As the quality requirements are predicated on appropriate raw material selection, standardization is important to the development of phytopharmaceuticals of standard quality. A traditional Ayurvedic medicine plant, Celastrus paniculatus Wild (Celastraceae), has been used for millennia as a sedative, antiepileptic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and memory-enhancing drug. For rheumatism, gout, paralysis, and leprosy, a decoction of seeds is prescribed. The current study looks at morphological and microscopic characteristics, ash value, extractive values, and phytochemical assessments, which include a qualitative chemical analysis of the active ingredients. It was found that different seed extracts had varying degrees of anthelmintics.

Trafficking in Persons is unarguably one of the largest crime industries in the 21st century that demand a concrete and comprehensive legal policy approach. However, as it turns out into practice, trafficking in persons is a low-risk, high-reward form of crime. This is qualitative research using a statutory approach, case and conceptual approaches. The primary legal materials resulted from relevant laws and legislation. The legal material collected is analysed prescriptively. The results showed that the Indonesian National Police's resource support in eradicating the Crime of Trafficking in Persons is currently still inadequate in terms of human resources, budget support, and facilities and infrastructure support. Anticipating the impact of low economic growth in Indonesia and limited employment opportunities in the country resulting in many Indonesians being forced to work abroad. The ideal model (role model) offered is measured based on the establishment of reciprocal cooperative relations between countries will become easier and smoother to support the success of eradicating the crime of trafficking in persons. Realizing the acceleration of settlement times for cross-border Criminal Trafficking in Persons cases. Realizing increased communication and exchange of information related which is useful in preventing and enforcing the law, as well as resolving problems between countries.

Background: Cervical cancer poses a significant public health challenge globally, especially in regions like Bangladesh where access to effective screening programs is limited. Early detection and management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) play crucial roles in preventing the progression to cervical cancer. This study investigates the diagnostic accuracy of colposcopy, compared with histopathological findings, in detecting various grades of CIN and cervical cancer. Methods: This retrospective observational study reviewed hospital records of 200 VIA-positive cases from January 2021 to December 2023 at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Holy Family Red Crescent Medical College Hospital Dhaka, Bangladesh. Colposcopic examinations were conducted, followed by histopathological evaluations of biopsied tissues to confirm the presence and grade of CIN. Data on demographic characteristics, clinical findings, and outcomes were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Result: Of the participants, 44% had normal colposcopic findings, while the prevalence of CIN I, CIN II, CIN III, and cervical cancer was 22.5%, 17%, 11%, and 4%, respectively. Histopathological correlation confirmed 46% as normal, with discrepancies noted in higher-grade lesion diagnosis. The study highlighted the high sensitivity but variable specificity of colposcopy in detecting and grading cervical lesions. Conclusion: Colposcopy serves as a valuable diagnostic tool in the early detection of cervical abnormalities. However, discrepancies in lesion grading underscore the need for integrating colposcopy with histopathological evaluations to enhance diagnostic accuracy and optimize patient management.

Background: Head and neck cancer is prevalent in Bangladesh, with a majority of patients presenting with locally advanced, inoperable disease. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness and accessibility of concurrent and sequential (CCRT with RT) chemoradiotherapy in treating this condition, addressing a debate among oncologists. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental study at Rajshahi Medical College Hospital (June 2019 - May 2020) involved 60 inoperable head and neck cancer patients, comparing concurrent chemoradiotherapy with Cisplatin and sequential chemoradiotherapy with Paclitaxel and Cisplatin, monitoring treatment response and toxicities. Results: The mean age was 56.1 (±9.5) years in Arm-A and 56.9 (±9.4) years in Arm-B. The primary endpoint was loco-regional control and early toxicities. In the final response, 14 weeks after the completion of treatment, the overall loco-regional control rate was 86.67% and 76.67% in Arm-A and Arm-B, respectively. Severe toxicities include grade 3 reaction only and happened 18(58%) vs 13(42%) in Arm-A and Arm-B, respectively. Among severe toxicities, mucositis and skin reaction were higher in the concurrent Arm and anemia and neutropenia were higher in the sequential Arm. However, there was no actual difference in the two treatment modalities (p=>0.05). The overall treatment time was short in concurrent chemoradiotherapy (49 vs 133 days) and lower treatment cost as well, which was statistically significant (p=<0.0001). Conclusion: concurrent chemoradiotherapy proves cost-effective and accessible, demonstrating outcomes similar to sequential chemoradiotherapy. It stands as a viable treatment choice for locally advanced, inoperable head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Introduction: Advanced maternal age which is defined as the age of the mother as 35 years or more at the time of delivery has become increasingly common in the last two to three decades. This study aimed to evaluate obstetric and perinatal outcomes in women with advanced maternal age in comparison to that of younger women. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in Rangpur Medical College Hospital, Rangpur, from November 2015 to April 2016. A total of 100 patients were selected as study subjects by simple random sampling. Patients aged younger than 35 years primi/ multigravida and advanced maternal age 35 years and older primi/ multigravida were considered as group I and group II respectively. Data cleaning, validation, and analysis were performed using the SPSS software version 16.0. Different statistical methods were adopted for this study. Result: Concerning the obstetric outcomes, malpresentation was found in 05(10.0%) and 12(24.0%) in group I and group II respectively. PROM was 2(4.0%) in group I but not found in group II. Gestational hypertension was 2(4.0%) in group I and 1(2.0%) in group II. Abruptio placentae were 1(2.0%) in group I and 1(2.0%) in group II. PPH was not found in both groups. Regarding fetal outcomes, NICU admission patients were found 2 (4.0%) in group I and 16 (32%) in group II respectively. Meconium aspiration was 6(12.0%) and 7(14.0%) in group I and group II respectively. The congenital anomaly was 1(2.0%) in group I and 2(4.0%) in group II. The perinatal loss was 1(2.0%) and 2(2.0%) in group I and group II respectively. APGAR score at 1 minute <7 was found 2(4.0%) in group I and 19(38.0%) in group II respectively. Conclusion: Advancing maternal age appears to be associated with pre-eclampsia, cesarean section, gestational diabetes in primigravida and preterm labor, low birth weight, and placenta previa more common in multigravida women in this age group. NICU admission, malpresentation, APGAR score <7 compared to young age.

Education is considered as the key to success in many countries. As a result, in Kenya most parents take pride in their children when they perform well in educational matters. This study aimed at investigating the influence of teachers’ professional development on learner’s competency achievement in public primary schools. This study was grounded on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory. It adopted a descriptive survey design. Questionnaires and interview schedules were used in data collection. The population of the study comprised of 54 headteachers, 432 teachers, 4 curriculum Support Officers (CSOs) and 1 Sub County Director of Education (SCDE). Krejcie and Morgan table was used to sample 24 headteachers and 190 teachers while purposive sampling was used to 4 Curriculum Support Officers and 1 SCDE. The study sample comprised of 24 head teachers from a target population of 54 public primary headteachers in the sub county, 190 teachers from a target population of 432 teachers in the sub county, the Sub County Director of Education and 2 CSOs. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was done with the assistance of supervisors are experts. Reliability was done by using test re- test methods which yielded alpha of 0.67. Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21 was used to analyse quantitative data where descriptive such as frequencies and percentages were used to describe the data. While Pearson correlation was used to test hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. Qualitative data from interview schedules and documents were analysed using thematic analysis and results were triangulated with quantitative data. The study found out that teachers professional development (r= 0.555, p=0.015) had a positive correlation with learners competency achievement. This implied that this variable had a significant influence on learner’s competency achievement. It was therefore recommended that teachers’ professional development programmes should be enhanced in schools.

Background: Inflammatory Breast Cancer (IBC) is a rare and highly aggressive form of breast cancer characterized by rapid onset, inflammatory changes in the breast, and a poor prognosis. Its management requires a multidisciplinary approach due to its aggressive nature and diagnostic challenges. Objective: The objective of this study is to comprehensively evaluate the management of Inflammatory Breast Cancer at the Cancer Centre, CMH Dhaka, and Border Guard Bangladesh (BGB) Hospital in Dhaka, focusing on clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, treatment strategies, and patient outcomes. Methods: This prospective study included patients who presented with Inflammatory Breast Cancer at CMH, Dhaka and BGB Hospital Dhaka Cancer Centre over a specified period from June 2021 to June 2023. Results: The study revealed that IBC continues to pose significant diagnostic challenges, often leading to delayed treatment initiation. Among the studies, a total of N=13 patients were managed within the past two years, and the prognosis remained unfavorable. Even after receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy, a patient passed away from the illness within half a year of being diagnosed. Physical examinations consistently identified signs of inflammation, with skin changes in 54% of cases and palpable masses in 85%. Hormone receptor status revealed 23% of patients with triple- negative breast cancer (TNBC), while 31% were HER2 positive. Molecular classification showed that 31% belonged to the Luminal type-A category, and 31% were HER2 positive. Conclusion: Inflammatory Breast Cancer management at CMH, Dhaka and BGB Hospital, Dhaka, underscores the critical need for early detection and a multidisciplinary approach. The aggressive nature of IBC, coupled with diagnostic uncertainties, highlights the importance of a high clinical suspicion. To improve patient outcomes, timely and comprehensive management by a multidisciplinary team is imperative. This study highlights the complexity of IBC and underscores the importance of early intervention and holistic patient care despite the challenges faced.

Students’ councils leadership is a participatory form of governance, which exist worldwide and can improve discipline of learners. In Kenya, it was established in 2009 after the burning of caporal punishment, between the years 2015-2018, 31.2 % of secondary schools in Migori County went on strike, 11.7% in Homa Bay, 10.2 in Kisii and 5.7% in Narok despite government directive that these student councils to be involved in the management of schools among other policies to reduce the conflicts. This is therefore prompting a study in Migori County. The objective which guided the study was to establish the influence of involvement of student councils in the supervision of their welfare activities on discipline; The study used conceptual framework. The study used descriptive survey and ex-post facto research designs. Targeted population was 1140 respondents. Principals, Deputy Principals (DPs), heads of guidance and counseling (HGC) and Presidents of Student Councils (PSCs) and 8 Sub-county Education officers (SCDE). The researcher used purposive sampling to find 8 SCDEs and use 30 percent to get a sample of 85 Principals, DPs, HGC and PSCs from a population of 283 respectively. Data collection instruments will be questionnaires for principals, DPs and students. Interview schedules for HGC and SCDEs. Two experts from the department of Educational Administration at Maseno University will scrutinize the instruments to ensure their validity. Reliability of the instruments will be determined by employing Pearson’s product moment for the test-retest and reliability coefficient of 0.75 up to 0.99 was realized, hence the instruments were termed reliable. The findings revealed that involvement in supervision of students’ welfare on students discipline had weak positive correlation (0.071) and it was statistically significant as p-value (0.211) ˃ 0.01 level (2 tailed). The study concluded that students should be more involved in the supervision of their welfare on students’ discipline. It was recommended that students’ councils should be sufficiently prepared in their supervisory roles in school management to enhance discipline. The data was analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative methods. The study was significant to students; principals and education stakeholders. The researcher adhered to research ethical considerations.

In Kenya religious sponsors are empowered by the Education Act to participate in the management of public secondary schools. The purpose of the study was to examine sponsors role in managing students’ discipline in public secondary schools. Cross-sectional survey research design was adopted. The population consisted of 42 deputy principals (DPs), 42 Parents Association Chairpersons (PACs), 42 Principals, 2 Quality Assurance and Standard Officers (QASOs) and 5 Priests. Purposive sampling which involved 42 DPs, 42 PACs, 42 Principals, 2 QASOs and 5 Priests. Data collection instruments included: Questionnaires, interview schedules and document analysis guide. Data was analyzed by descriptive statistics as frequency counts, means and percentages, presented in tabular forms. Findings revealed that discipline challenges facing students was related to high level of poverty recorded at 58.1% by the DPs while PACs was recorded at 60%. It was recommended that high level of poverty which makes the parents not to provide the basic items and even failure to pay fees in time should be addressed. In conclusion, religious sponsors should actively be involved in the management of students’ discipline.

Total oxalate content of plant-based foods has a prominent impact on renal calculi formation in animals and man. The present study was aimed to estimate total oxalate in six selected whole dry seed samples namely Chick pea - Cicer arietinum (S1), Red cowpea – Vigna unguiculata (S2), Green pea – Pisum sativum (S3), Mung bean – Vigna radiata (S4), Almond- Prunus dulcis (S5) and Soybean – Glycine max (S6) and their seed coats used as protein rich foods at 0 hrs., 24 hrs. And 48 hrs. Post soaking in distilled water. Total oxalate (TO) levels were found to be decreased in all the sprouted whole seeds at 24 hrs. And 48 hrs. Than 0 hrs. Post soaking. Whole seeds of S2 contained maximum TO (400mg/100g sample) prior to sprouting which on soaking for 48 hrs. Reduced TO (122mg/100g). Maximum reduction in TO after 48 hrs. Was in S4 (292mg-25mg/100g). S1, S3, S5 and S6 exhibited lowering of TO by (243mg-80mg, 93mg-35mg, 343mg-133mg, 232mg-85mg per 100g sample) respectively. Sprouting induced more than 60% reduction of TO in whole seeds. Seed coat analysis of S4 (259mg-404mg/100g sample) and S5 (280mg-134mg/100g sample) projected an increase in TO post 24 hrs. Soaking, but further soaking till 48 hrs. Decreased the oxalate load to 261 mg and102 mg respectively. Seed coats of S1 and S3 shows lowering of TO from 30mg/100g sample and 33mg/100g sample to12mg/100g and 13 mg/100gsample. Sprouting, regulated oxalate levels in plant-based foods and exclusion of seed coats could reduce oxalate intake. Total Oxalate analysis of plant-based foods need to be addressed for safety of renal patients in choosing low oxalate diet.

Students’ councils leadership is a participatory form of governance, which exist worldwide and can improve discipline of learners. In Kenya, it was established in 2009 after the burning of caporal punishment, between the years 2015-2018, 21.2 % of secondary schools in Migori County went on strike, 11.7% in Homa Bay, 10.2 in Kisii and 5.7% in Narok despite government directive that these student councils to be involved in the management of schools among other policies to reduce the conflicts. This is therefore prompting a study in Migori County. The objective which guided the study was to analyze the influence of student councils’ involvement in the formulation of rules and regulations on discipline in secondary schools Migori County. The study used conceptual framework. The study used descriptive survey and ex-post facto research designs. Targeted population was 1140 respondents. Principals, Deputy Principals (DPs), heads of guidance and counseling (HGC) and Presidents of Student Councils (PSCs) and 8 Sub- County Education officers (SCDE). The researcher used purposive sampling to find 8 SCDEs and use 30 percent to get a sample of 85 Principals, DPs, HGC and PSCs from a population of 283 respectively. Data collection instruments will be questionnaires for principals, DPs and students. Interview schedules for HGC and SCDEs. Two experts from the department of Educational Administration at Maseno University will scrutinize the instruments to ensure their validity. Reliability of the instruments will be determined by employing Pearson’s product moment for the test-retest and reliability coefficient of 0.75 up to 0.99 was realized, hence the instruments were termed reliable. The study findings indicated that there was weak, positive correlation between the two variables [r =.428, n=63, p> 0.01], with high levels of Students’ councils formulation of rules and regulations connected with high levels of students discipline in secondary schools, and it was statistically significant as p-value (0.211) ˃ 0.01 level (2 tailed). The study concluded that students’ council should be more involved in the formulation of rules and regulations on their’ discipline. It was recommended that students’ councils should be sufficiently prepared in their involvement in formulation of school rules to enhance discipline. The data was analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative methods. The study was significant to students; principals and education stakeholders. The researcher adhered to research ethical considerations.

Introduction: The Unani system of medicine is an all-encompassing medical framework that intricately addresses the diverse conditions of well-being and illness. It offers supportive, precautionary, remedial, and restorative healthcare with a comprehensive perspective. (The literal meaning of Tashreeh is “to cut," “to dissect,” and “to open,” according to Arabic lughat.) The word Tashreeh used for anatomy as describing the human body, practicing the science of dissection, and the forensic sense of autopsy. The Nizam-e-Kabidi wa Safrawiyya (hepatobiliary system) consists of the Kabid (liver), Majra-e-Safrawiyya (bile ducts), and Marara (gallbladder). The liver is the largest and unique organ, considered a source of Hararat-e-Ghariziya (innate heat), and performs a wide range of metabolic activities required for homeostasis, nutrition, and immune defense. Objectives: To collect and compile the detailed understanding of Greek-o-Arab physicians in the field of Tashreeh of Nizam-e-kabidi wa safrawiyya (hepatobiliary system) and analyze the original literature by Greek-o-Arab scholars who published books on Tashreeh of Nizam-e-kabidi wa Safrawiyya (hepatobiliary system). Materials and Methods: This study involves the exploration and compilation of information sourced from traditional Unani texts such as Alqanoon fi’tib, Kamil-al-sana, Kitab-al-Mansoori, Kitab-al-Miat, and Kitab-al-kulliyat, as well as contemporary sources like journals, research papers, and modern books. Conclusion: This paper will provide the literature on Nizam-e-Kabidi wa safrawiyya (hepatobiliary system) given by Greek-o-Arab physicians, which can open many doors for reviewers as well as clinical researchers in the future.

The exploration of masculinity within African literature is rich, yet the application of Antonio Gramsci’s theory of cultural hegemony to scrutinize masculinity and power structures in African literature remains underexplored. Despite the pioneering efforts of scholars, such as Ayodabo and Amaefula, the potential of Gramsci’s theory to unveil the intricate layers of masculinities in African literature, particularly within post-colonial contexts, remains untapped. This research adopts a qualitative methodology, employing critical textual analysis to delve into the nuances of masculinity within Tayeb Salih’s Season of Migration to the North. Extending Ayodabo and Amaefula’s methodological approach, the study draws from Antonio Gramsci’s theory of cultural hegemony to uncover the dynamics of power and resistance within the novel, particularly in the portrayal of male characters and the societal norms that shape their identities. The text offers a profound exploration of colonial encounters and masculine hegemonies, revealing the complexities of power dynamics and struggles shaping the lives of its characters. Through the lenses of Mustafa Sa'eed, the unnamed narrator, and resistant women like Hosna Bint Mahmoud, the novel exposes the construction, maintenance, and contestation of dominant power structures. The portrayal of characters as "subaltern" and "traditional intellectuals" highlights the roles of educated elites in perpetuating or challenging hegemonic masculinity, while women’s resistance underscores the significance of gender and sexuality in this discourse. The study concludes that Season of Migration to the North offers a powerful critique of colonial encounters and masculine hegemonies. By situating the characters within the historical and cultural context of postcolonial Sudan, the novel underscores the ongoing legacy of colonialism and the need for social change. It also acknowledges the complexities and limitations of resistance, leaving space for further exploration of themes like intellectual agency, gender politics, and the ongoing struggles for liberation. This research contributes to the growing body of scholarship on masculinity in African literature and demonstrates the potential of Gramscian theory to illuminate the intricacies of power, identity, and resistance within this domain.

Sarcoidosis is an uncommon chronic multisystemic fibro-inflammatory disease of unknown aetiology, characterized histologically by the presence of non-caseating granuloma. We report the 15th case of isolated splenic sarcoidosis in a 71-year-old Nigerian female, which was discovered incidentally while being managed for acute intestinal obstruction due to volvulus. Abdominal ultrasound scan revealed a large multinodular spleen. Open splenectomy was performed and the diagnosis of splenic sarcoidosis was confirmed histologically. Her post-operative condition has been stable. Sarcoidosis should always be considered in isolated nodular splenomegaly with or without symptoms.

Spanish fashion brands seeking to enter or solidify their presence in the Moroccan affordable luxury and fast fashion market face a unique set of challenges. This study highlights the critical importance of understanding the intricacies of Morocco's affordable luxury sector, including commercial and ethical considerations. Overlooking these differences can lead to strategic missteps. This article offers practical guidance for navigating the Moroccan market. Through a survey of potential Gen Z Moroccan clientele in Tangier and Gen Z Spanish clientele in Barcelona, the research explores brand perceptions and categorizes 10 Spanish brands along a spectrum ranging from ultra-fast fashion to luxury brands. Additionally, the survey analyzes how ethical values impact the Moroccan participants' purchasing decisions. Furthermore, the article emphasizes the importance of continuous adaptation for successful market penetration. This research provides valuable insights for Spanish fashion companies aiming to cultivate strong business relationships with Moroccan affordable luxury consumers.