mobility. In India, state-level higher education systems display significant variation in institutional capacity, enrollment growth, and resource allocation. Rajasthan has experienced rapid extension in general higher education institutions over the past few decades; however, the relationship between educational inputs and outputs remains deficiently studied. This study models the production function of general higher education in Rajasthan using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach. The study examines the impression of key inputs such as the number of institutions, faculty strength, government expenditure, and infrastructure capacity on educational output measured through student enrollment and graduates. The ARDL bounds testing framework is in work to analyze both short-run dynamics and long-run equilibrium relationships among variables. The findings points that faculty strength and government expenditure significantly power higher education output in the long run, while infrastructure capacity subscribe to short-run adjustments. The study finds that effective resource allocation and institutional strengthening are important to improve the productivity and efficiency of general higher education in Rajasthan.

Magnesium (Mg) is the second most abundant intracellular cation and the fourth most abundant mineral in the human body. Mg is involved in multiple biochemical reactions, and its numerous activities are beneficial to our bodies. This review outlines the health significance of Mg in its physiologically beneficial role in function, the sources of dietary Mg along with symptoms of Mg deficiency and the health problems that come from it. Mg is a cofactor in various (more than 300) enzymes and essential for the synthesis of certain neurotransmitters, muscle cells’ capacity to contract and relax, and brain functionality. The proper levels of Mg in cells are achieved through membrane channels and transporters (e.g., TRPM7, MagT1, SLC41A1). These include green leafy vegetables, nuts, seeds, legumes, and whole grains as good sources for Mg. Low levels of such an essential substance in the body can heighten susceptibility to chronic diseases such as metabolic syndrome, Type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular morbidity. And inadequate Mg can manifest in symptoms like muscle weakness, fatigue, and cardiac arrhythmias. Not only that, but adequate Mg is needed to maintain bone density and reduce susceptibility to osteoporosis. A sufficient intake of Mg will help to mitigate health problems caused by a deficit of Mg and reduce the incidence of chronic diseases. Healthcare providers need to educate patients on consuming Mg-rich foods and, when indicated, when Mg supplementation is indicated, especially with high-risk individuals and/or those with chronic conditions.

A low birth weight (LBW) newborn is one who weighs less than 2,500 grams at birth. Birth weight is described as the main determinant of survival chances in newborns. Low birth weight is associated with infant mortality and postpartum health complications. The aim of our study was to evaluate the factors contributing to low birth weight in newborns in the Markala Health District. Patients and Methods: We conducted a descriptive, quantitative cross-sectional study in the Markala Health District. This study included newborns weighing less than 2,500 g at birth who were born and/or cared for in a health facility in the Markala District during the data collection period. Newborns weighing less than 2,500 g at birth and coming from another health district were not included. Sampling was non-probabilistic and exhaustive: all low birth weight newborns treated in health facilities in the Markala district during the collection period were included, as far as possible. The main data collection tool in this study was a structured questionnaire, developed on the basis of the specific objectives of the research. Data were collected over a three-month period after birth, from May to August 2025. Results: The study identified several factors associated with low birth weight, including twin births (25.4%), young maternal age (22.8% among 15–19-year-olds) and medical conditions such as high blood pressure (17.5%) and malaria (10.5%). The average weight of low birth weight newborns was 1964.58 grams, with a mode of 2000. The standard deviation was 402.972. The sex ratio favoured females, at 51.8%. Mothers aged 30 to 34 were the most represented, at 25.4%, followed by the two extreme age groups, 15-19 and 35-39, at 22.8% each. Conclusion: This study identified factors associated with low birth weight, the main determinants being twin births, teenage mothers, high blood pressure, infections, malaria and low attendance at prenatal consultations.

Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding due to ovulatory dysfunction (AUB-O) is a common gynaecological problem in women of reproductive age. Thyroid hormones influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, ovarian steroidogenesis, sex hormone-binding globulin, and endometrial response. Therefore, both overt and subclinical thyroid dysfunction may present with menstrual disturbances. Objective: To determine the association between thyroid disorders and AUB-O, compare serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels between cases and controls, and describe the pattern of menstrual abnormality in relation to thyroid status. Methods: This case-control study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh, from July 2015 to November 2016. Sixty (60) women aged 18-45 years with diagnosed AUB-O were compared with 60 matched controls with normal menstrual patterns. Serum TSH and FT4 were measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay. Data were analyzed and compared by statistical tests. Results: Thyroid dysfunction was significantly more frequent among cases than controls (50.0% versus 21.7%; OR 3.62, 95% CI 1.52-8.69; p= 0.001). Mean serum TSH was higher in cases than controls (12.6±10.6 versus 6.4±21.2 mIU/L; p= 0.045), and mean serum FT4 was also significantly higher (2.4±3.6 versus 1.3±0.7 ng/dl; p= 0.021). Menorrhagia was the commonest complaint (46.7%). Hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism were mainly associated with menorrhagia, whereas hyperthyroidism and subclinical hyperthyroidism were mainly associated with oligomenorrhoea. Anaemia was significantly more common in cases than controls (60.0% versus 15.0%; p= 0.001). Conclusion: Thyroid dysfunction was significantly associated with AUB-O in reproductive-age women. Routine thyroid function assessment, particularly serum TSH and FT4, should be included in the evaluation of women with AUB-O to support targeted medical treatment and reduce unnecessary hormonal or surgical intervention.

Platinum-based chemotherapeutic agents remain among the most effective and widely used drugs in cancer treatment. Since the clinical introduction of cisplatin, platinum complexes such as carboplatin and oxaliplatin have significantly improved therapeutic outcomes in several malignancies, which include testicular, ovarian, colorectal, lung, and bladder cancers. In spite of their remarkable clinical success, the therapeutic application of platinum drugs is frequently limited by severe toxicities, drug resistance, poor selectivity, and interpatient variability in pharmacokinetics. Consequently, accurate monitoring of platinum concentrations in biological systems has become increasingly important for optimizing dosage regimens, minimizing adverse effects, and improving therapeutic efficacy. This review discusses recent advances in the detection and quantification of platinum species in human samples, with emphasis on analytical and imaging techniques employed in clinical and biomedical studies. Conventional approaches such as graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GF-AAS), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and X-ray absorption spectroscopy are critically examined alongside emerging technologies including fluorescence probes, biosensors, electrochemical sensing platforms, and nanotechnology-assisted imaging systems. The review further highlights the role of intracellular platinum tracking, mitochondrial targeting, and single-cell analysis in understanding platinum drug metabolism and mechanisms of resistance. Current challenges and future prospects in platinum monitoring for precision oncology are also discussed.

To review current evidence on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of sleep bruxism [SB] and its association with temporomandibular disorders [TMD]. A narrative review of recent literature was conducted, focusing on prevalence, diagnostic methods, clinical manifestations, and therapeutic strategies for SB and TMD. SB is increasingly recognized as a multifactorial condition with neurological, behavioral, and environmental determinants. Its frequent association with TMD complicates diagnosis and management. Advances in diagnostic technologies, including polysomnography, electromyography, and AI-assisted sleep analysis, have improved diagnostic precision. Management strategies include behavioral interventions, occlusal splints, pharmacologic options, and multidisciplinary care, with pediatric cases emphasizing conservative measures. SB and TMD are intricately linked conditions requiring a multidisciplinary diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Future research should focus on standardizing pediatric diagnostic criteria and assessing long-term outcomes of therapeutic interventions.