Total oxalate content of plant-based foods has a prominent impact on renal calculi formation in animals and man. The present study was aimed to estimate total oxalate in six selected whole dry seed samples namely Chick pea - Cicer arietinum (S1), Red cowpea – Vigna unguiculata (S2), Green pea – Pisum sativum (S3), Mung bean – Vigna radiata (S4), Almond- Prunus dulcis (S5) and Soybean – Glycine max (S6) and their seed coats used as protein rich foods at 0 hrs., 24 hrs. And 48 hrs. Post soaking in distilled water. Total oxalate (TO) levels were found to be decreased in all the sprouted whole seeds at 24 hrs. And 48 hrs. Than 0 hrs. Post soaking. Whole seeds of S2 contained maximum TO (400mg/100g sample) prior to sprouting which on soaking for 48 hrs. Reduced TO (122mg/100g). Maximum reduction in TO after 48 hrs. Was in S4 (292mg-25mg/100g). S1, S3, S5 and S6 exhibited lowering of TO by (243mg-80mg, 93mg-35mg, 343mg-133mg, 232mg-85mg per 100g sample) respectively. Sprouting induced more than 60% reduction of TO in whole seeds. Seed coat analysis of S4 (259mg-404mg/100g sample) and S5 (280mg-134mg/100g sample) projected an increase in TO post 24 hrs. Soaking, but further soaking till 48 hrs. Decreased the oxalate load to 261 mg and102 mg respectively. Seed coats of S1 and S3 shows lowering of TO from 30mg/100g sample and 33mg/100g sample to12mg/100g and 13 mg/100gsample. Sprouting, regulated oxalate levels in plant-based foods and exclusion of seed coats could reduce oxalate intake. Total Oxalate analysis of plant-based foods need to be addressed for safety of renal patients in choosing low oxalate diet.

Students’ councils leadership is a participatory form of governance, which exist worldwide and can improve discipline of learners. In Kenya, it was established in 2009 after the burning of caporal punishment, between the years 2015-2018, 21.2 % of secondary schools in Migori County went on strike, 11.7% in Homa Bay, 10.2 in Kisii and 5.7% in Narok despite government directive that these student councils to be involved in the management of schools among other policies to reduce the conflicts. This is therefore prompting a study in Migori County. The objective which guided the study was to analyze the influence of student councils’ involvement in the formulation of rules and regulations on discipline in secondary schools Migori County. The study used conceptual framework. The study used descriptive survey and ex-post facto research designs. Targeted population was 1140 respondents. Principals, Deputy Principals (DPs), heads of guidance and counseling (HGC) and Presidents of Student Councils (PSCs) and 8 Sub- County Education officers (SCDE). The researcher used purposive sampling to find 8 SCDEs and use 30 percent to get a sample of 85 Principals, DPs, HGC and PSCs from a population of 283 respectively. Data collection instruments will be questionnaires for principals, DPs and students. Interview schedules for HGC and SCDEs. Two experts from the department of Educational Administration at Maseno University will scrutinize the instruments to ensure their validity. Reliability of the instruments will be determined by employing Pearson’s product moment for the test-retest and reliability coefficient of 0.75 up to 0.99 was realized, hence the instruments were termed reliable. The study findings indicated that there was weak, positive correlation between the two variables [r =.428, n=63, p> 0.01], with high levels of Students’ councils formulation of rules and regulations connected with high levels of students discipline in secondary schools, and it was statistically significant as p-value (0.211) ˃ 0.01 level (2 tailed). The study concluded that students’ council should be more involved in the formulation of rules and regulations on their’ discipline. It was recommended that students’ councils should be sufficiently prepared in their involvement in formulation of school rules to enhance discipline. The data was analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative methods. The study was significant to students; principals and education stakeholders. The researcher adhered to research ethical considerations.

In Kenya religious sponsors are empowered by the Education Act to participate in the management of public secondary schools. The purpose of the study was to examine sponsors role in managing students’ discipline in public secondary schools. Cross-sectional survey research design was adopted. The population consisted of 42 deputy principals (DPs), 42 Parents Association Chairpersons (PACs), 42 Principals, 2 Quality Assurance and Standard Officers (QASOs) and 5 Priests. Purposive sampling which involved 42 DPs, 42 PACs, 42 Principals, 2 QASOs and 5 Priests. Data collection instruments included: Questionnaires, interview schedules and document analysis guide. Data was analyzed by descriptive statistics as frequency counts, means and percentages, presented in tabular forms. Findings revealed that discipline challenges facing students was related to high level of poverty recorded at 58.1% by the DPs while PACs was recorded at 60%. It was recommended that high level of poverty which makes the parents not to provide the basic items and even failure to pay fees in time should be addressed. In conclusion, religious sponsors should actively be involved in the management of students’ discipline.

Background: Head and neck cancer is prevalent in Bangladesh, with a majority of patients presenting with locally advanced, inoperable disease. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness and accessibility of concurrent and sequential (CCRT with RT) chemoradiotherapy in treating this condition, addressing a debate among oncologists. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental study at Rajshahi Medical College Hospital (June 2019 - May 2020) involved 60 inoperable head and neck cancer patients, comparing concurrent chemoradiotherapy with Cisplatin and sequential chemoradiotherapy with Paclitaxel and Cisplatin, monitoring treatment response and toxicities. Results: The mean age was 56.1 (±9.5) years in Arm-A and 56.9 (±9.4) years in Arm-B. The primary endpoint was loco-regional control and early toxicities. In the final response, 14 weeks after the completion of treatment, the overall loco-regional control rate was 86.67% and 76.67% in Arm-A and Arm-B, respectively. Severe toxicities include grade 3 reaction only and happened 18(58%) vs 13(42%) in Arm-A and Arm-B, respectively. Among severe toxicities, mucositis and skin reaction were higher in the concurrent Arm and anemia and neutropenia were higher in the sequential Arm. However, there was no actual difference in the two treatment modalities (p=>0.05). The overall treatment time was short in concurrent chemoradiotherapy (49 vs 133 days) and lower treatment cost as well, which was statistically significant (p=<0.0001). Conclusion: concurrent chemoradiotherapy proves cost-effective and accessible, demonstrating outcomes similar to sequential chemoradiotherapy. It stands as a viable treatment choice for locally advanced, inoperable head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Sarcoidosis is an uncommon chronic multisystemic fibro-inflammatory disease of unknown aetiology, characterized histologically by the presence of non-caseating granuloma. We report the 15th case of isolated splenic sarcoidosis in a 71-year-old Nigerian female, which was discovered incidentally while being managed for acute intestinal obstruction due to volvulus. Abdominal ultrasound scan revealed a large multinodular spleen. Open splenectomy was performed and the diagnosis of splenic sarcoidosis was confirmed histologically. Her post-operative condition has been stable. Sarcoidosis should always be considered in isolated nodular splenomegaly with or without symptoms.

The exploration of masculinity within African literature is rich, yet the application of Antonio Gramsci’s theory of cultural hegemony to scrutinize masculinity and power structures in African literature remains underexplored. Despite the pioneering efforts of scholars, such as Ayodabo and Amaefula, the potential of Gramsci’s theory to unveil the intricate layers of masculinities in African literature, particularly within post-colonial contexts, remains untapped. This research adopts a qualitative methodology, employing critical textual analysis to delve into the nuances of masculinity within Tayeb Salih’s Season of Migration to the North. Extending Ayodabo and Amaefula’s methodological approach, the study draws from Antonio Gramsci’s theory of cultural hegemony to uncover the dynamics of power and resistance within the novel, particularly in the portrayal of male characters and the societal norms that shape their identities. The text offers a profound exploration of colonial encounters and masculine hegemonies, revealing the complexities of power dynamics and struggles shaping the lives of its characters. Through the lenses of Mustafa Sa'eed, the unnamed narrator, and resistant women like Hosna Bint Mahmoud, the novel exposes the construction, maintenance, and contestation of dominant power structures. The portrayal of characters as "subaltern" and "traditional intellectuals" highlights the roles of educated elites in perpetuating or challenging hegemonic masculinity, while women’s resistance underscores the significance of gender and sexuality in this discourse. The study concludes that Season of Migration to the North offers a powerful critique of colonial encounters and masculine hegemonies. By situating the characters within the historical and cultural context of postcolonial Sudan, the novel underscores the ongoing legacy of colonialism and the need for social change. It also acknowledges the complexities and limitations of resistance, leaving space for further exploration of themes like intellectual agency, gender politics, and the ongoing struggles for liberation. This research contributes to the growing body of scholarship on masculinity in African literature and demonstrates the potential of Gramscian theory to illuminate the intricacies of power, identity, and resistance within this domain.

Introduction: The Unani system of medicine is an all-encompassing medical framework that intricately addresses the diverse conditions of well-being and illness. It offers supportive, precautionary, remedial, and restorative healthcare with a comprehensive perspective. (The literal meaning of Tashreeh is “to cut," “to dissect,” and “to open,” according to Arabic lughat.) The word Tashreeh used for anatomy as describing the human body, practicing the science of dissection, and the forensic sense of autopsy. The Nizam-e-Kabidi wa Safrawiyya (hepatobiliary system) consists of the Kabid (liver), Majra-e-Safrawiyya (bile ducts), and Marara (gallbladder). The liver is the largest and unique organ, considered a source of Hararat-e-Ghariziya (innate heat), and performs a wide range of metabolic activities required for homeostasis, nutrition, and immune defense. Objectives: To collect and compile the detailed understanding of Greek-o-Arab physicians in the field of Tashreeh of Nizam-e-kabidi wa safrawiyya (hepatobiliary system) and analyze the original literature by Greek-o-Arab scholars who published books on Tashreeh of Nizam-e-kabidi wa Safrawiyya (hepatobiliary system). Materials and Methods: This study involves the exploration and compilation of information sourced from traditional Unani texts such as Alqanoon fi’tib, Kamil-al-sana, Kitab-al-Mansoori, Kitab-al-Miat, and Kitab-al-kulliyat, as well as contemporary sources like journals, research papers, and modern books. Conclusion: This paper will provide the literature on Nizam-e-Kabidi wa safrawiyya (hepatobiliary system) given by Greek-o-Arab physicians, which can open many doors for reviewers as well as clinical researchers in the future.

Spanish fashion brands seeking to enter or solidify their presence in the Moroccan affordable luxury and fast fashion market face a unique set of challenges. This study highlights the critical importance of understanding the intricacies of Morocco's affordable luxury sector, including commercial and ethical considerations. Overlooking these differences can lead to strategic missteps. This article offers practical guidance for navigating the Moroccan market. Through a survey of potential Gen Z Moroccan clientele in Tangier and Gen Z Spanish clientele in Barcelona, the research explores brand perceptions and categorizes 10 Spanish brands along a spectrum ranging from ultra-fast fashion to luxury brands. Additionally, the survey analyzes how ethical values impact the Moroccan participants' purchasing decisions. Furthermore, the article emphasizes the importance of continuous adaptation for successful market penetration. This research provides valuable insights for Spanish fashion companies aiming to cultivate strong business relationships with Moroccan affordable luxury consumers.

Indonesia finally has its own Criminal Code; the country no longer uses the criminal code inherited from Dutch East Indies colonialism. Nonetheless, the New Criminal Code is effective three years after its launch, which is in 2026. By reviewing literature, this article explores the New Criminal Code and its link to relations to terrorism and terrorism financing laws. This article aims to understand how far terrorism is addressed in the Indonesian New Criminal Code. This article may help counter-terrorism practitioners, academics, and policymakers to employ legal instruments as much as possible to prevent terrorism. Regarding the preparation of terrorism, the New Criminal Code outwardly revises what is already listed in the Law no. 5/2018 where anyone who prepares acts of terrorism whether intentionally or unintentionally is eligible for criminalization. There have been several criticisms of the New Criminal Code, such as its overlapping with other laws, the contradiction of regulations stated in the New Criminal Code, and its low support on restorative justice for children affiliated with terrorist organizations.

The regulation of index based agricultural insurance for small holder farmers in Cameroon are as a result of the risk they are exposed to like weather variability and related risks associated with their activities especially droughts, floods, pests and input costs and more importantly the limits of indemnity based agricultural insurance. Like any other poor and low income farmers with small land holdings their risk exposures can only be managed through good laws especially with the use of index insurance as a risk management tool. This article examines the CIMA Code as a regulatory instrument for agricultural insurance as far as small holder farmers are concerned. Book VII of the CIMA Code introduced microisurance in 2012 as a panacea to indemnity insurance which enabled the codification and development of index insurance by member states. The implementation of Index-based agricultural insurance faces considerable challenges that must be overcome to effectively service farmers in remote areas in a country like Cameroon. These challenges includes amongst others: regulatory insufficiency, limited historical rainfall and crop yield data, information on livestock mortality and limited infrastructures just to mention a few. It is recommended inter-alia that these aforementioned could be addressed through codification, infrastructural developments, inclusion of non-farming activities like banking and micro finance institutions amongst others.

Introduction: Orthodontic management of patients with cleft lip and palate is a tedious process requiring meticulous treatment planning. However, in patients with a fairly good facial profile, non-surgical management using orthodontic treatment alone can produce astounding results in correction of malocclusion and to achieve a pleasing smile. A properly executed orthodontic treatment enhances not only the smile, but also the masticatory efficiency, speech and overall quality of life of the patients with cleft lip and palate. Methods: This case series describes orthodontic management of three patients with cleft lip and palate who have been treated by distinct treatment modalities. Results: An outline of the different orthodontic treatments along with possible interdisciplinary management has been explained in this case series. Conclusion: We therefore understand that in patients with cleft lip and palate who have a reasonably good facial profile, complete orthodontic therapy with individualized treatment plan is vital to provide good physiological, functional and aesthetic outcomes.

Breast cancers constitutes a significant health problem globally, and the pursuit of powerful early detection techniques remains paramount. This study investigates the potential for early prediction of breast cancer among younger females inside the Najran place of Southern Saudi Arabia through the use of genetic screening profiles. The study aims to elucidate genetic markers related to breast cancer susceptibility in this precise demographic, imparting insights into the disorder's early detection and potential preventive measures. A complete literature assessment establishes the modern-day know-how of breast cancer etiology, genetic factors, and screening techniques, highlighting gaps in know-how concerning the genetic profile of young females in Najran. Methodologically, a cohort of younger females will go through genetic screening protocols, coupled with designated clinical checks, enabling the identity and analysis of genetic markers related to breast cancer predisposition. Statistical evaluation may be hired to correlate recognized genetic variants with the threat of growing breast cancer, bearing in mind the construction of predictive fashions. Findings from this research keep massive promise in advancing personalized medicinal drugs and informing focused screening packages, thereby contributing to the early detection and prevention techniques precise to the young girl population within the Najran place of Southern Saudi Arabia.

Background: A method of generating new bone following a corticotomy or an osteotomy and gradual distraction based on the tension-stress principle proposed by Ilizarov is called distraction osteogenesis. DO works in following phases: Osteotomy or surgical phase - Latency period - Distraction phase - Consolidation phase - Appliance removal - Remodeling period. Case report: A 21 years old female patient reported to the department of orthodontic with the chief complaint of forwardly placed upper front teeth. Her past medical, dental, post natal and family history did not show any relevant reporting. Material and method: The osteotomy was prepared by extending the line from medial aspect of posterior border of ramus till the buccal cortical plate between first and second molar and the intraoral bidirectional distractors (figure 3) were secured in place and the distraction was done twice a day at a rate of 1mm/day. The distraction was initiated five days after the surgery and then continued till 11 days. Conclusion: DO can effectively treat facial ............

Menstrual pain is universal problem in woman Reducing or cutting should welme device can help alleviate cramps and decrease tension. pain-relief device effectively intercepts pain signals by stimulating nerves, all without any unwanted side effects. By encouraging the release of endorphins, the body's natural pain-relievers, Welme not only alleviates period discomfort but also uplifts the overall mood.

Grey cast iron (GCI) is characterized by brittleness, making it unsuitable for use in applications requiring high impact loading. Hence, efforts were made in this study to produce GCI with improved mechanical properties by addition of copper. Four samples were produced, the first sample was not alloyed (control), and the second, third and fourth were alloyed with 1.4wt.%Cu, 1.8wt.%Cu and 2.2wt.%Cu respectively. The samples were characterized using scanning electron microscope with EDS, and tested in tensile, hardness and impact. From the results, silicon contents of the alloyed samples are high relative to the control sample. The control and 2.2wt.%Cu alloyed samples are hypereutectic with carbon equivalent values (CEVs) of 4.391% and 4.200% respectively, while the 1.4wt.%Cu and 1.8wt.%Cu alloyed samples are hypoeutectic with CEVs of 3.940% and 3.600% respectively. The control sample is characterized by long graphite flakes, which are uniformly distributed within ferritic - pearlitic matrix. Graphite flakes of the 1.4 wt.% Cu and 1.8 wt.% Cu alloyed samples are uniformly distributed within pearlitic - ferritic matrix, while graphite flakes of the 2.2wt.%Cu alloyed sample are uniformly distributed within ferritic-pearlitic. Average graphite flake length of the control sample is high as compared to the copper alloyed samples, while graphite flake count of the control sample is low relative to the copper alloyed samples. Tensile strength characteristics of the copper alloyed samples are superior to the control sample. Optimum tensile strength characteristics (165.9 Nm2) was obtained at 1.4wt.%Cu. Ductile characteristic of the of control the sample is superior to ductile characteristics of the copper alloyed samples. Optimum ductility characteristic (3.82%) was obtained at 2.2 wt. %Cu. Hardness characteristics of the copper alloyed samples are superior to hardness characteristic of the control sample. Optimum hardness characteristics (61 HRB) was obtained at 1.4wt.%Cu. Impact strength characteristic of the control sample is low relative to impact strength characteristics of the copper alloyed samples. Optimum impact strength characteristics (78.93 KJ/m2) was obtained at 2.2wt.%Cu.