Increase in private and commercial car ownership in Cameroon like in most developing countries of the world have not kept pace with road infrastructural development. As a consequence, traffic disorder, congestion, late arrival at job sites and increasing number of accidents are some of the social costs road users have to pay. It is against this background that this study sets out to investigate traffic and mobility challenges in Mamfe municipality. This study made use of secondary and primary data sources. The secondary data were gleaned from published and unpublished documents. Primary data were sourced using a convenient sampling technique where 136 questionnaires were administered to 8 sampled communities in Mamfe municipality. Supplementary data were obtained via field observations, interviews and collection of way points using a GPS. After processing and presenting the data, results revealed that key causes of mobility challenges in Mamfe were; traffic jam (25%) inaccessibility to neighbourhoods (19.8%) and insecurity (15.2%). Also, consequences of mobility challenges, were noted to be; drop in transporters incomes (31%) resulting from traffic jam and increase fuel prices, late arrival at work (27%) and a slow turn-over of economic activities (trade and commerce) representing 33% of respondents scores. More so, traffic jam was notice to be very high in the rush hours of the morning between 7:20am to 10:05am. In the evening rush hours between 3:00pm to 9:00pm. Strategies to reduce mobility challenges were basically infrastructural-base (increase road sizes, construct more roads and rehabilitation of dilapidated ones, and a proper road designation). This study recommends private sector participation in the development, provision, maintenance, public-private partnership and modernisation of transport infrastructure and services. These are all lacking in the study area which if effectively implemented will boost urban mobility in the town of Buea and beyond.

Agroforestry, the integration of trees with agricultural or livestock systems, holds significant promise for sustainable land management and addressing various environmental challenges. This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted benefits and challenges associated with agroforestry systems, focusing on their interactions with agronomy crops. We delve into the ecological, socio-economic, and climate-related dimensions of agroforestry, highlighting its potential to enhance productivity, conserve resources, and mitigate climate change impacts. The review begins by examining the historical context and conceptual foundations of agroforestry, elucidating its diverse array of products and services. Through case studies and empirical research, we explore the ecological benefits of integrating trees with crop production, emphasizing improvements in soil fertility, water quality, and biodiversity conservation. Furthermore, we discuss the role of agroforestry in climate change adaptation and mitigation, including its capacity for carbon sequestration, soil restoration, and resilience-building in the face of extreme weather events. A critical analysis of agroforestry's implications for agronomy crops reveals both opportunities and challenges. While agroforestry systems have shown potential to enhance crop yields, improve soil health, and diversify income sources, they also present complexities related to competition for resources and management practices. Insights from studies conducted in various agro-ecological contexts provide valuable guidance for optimizing the design and implementation of agroforestry systems to maximize their benefits for agronomy crops. This review underscores the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and knowledge exchange in advancing agroforestry research and practice. By integrating principles from agronomy, ecology, economics, and forestry, we can develop innovative strategies to harness the full potential of agroforestry for sustainable agriculture and environmental conservation.

Background: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a psychological illness characterized by excessive worry and physical symptoms such as sweating and fast heartbeat. Understanding the prevalence of GAD among university students is crucial for addressing mental health challenges in this population. Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder among university students in Saudi Arabia and also to assess levels of depression and stress among them. Methods: A systematic review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted. A comprehensive search was performed in major databases using specific keywords related to anxiety, students, and Saudi Arabia. Studies conducted between 2020-2024, in English, and with free accessible articles were included. Data extraction and synthesis were carried out to analyze relevant findings. Results: The systematic search yielded 41 study papers, with 8 meeting eligibility criteria. Various studies reported high levels of anxiety, depression, and stress among university students in Saudi Arabia, with female students showing higher prevalence rates. Factors such as age, gender, and academic performance were associated with increased anxiety and depressive symptoms. Conclusion: The study revealed a high prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder, depression, and stress among university students in Saudi Arabia, emphasizing the need for interventions and support systems. Early detection and management of anxiety disorders are essential for mitigating the economic and social burden associated with these conditions, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Addressing mental health challenges among university students is crucial for promoting overall well-being and academic success.

Introduction: Newborns are less efficient in regulating their body temperature due to poor their heat-regulating mechanisms. Thermal stability of the neonate is crucial, and awareness of the significance of a warm environment has resulted in better care of the neonate. Objective: The study aimed to determine the efficacy of a structured teaching programme regarding the prevention of neonatal hypothermia among nurses. Material and Methods: A pre-experimental, (one-group pre-test and post-test) research design was conducted in the Government Multispeciality Hospital, Chandigarh, India. Sixty nurses were chosen through the non-probability purposive sampling technique. The instrument employed for the study includes demographic variables and a self-structured knowledge questionnaire. Results: The pre-test degree of knowledge regarding the prevention of neonatal hypothermia among 60 nurses shows that 58.3% had fair knowledge and 41.7% had good knowledge. The post-test knowledge scores showed that out % of 60 nurses, 75% possessed very good knowledge, while 25% had good knowledge. The comparison of both tests' knowledge scores using the Wilcoxon rank test resulted in a p-value = <0.001, which indicates that the result is highly significant. Furthermore, the chi-square test was applied to find out whether or not there was a statistical association between the knowledge scores and their demographic variables. It was determined that the p-value for both the knowledge scores was found to be greater than 0.05 which is insignificant. Hence, there is no association found between both sets of knowledge scores with their demographic variables. Conclusion: The structured teaching programme culminated in enhancing knowledge among nurses regarding preventing neonatal hypothermia.

Repeat caesarean sections increase the possibility of maternal morbidity. Worldwide, the need for a trial of labor after caesarean delivery is gaining more ground in selected cases. Here, we report a case of an unbooked 37-year-old multigravida, with a history of five (5) previous lower-segment caesarean sections who presented in spontaneous labor. A live male baby of 2900 grams was delivered following episiotomy. Post-partum, she was observed with normal findings and a serial follow-up ultrasound scan showed normal uterine contours and surrounding structures. As the evidence for the practice of vaginal delivery in women who underwent 2 or more previous LSCS are still fewer, this report intends to highlight the possibility of successful vaginal birth after multiple caesarean sections putting into consideration the optimal care of the parturient. The term ''V-back" was coined from the Roman numeral 'v' meaning five (5), the case here has had five (5) previous lower segment cesarean sections come "back" for spontaneous vaginal delivery.

Rice, as a staple food for more than half of the world's population, plays a crucial role in global food security. However, weed competition poses a significant challenge to rice cultivation, affecting yield and quality. To address this challenge, rice farmers have increasingly turned to chemical herbicides as a cost-effective alternative to labor-intensive manual weeding. This review paper explores the current practices and future directions in herbicide strategies for weed control in rice cultivation, with a specific focus on diverse approaches adopted in various agro-ecological regions, particularly in Pakistan. The paper begins by highlighting the importance of rice cultivation in global agriculture and the economic significance of the crop, emphasizing the need for effective weed management to ensure sustainable production. It discusses the impact of labor shortages and rising labor costs on weed control practices, driving the adoption of chemical herbicides, especially in direct-seeded rice cultivation. Additionally, the review underscores the importance of integrated weed management systems, which combine cultural practices, targeted herbicide applications, and legislative measures to optimize crop productivity while minimizing environmental impact. Furthermore, the paper evaluates the efficacy of different herbicides and their timing of application in managing weeds and maximizing rice yield. It synthesizes findings from recent studies to provide insights into the effectiveness of pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicides, as well as their impact on weed-crop competition and overall crop health. By analyzing the strengths and limitations of existing herbicide strategies, the review identifies opportunities for innovation and improvement in weed management practices. Overall, this review paper offers a comprehensive overview of herbicide strategies for weed control in rice cultivation, highlighting the need for sustainable and integrated approaches to address weed challenges while ensuring food security and environmental sustainability in rice-producing regions.

Primary factors considered that influence inflation movement can experience significant changes due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This research focuses on examining macroeconomic factors which influence the inflation rate in Saudi Arabia which is critical for development and adjusting a suitable policy response. Saudi Arabia’s changing inflation trends are also affected by its internal and external factors including domestic demands, net spending of Government, and liquidity along with exchange rate movements and imported inflation. This research paper focuses on providing insights regarding previous studies conducted on this topic by adopting different approaches. The approach utilized in this study reflects mainly non-oil revenues like value-added tax along with levies related to expatriates on inflation. ARDL (Autoregressive Distribution Lag Model) has been applied instead of the Vector Error Correction model considering its robustness for 40 quarter sample sized integrated in this study. From the results, it has been confirmed that the inflation Movement in Saudi Arabia is more inclined to external factors than domestic factors.

The opioid crisis in Southwest Nigeria has significantly increased, with socioeconomic factors such as lack of healthcare access, unemployment, and poverty exacerbating the problem. The review explores the interactions between biological variables, cutting-edge technologies, financial constraints, and environmental factors that contribute to drug abuse and substance use disorders. It also analyzes the major classes of opioids and distinguishes between medicinal and non-medical uses. The epidemic has negative impacts on personal well-being, healthcare infrastructure, and societal cohesion. The research suggests a multifaceted strategy, including interventions and policy implications. It suggests reducing poverty as a first step in treating the underlying causes, increasing access to mental health services, early detection and intervention programs, and public awareness initiatives to prevent disease. Medication-assisted treatment (MAT) is also emphasized as a recovery strategy. The evaluation advocates for policy changes, tighter guidelines for opioid prescriptions, and public awareness initiatives to inform people about opiate abuse risks and encourage cautious use.

Background: Lower back pain (LBP) is the most frequent medical condition requiring rehabilitation in most countries, and it is also the most common medical issue among individuals with disabilities. Numerous illnesses, such as nephrolithiasis, endometriosis, tumors, fibromyalgia, and psychological disorders, can induce back pain that is not related to the spine. Objective: To determine the disability prevalence among patients with chronic non-specific low back pain Materials and Methods: The cross sectional observational study was conducted in the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Dhaka Medical College & Hospital, Dhaka. Total 103 cases diagnosed individuals with chronic non-specific low back pain after fulfilling enrollment criteria was enrolled in this study. Question about sex life (ODI-8) was asked at the end of the interview. Disability refers to impairment, activity limitation and participation restrictions that may occur with a health condition. Low back pain was defined as pain and discomfort, localized below the costal margin and above the inferior gluteal folds with or without referred leg pain. Statistical analyses were carried out by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). Results: Prevalence of the disability more than half (52.4%) of the patients had severe disability, 27(26.2%) had moderate, 14(13.6%) had crippled and 8(7.8%) had minimal disability. Conclusion: The prevalence of severe disability in Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain was 52.4%. The duration and severity of pain are significantly correlated with impairment.

Dental anxiety is a common problem, affecting up to 58% of people. It can range from mild discomfort to severe phobia, which can make it difficult or impossible to get necessary dental care [1]. Anxious, fearful, or uncooperative behavior in children can make it difficult for dentists to provide them with the care they need. This can lead to missed appointments, delayed treatment, and even dental neglect [2]. Hypnosis is a non- pharmaceutical treatment that can be effective in reducing dental anxiety. It works by helping people to relax and focus their attention, which can reduce the perception of pain and anxiety [1].

Introduction: Spinal epidermoid accounts for < 1% of all primary cord tumor. This rare benign lesion may be congenital or acquired. Invagination of epidermal elements into the neural tube during embryonic period leads to the development of epidermoid cyst. Case Presentation: A 2 year old girl presented with a spontaneous intergluteal swelling with dermal sinus and lower limbs weakness. The lumber MR demonstrated an intradural lesion from L3 to L5 levels that compressed cauda equine or nerve roots. MR findings were compatible with an epidermoid cyst with dermal sinus without any coexistent spinal dysraphism. The patient underwent microsurgical laminectomy from L3 to L5, tumor was resected and sent for histopathological examination. A pearly white tumor was found and histopathology revealed an epidermoid tumor. Post-operative Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) finding was total removal. Conclusion: Diagnosis of spinal epidermoid cyst is often delayed due to its obscure presentation. Here, we presented spinal lumber intradural epidermoid cyst with dermal sinus which was treated successfully with microsurgical total resection with preservation of spinal stability and neurological function. Post-operative follow up with MRI is helpful.

Infections due to antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms have become widespread in recent years. Thus, searching for novel antimicrobial agents to combat such pathogens has become crucial. The current study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial, antiplasmodial, and immunomodulatory activities of the extracts of endophytic fungi isolated from Psidium guajava. Isolation, identification, fermentation, and extraction of the secondary metabolites of the fungal endophytes were carried out following standard procedures. The extracts were subjected to High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector (HPLC-DAD) analysis to detect their bioactive components. The Antimicrobial activity and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of the fungal extracts were evaluated against pure cultures of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, and Klebsiella pneumonia using Agar well diffusion and Agar dilution method respectively. The acute toxicity study (LD50) was carried out using Lorke’s method. The extracts were tested in vivo in mice for antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium berghei and in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum using Peter and Reyley's curative test method and WHO standardized micro-test system with modification respectively. The immunomodulatory activity of the extracts was evaluated by cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression (hematological parameters). Active extracts were further subjected to Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Response (DTHR) and Haemagglutination Inhibition Assay using Sheep Red Blood Cells as antigens. The result showed Alternaria sp. (PGL1, PGL2, PGL3), from P. guajava. The HPLC-DAD analysis revealed the presence of bioactive compounds previously reported to have antimicrobial, antiplasmodial, and immunomodulatory properties. The fungal extracts exhibited varying degrees of antimicrobial activity. The LD50 of the fungi extracts was>5000 mg/kg in mice. The extracts at 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight in mice showed varying degrees of antiplasmodial activity. Growth of P. berghei was significantly (p<0.001) inhibited, curative effect ranges from 59.09 – 100%. Schizont maturation of P. falciparum isolates was inhibited and the highest level of inhibition was observed at 1 mg/ml (p<0.05). The fungal extracts reversed the effect of cyclophosphamide-induced reduction in total white blood cell counts and % neutrophil. This study showed that the tested plant harbors species of endophytic fungi that contain numerous secondary metabolites. The endophytic fungi showed prophylactic, immunostimulatory, and antiplasmodial activities, which can be exploited to develop antimicrobial, antiplasmodial, and immunomodulatory agents.

Background: Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as high blood pressure or arterial hypertension, is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is elevated. Blood pressure is expressed by two measurements, the systolic and diastolic pressures. Purpose/Aim: To investigate the usefulness of C-reactive protein and ESR as biomarkers for the diagnosis of hypertension among hypertensive patients attending gwakor primary health centre. Methods: The study investigated the levels of ESR and CRP among hypertensive subjects. Qualitative and semi quantitative C-reactive protein was carried out on serum and ESR was also done using whole blood. Result: Of the 200 subjects recruited for the study the age distribution of C-reactive protein seropositivity among the study subjects shown that the age between 21-30 had a seropositivity 1(5.6%) with a total Number of 18 within the group, and the age group between 31-40 shown a seropositivity of 5(9.8%) with total number tested within the age group 51, also the age range between 41-50 shown a seropositivity of 6(24.0%) with total number tested to be 25, and the age range between 51-60 had no seropositivity with total number tested were 4, while >60yrs showed 2(100.0%) with total number tested were 2. the highest number of seropositivity observed was in the age range of >60yrs and above, followed by 41-50 with 24%. The highest value observed among the age group of >60yrs was not surprised because this age group are prone to degenerative diseases because of age related conditions as individual aged as shown in table 4.1. The difference observed among the age distribution of CRP seropositivity among the study subjects showed a significance difference which was statistically significant. The sex distribution among the study subject showed that men had seropositivity of 10(19.6%) with a total number of 51 tested, while female showed 4(8.2%) with total number of 49 tested. Conclusion: The findings in this study confirmed that CRP and ESR are good inflammatory markers in the management of hypertensive patients, also CRP is a more sensitive and specific marker compared to ESR, and it also reveal that as individual is aging the risk of developing hypertension is high because elderly people are more expose compared to younger persons.

This research aims to examine the influence of local revenue and general allocation funds on the human development index. This research uses a quantitative approach with a simple regression analysis method. This research uses samples in the form of districts/cities in East Java Province. The type of data used in this research is secondary data. The secondary data used comes from the Directorate General of Financial Balance and the Central Statistics Agency. The period of this research is 2019 to 2021. The results of this research show that there is an influence between local original income and general allocation funds on the human development index.

Background: Low back pain (LBP) is recognized as a major public health problem around the world and is one of the most frequently discussed health conditions among medical professionals, particularly in the field of nursing. In addition to the nature of nursing work, body mechanics and life style factors, nurses’ socio-demographic characteristics plays a significant role in the causation of this condition. As a result, the purpose of this study was to investigate the socio-demographic characteristics of nurses so that policymakers and healthcare practitioners could gain a better understanding into the mitigation of LBP among nurses. Methodology: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 80 nurses working at Mugda Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Face to face interview was conducted through a self-administered questionnaire which had three parts relatable to socio-demographic profile, screening of musculoskeletal problems and pain intensity. Both descriptive and inferential statistics was applied through SPSS to measure the socio-demographic characteristics of nurses and other major variables. Results: Results showed that the mean age and BMI was 37.53 years and 26.77, respectively. Further, 1.68 person, 82754.72 Bangladeshi taka and 16.17 years were found as the mean number of children, family monthly income and working experiences of nurses, respectively. BMI, marital status, number of children and working experiences were found to be significantly (p<.05) associated with the low back pain. Conclusion: Regardless of socioeconomic status, all nurses experience some level of low back pain. However, BMI, marital status, job years, and the number of children all have an impact on the development of low back pain in nurses.