Background: Compression fractures are common among osteoporotic patients and can be a significant source of pain and disability. Patients who suffer a compression fracture are most often treated conservatively. Case Presentation: This report presents the case of an 80-year-old non-hypertensive, non-diabetic male who presented to the hospital with severe acute lower back pain for one week previous. There was no associated past history of trauma. Initially, the patient was misdiagnosed as a case of simple musculoskeletal lower back pain, for which he received treatment, but the pain intensified over the following two weeks, prompting consultation with a neurologist. A physical examination and lumber x ray indicated signs of lumbar spondylosis with degenerative disc disease, for which the patient was prescribed paracetamol and non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs. However, no improvement was noted. Later, after three weeks, an MRI investigation was conducted. The findings revealed multiple disc narrowing levels throughout the lumbar spine. Based on these investigations, treatment was initiated with pregabalin. Tramadol was discontinued and visible improvements in the patient's condition were noted within a week. Later, the patient sought consultation from an orthopedic specialist. The doctor recommended additional imaging scans. Magnetic resonance imaging with contrast and computerized tomography scans were performed. Based on these imaging scans, a diagnosis of lumbar spine scoliosis and osteoporotic compression fracture at D12 was made, prompting the initiation of osteoporosis treatment with zoledronic acid. Conclusions: Initial diagnosis and management of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures are important in preventing continued pain and preserving the quality of life in older patients. This case highlights the need for comprehensive evaluation, including MRIs, to discriminate acute fractures from other pathologies, facilitating appropriate intervention and osteoporosis management.

Background: Tobacco consumption, encompassing both smoking and smokeless forms, remains a significant public health challenge globally, particularly prevalent in rural areas of Bangladesh. Despite efforts to curb its usage, tobacco continues to impose a substantial burden on public health, socioeconomic development, and community well-being, especially in rural regions. Objective: This study aims to assess the prevalence of tobacco use among rural areas of Bangladesh, exploring factors driving its uptake and persistence. Method: Between January and June 2023, a cross-sectional epidemiological investigation took place across multiple regions in Bangladesh, spanning Sylhet, Shunamgonj, Moulvibazar, Hobigonj, Chattogram, Pabna, Brahman Baria, Kishorgonj, and Chandpur districts. The study targeted a randomized selection of 250 adults aged 18 years and above, who had resided in their respective areas for at least five years. These individuals were recruited during consultations for various health concerns. Subsequently, they were surveyed regarding their history of tobacco consumption, and with their consent, data was systematically collected using structured questionnaires, physical assessments, and anthropometric measurements. The gathered data underwent statistical analysis through SPSS v. 20.0. Results: The study revealed a diverse demographic profile, with a majority falling within the 18-39 age bracket (40%) and a slight predominance of males (55%). Educational attainment varied, with 50% having primary dropout status. Regarding tobacco use, 30% reported smoking bidi, cigarettes, or self-rolled tobacco, 50% were non-smokers, and 20% used both smoking and non-smoking forms. The onset of tobacco use varied, with 30% starting after the age of 30. Association of impact of chronic long term tobacco use on health was also significant with 76% long term users having health related issues. Additionally, 30% of tobacco users engaged in other forms of recreation, while 25% attempted to quit smoking. Limited psychiatric awareness was evident, with only 10% understanding psychiatric disorders. Conclusion: The study highlights the significant prevalence of tobacco use in rural Bangladesh and underscores the urgent need for comprehensive strategies to address this public health issue. Targeted interventions and evidence-based policies are essential to mitigate the adverse effects of tobacco use, safeguard public health, and promote healthier communities in rural areas.

Introduction: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder affecting women's reproductive health and fertility. This study aimed to investigate the demographic, clinical, and biochemical characteristics of primary sub-fertile women with and without PCOS. Methods: This cross-sectional comparative study was conducted at the Fertility Care Centre, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, from June 2017 to November 2017. The study included 146 primary sub-fertile women, divided into two groups: Group A (n=73) with PCOS and Group B (n=73) without PCOS. Data on age distribution, educational background, occupation, BMI, hirsutism prevalence, and biochemical findings (TSH, FT3, FT4 levels) were collected and analyzed. Result: The study found significant differences in BMI and hirsutism prevalence between the two groups. Group A (with PCOS) had a higher mean BMI (26.8±7.2) and a greater prevalence of hirsutism (26%) compared to Group B (without PCOS), which had a mean BMI of 24.4±4.3 and a hirsutism prevalence of 11%. Additionally, Group A exhibited significantly higher mean TSH levels (5.0±2.4 µU/ml) than Group B (2.9±1.3 µU/ml). However, no significant differences were observed in FT3 and FT4 levels between the groups. Conclusion: The study highlights the association of PCOS with higher BMI, increased prevalence of hirsutism, and altered thyroid function, particularly elevated TSH levels, in primary sub-fertile women. These findings underscore the importance of considering both metabolic and endocrine factors in the management of sub-fertility in women with PCOS. The study contributes to a better understanding of the complex interplay between PCOS, thyroid function, and sub-fertility, suggesting the need for comprehensive evaluation and targeted treatment strategies in this population.

Introduction: Postdated and prolonged pregnancy are accepted terms by WHO and the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics to describe pregnancy beyond dates (expected date of delivery). It complicates up to 10% of all pregnancies and carries an increased risk to the mother and fetus. This study aimed to analyze the outcome of combined induction of labor in post-dated pregnancy. Methods: This prospective interventional study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka. Bangladesh, from March 2013 to August 2013. A total of 50 patients with post-dated pregnancies were selected as study subjects by purposive sampling technique. In this study, 34.0% of patients' labor induction was given by oxytocin drip followed by ARM, and 20.0% of patients' labor induction was given by ARM followed by oxytocin drip. In 46.0% of patients with an unfavorable cervix, prostaglandin was used followed by ARM. Collected data were analyzed using different methods of statistics. Statistical analyses were carried out by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0 for Windows. Result: It was observed that intrapartum fetal distress occurred in a total of 12 babies. 10 babies needed resuscitation and 40 babies needed no resuscitation. In this series, among the healthy babies majority (20) were born at 40 completed weeks of gestation, 18 babies at 41 completed weeks, and 2 babies were born at 42 completed weeks of gestation. Among the asphyxiated baby 6 babies were borne at 42 completed weeks of gestation, no one at 41 completed weeks, and 2 asphyxiated babies were borne at 40 completed weeks of gestation. All babies with other complications like LBW, birth trauma, and post-maturity syndrome. Conclusion: This study concludes most frequent indication was fetal distress and unfavorable cervix in postdated pregnancy. Abnormal uterine action and asphyxiated baby were the more frequent maternal and fetal complications respectively. A small number of LBW, birth trauma, and post-maturity syndrome were observed but no maternal and fetal death was found in this study.

Introduction: The optimal timing for postpartum discharge remains a subject of debate, with varying recommendations and practices globally. This study aims to compare the outcomes of early versus late discharge in postpartum care following normal delivery. Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted at the Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Child and Maternal Health, Matuail, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from March 2011 to August 2011. 200 patients who underwent normal vaginal delivery were randomized into early (<24 hours) and late (>24 hours) discharge groups. Baseline characteristics, regularity of antenatal care visits, clinical examination findings at discharge and 7-day follow-up, and postpartum complaints were recorded and analyzed. Result: In our study of 200 participants, the early discharge group (n=100) and late discharge group (n=100) showed comparable baseline characteristics. Age, residence, socioeconomic status, educational status, and gestational age were similar across groups. Antenatal care regularity showed no significant difference with a p-value of 0.75. Clinical examination findings at discharge and the 7-day follow-up revealed no statistically significant differences in maternal and newborn health indicators: anemia (early: 26, late: 28), edema (early: 15, late: 12), minor breast problems (early: 8, late: 6), jaundice (early: 15, late: 12), dehydration (early: 12, late: 9), excessive crying (early: 26, late: 21), and complications of the umbilical stump (early: 7, late: 11). Postpartum complaints such as excessive vaginal bleeding (early: 5, late: 4), fever (early: 8, late: 6), foul-smelling lochia (early: 6, late: 8), feelings of depression (early: 16, late: 14), breast engorgement (early: 26, late: 22), and feeding difficulty (early: 32, late: 28) also showed no significant differences. A substantial number of mothers in both groups preferred the same or a shorter duration of hospital stay for their next delivery (shorter duration preference: early: 46, late: 39). Conclusion: The study concludes that both early and late discharge protocols can be viable options in postpartum care after normal delivery, without significant differences in maternal and newborn health outcomes. The findings support the implementation of flexible discharge policies, tailored to individual needs and preferences, in postpartum care.

Background: Gallbladder diverticula have the appearance of hernia-like protrusions of the gallbladder wall. This disorder may not be diagnosed until surgically resected because it has no clinical significance unless there are associated diseases. Gallbladder pseudodiverticula have an acquired cause, multiple fundal lesions, an association with gallstones, internal saccular lesions without external hernia-like protrusions, and little to no smooth muscle in the gallbladder wall. Case Presentation: A 15-year-old boy in Saudi Arabia presented with right hypochondrial pain and dyspepsia. Imaging revealed innumerable gallstones in a distended gallbladder, indicative of chronic calculous cholecystitis. Elevated liver enzymes and coagulation abnormalities initially postponed surgery, but subsequent improvement allowed for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Histopathological examination confirmed chronic calcular cholecystitis without malignancy. Conclusion: This case underscores the importance of recognizing and managing chronic calculous cholecystitis in adolescents promptly especially if associated with complication as pseudodiverticula. Successful treatment with laparoscopic cholecystectomy resulted in a positive outcome for the patient. Further research and case studies in this age group can enhance our understanding of the disease and optimize management strategies.

Chronic hepatopathies are cosmopolitan disorders, the most common of which are chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Cirrhosis is a pathology of diverse etiologies characterized by diffuse disorganization of the normal hepatic structure due to hepatocyte destruction, with the appearance of regenerative nodules surrounded by fibrosis compressing the hepatic vascularization and causing portal hypertension. We report the case of a patient hospitalized in intensive care for decompensation of chronic hepathopathy during her 4th pregnancy, and we will describe the various consequences of pregnancy on this type of hepathopathy and vice versa via a detailed review of the literature.

Although cadaver dissection and prosection are considered essential techniques for studying anatomy, their effectiveness is hindered by the use of flat, 2-D structures in didactic portions of anatomy courses. The limitations of this particular method can greatly hinder students' comprehension and grasp of anatomy, ultimately limiting the overall effectiveness and quality of the teaching and learning experience (TLE). In order to enhance the TLE and improve students' understanding of gross human anatomy, there are a variety of tools that can be utilized, including 3-D virtual anatomy applications and anatomical models. These resources provide a visual and interactive approach to learning, allowing for a more comprehensive understanding of the complex structures of the human body. The Anatomage, a virtual anatomy dissection table (VDT), is a highly sophisticated advancement that enables the dissection and prosection of the human body and its segments. The primary objective of this research project is to delve into integrating a VDT into a physical therapy anatomy course for a complex topic like head and neck, with the aim of enhancing the TLE and comprehension of anatomical concepts of said area. The methods encompass the inclusion of the VDT as an extra dissection table within the cadaver lab setting. Each group of scholars was given the responsibility to locate and study the assigned anatomical configurations and dissections on the VDT, specifically for their designated topic. Based on the results of our study, it can be inferred that there have been improvements in knowledge retention among students after the introduction of the VDT in the cadaver dissection segment of the course for head and neck. As a result of our research and analysis, we have come to the conclusion that the VDT is an exceptional tool that should be implemented in anatomy courses to help students understand intricate anatomical structures. The integration of the VDT is an essential and crucial step in the process of assimilating and applying human anatomy knowledge for students pursuing careers in the healthcare field.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a non-malignant proliferation of prostatic cells resulting in glandular and stromal enlargement. It afflicts men in their advancing years resulting in lower urinary tract symptoms and alteration of quality of life (Qol). Diabetic patients seem to have larger prostate volumes than non-diabetic counterparts and this has formed an area of intense research interest. The aim of this work was to answer the research question: whether there is any significant difference in prostate volume between diabetic and non-diabetic men diagnosed with BPH. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively studied one hundred and thirty two (132) patients over a period of one year between October 2022 and September 2023 who presented in our Urology clinic for evaluation. Information were retrieved from their case notes and entered into a proforma. Data generated were analysed and used for this study. Results: Out of the 132 patients, diabetic men were 36(27.3%) while non-diabetics were 96 (72.7%). Mean overall age was 62.61±8.83 years, mean prostate volume was 59.53±45.50m/s and there was a significant mean difference in prostate volume between diabetic and non-diabetic populations (P=0.027). Conclusion: The research concluded that prostate volume in diabetic patients was higher than prostate volume in non-diabetic BPH patients.

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is a new technique in marketing where the marketer tries to develop long term relationship with the customers to develop them as life time customers. This research checks the impact of customer relationship management activities on bank’s customer retention in The State Bank of India, Vikasnagar. For the purpose of study, a sampling analysis was conducted among (550) customers selected with the help of a structured questionnaire. (460) questionnaires were usable. Statistical answers give support on the high positive relationship between customer relationship management (CRM) and customer satisfaction. Thus, this paper aims to identify the reasons for the customers to prefer The State Bank of India at Vikasnagar. Further, this paper focuses the service provided by the staff in the bank. This paper is an attempt to find out CRM role in The State Bank of India at Vikasnagar and few recommendations were suggested from this study were to create an awareness of loan facility, internet banking and locker service.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is considered one of the most threats to human health and is considered a fatal threat globally. Hepatocellular carcinoma is still a health challenge, and its incidence is growing worldwide. The role of non-coding miR-141 RNA in Hepatocellular carcinoma needs more investigations. Micro-RNA consists of 18-22 nucleotides. The role of miR-141 in hepatocellular carcinoma needs many investigations. The expression of miR-141 was elucidated in different cell lines including HepG2, HuH7, and the normal cell lines. The cell survival rate was detected in the case of untreated cells, control cells, and transfection by overexpression vector for miR-141, and anti-miR-141 transfection in the HepG2 cell line. The survival rate was at its highest level in the case of overexpressed miR-141 while it showed the least survival rate at anti-miR-141 transfection. Additionally, the effect of miR-141 was tested on both the IL-6 as an inflammatory cytokine and on TNF-α as well. In conclusion, miR-141 plays a pivotal role in HCC carcinogenesis.

Flaxseed, derived from the humble flax plant (Linum usitatissimum L.), has gained substantial recognition as a nutritional powerhouse in recent years. This abstract delves into the multifaceted attributes that make flaxseed an inimitable functional food for the human diet. With its rich history dating back to ancient civilizations, flaxseed has undergone a remarkable resurgence due to its exceptional health benefits. One of the standout features of flaxseed is its remarkable nutritional profile. It is renowned for being an excellent source of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), a plant-based omega-3 fatty acid crucial for heart health. Furthermore, flaxseed is abundant in dietary fiber, lignans, and various essential vitamins and minerals, making it a versatile ingredient for promoting overall well-being. The advantages of flaxseed for health are numerous. It is known to reduce the risk of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and certain cancers. Its high fiber content aids in digestive health and weight management. Moreover, the lignans found in flaxseed exhibit powerful antioxidant properties, helping to combat oxidative stress and inflammation. Flaxseed's versatility extends to its culinary applications. It can be easily incorporated into a myriad of dishes, including smoothies, baked goods, and salads, enhancing both flavor and nutrition. In conclusion, flaxseed stands out as an inimitable functional food for the human diet, offering a potent combination of essential nutrients and health-promoting compounds. Incorporating this humble seed into daily nutrition holds the potential to transform health outcomes and contribute to a healthier, more vibrant future for individuals worldwide.

Objectives: To investigate the prevalence and mechanisms of atrial fibrillation (AF) among type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. Methods: We conducted a thorough search of PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Science Direct to find pertinent literature. Rayyan QRCI was utilized during the entire process. Results: We included twelve studies with a total of 587,822 T2D patients and 299,957 (51%) were females. The prevalence of AF among T2D patients ranged from 0.2% to 41.63% with a total prevalence of 44936 (7.6%). The reported risk factors for developing AF among T2D patients were impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), men, obesity, elderly patients, those with lower socioeconomic backgrounds, those who currently smoked, people with reduced renal function, long-term BP fluctuation, and microvascular illness. Conclusion: Although the exact relationship between T2D and AF is still unclear, there is a significant correlation. Certain glycemic control studies indicate that therapeutic HbA1c levels in conjunction with well-controlled T2D do not significantly reduce the risk of new-onset AF in T2D patients. Further investigation is needed to fully comprehend the connection between T2D and AF. In the interim, healthcare professionals can treat people with T2D, AF, or possibly both illnesses at the same time according to accepted guidelines.

Objectives: The purpose of this systematic review is to investigate the risk factors and association of the incidence of diabetic kidney disease in adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients. Methods: We conducted a thorough search of PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Science Direct to find pertinent literature. Rayyan QRCI was utilized during the entire process. Results: We included eight studies with a total of 11,468 T2D patients and 4966 (43.3%) were females. The available literature on the association between T1D and CKD among adolescents lacks epidemiological data on the prevalence and sex differences. Higher eGFR, diabetes duration, low C-peptide levels, glycemic control, age at a clinic visit, advanced glycation end products, and BMI were reported as significant risk factors for developing renal impairment in adolescents with T1D. Conclusion: The results of this research point to the necessity of a standardized screening procedure for the early identification and appropriate treatment of DKD. In order to provide an accurate assessment of this illness, methodological approaches should be taken into account. Furthermore, it's imperative to educate teenagers with T1D about the possibility of DKD, which can result in renal failure and even death. Future improvements in the quality of life for teenagers with T1D are anticipated as a result of this awareness.

Introduction: Menstrual regulation, or the evacuation of the uterus of a woman at risk of being pregnant is done to ensure a state of no pregnancy, was introduced in Bangladesh in the 1970s in the context of a restrictive abortion law, in part to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality associated with unsafe abortion. Objectives: The study is designed to see the efficacy, safety and acceptability of uterine evacuation by medication using oral mifepristone and buccal misoprostol. Methods: All the patients attending the outpatient department. Of obstetrics & gynaecology in DNMCH during the study period seeking for MRM unwanted pregnancy. Of them 100 cases were selected purposively according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Success was defined as medical abortion. Results: The oral misoprostol-mifepristone regimen, used by 100 women with a gestational age below 63 days, had a success rate of 92.0%. Ninety two percent patients were completely evacuated and Eight percent patients were incompletely evacuated. Conclusion: An evidence based regimen of 200 mg of mefipristone orally followed by home use of 800 mcg of buccal misoprostol 24hr later is safe and effective up to 9 weeks (63 days) of pregnancy. Further the need of aspiration for any reason was low and hospitalization was rare.