Because of its ability to speed up the reaction, the catalyst is critical to its success. Most catalysts are either homogeneous or heterogeneous. It has been shown that utilizing a heterogeneous catalyst, which is easier to remove from the product after the reaction has been finished. Because of the large surface area of the Nano-catalyst results in high catalytic efficiency. To enhance the performance of catalysts a range of various types of support materials have been used. SO42--ZnO and So42-/TiO active acid catalyst was prepared and characterized. ZnO nanoparticles catalyst synthesized by precipitation of zinc nitrate for comparison with supported catalyst. Sulphated zinc oxide (SO42--ZnO) and sulphated titania (SO42-/TiO) catalysts were synthesized using impregnation methods, to test their efficacy in biodiesel production. Various waste oils from different wastes such as mutton or beef tallow, chicken fat, and methanol are preferred to use during the esterification of waste animal fat oils using solid acid catalysts to produce biodiesel. Biodiesel synthesis generates a substantial amount of glycerol as a byproduct. Effect of optimum parameters such as temperature 60 degree centigrade (°C) shown 90% yield, time 1 hour resulted in 85% yield, catalyst dose 2wt% resulted in 80% yield, stirring speed 250rpm resulted in 80% yield, methanol to oil ratio12:1 resulted as 85.5% yield for transesterification of waste fat oil. It is valuable that the supported acid catalysts showed more yield than simply synthesized ZnO nanocatalyst similarly sulphated zinc oxide showed more FAME yield than sulphated titania.

Introduction: Vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) are the most common complication of osteoporosis where Percutaneous vertebroplasty is thought to immediately improve the pain and disability status via stabilization and reinforcement of the fractured body with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) injection. Purpose: To evaluate the clinical and radiological outcome of Percutaneous vertebroplasty in osteoporotic VCFs in Dorso-Lumbar (DL) Spine. Materials and methods: It is a prospective study carried out in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) and different private hospitals in Dhaka, from January 2010 to March 2023. Total number of patients was 121 i.e., 92 female 29 male patients (167 treated vertebrae), age ranged from 65-85 years with mean age 73.40 years. 10 cases at D10 and D11 each, 26 cases at D12, 21 cases at L1, 15 cases at L2, 16 cases at D12-L1, 03 case at D9,12, 05 cases at D10,11, 07 cases at L1,2 and 03 case at D9,12L1 and 05 cases at D12,L1,2. Follow up ranged from 24 to 36 months and outcome assessed regarding neurological status (Radiculopathy and Myelopathy), pain [Visual Analogue Score (VAS)] and disability [Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) questionnaire]. Radiological assessment of the treated spine was done to identify any vertebral height gain (McKiernan method), kyphosis correction (Cobb`s method). Results: The mean age was 73.40 ± 03.75 years. 74(60.97%) patients were in 65-74 years age group. 105(63.41%) cases had single vertebral level, 49(29.26%) with 02 levels and 12(07.32%) with 03 levels involvement. D12 (n=53, 31.17%) and L1 (n=52, 31.13%) were most frequent. The age, sex, occupation, and the level of involvement had no significant difference (p>0.05, chi-squared test). VAS for pain had significantly improvement (p<0.05, paired t test) from preoperative 08.50±0.50 to 03.50±0.30 postoperatively and 02.80± 0.50 at 1 year. The preoperative ODI 71.11±09.69 improved significantly (p<0.05, paired t test) to 17.34±04.11 postoperatively and 09.76± 04.83% at 1 year. The kyphotic angle was corrected to 05°±02.50° at the 12 months follow up radiograph. One level (02.30%) had cement leakage which was evident on postoperative X-ray but was asymptomatic even on the last follow up. Conclusion: Percutaneous Vertebroplasty is a significantly effective technique for immediate and short-term pain relief, disability status improvement in Vertebral Compression Fractures (VCFs) with satisfactory radiological outcome in DL spine.

The study aims to investigate the mediating role of artificial intelligence technical skill (AI) on the relationship between effectiveness of management information system (MIS) and knowledge acquisition (KA) in Jazan University, the study used descriptive and analysis methods, A questionnaires used for data collection, (229) questionnaires were distributed, (177) valid questionnaires are returned about (%77.29) of the sample size, Several statistical methods have been used. The study found that there is positive and significant relationship between MIS effectiveness and AI technical skills, the study found that AI technical skill mediating the relationship between effectiveness of MIS and KA acquisition. These findings demonstrate the importance of AI in driving the effectiveness of KA. For future, the study recommends to apply difference dimensions of AI with difference dimensions of KA in other sectors.

Fair trial as a principle which ensures the administration of justice is guaranteed in the constitutions of every democratic society. The right to fair trial is an essential right in all countries respecting the rule of law. Fair trial and justice constitute the back bone of all applicable procedures and substantial laws almost in every legal culture. This means that fair trial should be perceived as a “human right” issue and therefore an international concern which should comply and be measured by international norms. This paper aims at analyzing the challenges faced in the effective implementation of the safeguard to fair trial and Justice in Cameroon. The Cameroon criminal justice system has all necessary provisions aimed at safeguarding fair trial and ensuring a horizontal playing field where justice is been maintained. However, the question remains how effective does these laws safeguard the right to fair trial and Justice. The mechanisms put in place to ensure the safeguard to fair trial and justice is insufficient, ineffective and unsuitable in guaranteeing the safeguard to fair trial and justice. In the absence of fair trial and justice, the rule of law, human rights and consequently the idea of justice becomes illusionary.

Background: Premature birth is the leading cause of newborn morbidity and mortality. This study sought to evaluate the outcomes of preterm delivery in El-Obeid, Sudan. Methodology: A prospective descriptive study was conducted in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital in El-Obeid, North Kordofan State, Sudan, from January 2023 to December 2024. The study encompassed approximately 106 hospitalized women with a gestational age below 37 weeks. Results: The largest G.A. at risk were 34 weeks, followed by 35 weeks, with figures of 26/106 (24.5%) and 20/106 (19%). The majority of deaths occurred at 30 G.A. (27%). The most common risk factor was premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), followed by postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), which accounted for 45% and 39%, respectively. Antepartum hemorrhage caused the majority of deaths (49%) in Sudan. Conclusion: Preterm birth is widespread in Sudan, with severe consequences, the most common being death. Although postpartum hemorrhage is the most common risk factor, antepartum hemorrhage is becoming more closely associated with death.

Maxillary sinusitis of odontogenic origin (MSOO) presents a diagnostic challenge due to its overlapping symptoms with other forms of sinusitis. We present a case of a 17-year-old male with MSOO, emphasizing varied treatment modalities. Clinical assessment revealed facial swelling and pain, prompting a differential diagnosis. Orthopantomogram and Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) confirmed odontogenic involvement. Surgical intervention included extraction, sinus lavage, and closure of oroantral communication. Postoperative recovery was successful. Discussion highlights the prevalence, diagnosis, and management of MSOO. Contemporary reports suggest odontogenic sources contribute to over half of maxillary sinusitis cases. Radiographs and CBCT aid diagnosis, delineating odontogenic involvement. Effective management includes dental evaluation and endoscopic sinus surgery, and early diagnosis is crucial to prevent complications. However, consensus on antimicrobial therapy and drainage routes is lacking. This case underscores the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and tailored management strategies for MSOO.

This paper examines the phenomenon of "supply creates its own demand" in the context of Jammu and Kashmir's economy. Originally posited by Jean-Baptiste Say, this economic principle asserts that the production of goods and services leads to the generation of income and demand for those same goods and services. In this study, we aim to explore how this phenomenon unfolds within the unique socio-political, geographical, and economic landscape of Jammu and Kashmir. By analyzing key sectors such as agriculture, industry, and tourism, we assess how production drives demand and evaluate factors inhibiting this dynamic, including political instability and infrastructural challenges. A regression analysis is used to provide empirical insights, followed by policy recommendations that could enhance the region's economic growth.

Introduction: Cancer results from an anarchic proliferation of abnormal cells of the mammary gland and is the most common cancer in women in developed countries with 50,000 new cases in 2008. Objectives: The aim of our work was to describe the sociodemographic characteristics of patients, to determine the different sites and the frequency of metastases; and to describe the CT and histological aspects in the diagnosis of extension, therapy and assessment. Methods: Our study was retrospective descriptive over a period of 12 months from January 2020 to December 2020 in the radiology and medical oncology department of CHUME Luxembourg. It concerned all patients with histologically confirmed cancer who had undergone a scan before, during treatment or during therapeutic monitoring. The examinations were carried out with a HITACHI SUPRIA 16 BARRETTES CT scanner installed in 2015. Results: During the period of our study, the frequency of breast cancer was 10.7% (130 cases) out of 1204 scans carried out with a female predominance of 98%, an average age of 52 years and extremes of 12 to 90 years. The main metastases were: pulmonary (59%), followed by lymph node metastases (66%), bone (51%), liver (29%) and brain (2%). The association of pulmonary, lymph node, liver and bone metastasis represented 27% of the most frequent associations. As for the histological aspect, non-specific invasive carcinoma grade II SBR and TNM was the most frequent.

Fruits are medicinal and also contain essential phytonutrients that gives the fruits potency that keeps the body healthy. The aim of the study is to ascertain the Effects of Smoothies (banana, apple and pineapple) on Oxidative Stress Markers following administration of monosodium glutamate in Male Wistar Rats. Thirty (30) animals weighing 130kg to 180kg were randomly selected into 6 groups with 5 animals per group. Group 1 received 5mls of distilled water, group 2 received 1ml/kg (low dose) of smoothies, group 3 received 2ml/kg (medium dose), group 4 received 3ml/kg (high dose), group 5 received 400mg/kg of monosodium glutamate, group 6 received 400mg/kg of monosodium glutamate and 3ml/kg (high dose) of smoothies co-administered. Administration was carried out for 14 days and on the 15th day, the animals were sacrificed, semen was harvested and 5ml blood was collected via cardiac puncture. Statistical analysis was done using ANOVA and expressed as Mean±SEM. Statistically P < 0.05 was said to be significant. SPSS version 26 was used. The results showed significant increase in SOD in the group that was administered smoothies (high dose) and decrease in the group that was administered 400mg of monosodium glutamate (MSG). MDA increases in the groups that was administered MSG alone and when co-administered with smoothies (high dose). MDA also decreases in the groups given medium and high dose smoothies. Catalase decrease in the group that was given MSG alone. Gluthione increases in the groups that was given medium and high dose smoothies and decrease in the group that was given MSG only.

Present communication deals with the Ethnomedicinal practices for treating different ailments of mankind. The present study comprises a total of 44 no of ethno-medicinal formulae which provides information in detail on the therapeutic values of 29 plant species belonging to 27 genera and 21 families and covering 32 number of different ailments. Information on botanical details, method of preparation, administration of plant formulations, dosages and other details are presented herein. This data would aid as baseline information for investigators working on ethnobotany and ethnomedicine.

Weak erection among male are on the increased and caused psychological trauma to male and also to their female counterpart who could not get satisfaction from their partners during sexual intercourse and it is a disturbing act Majority of the males facing weak erection pass through several degrees of psychological trauma that have affected their biopsychological system including their cognitive response. The aim of the study is to evaluate The Psychological Effects Arising from Weak Erection Among males in South-South, Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional study involving 480 males who were within the age of 18 to 47 years. A well-structured questionnaire was administered to participants. Each participant had one questionnaire to fill appropriately and independently after instructions were given to them by the Research Assistants. The study lasted for a period of 3 months. The results of this study showed that participants faced varieties of psychological complications due to erectile dysfunction and these include depression (83.3%), shame (83.3%), isolation (60.4%), negative self-esteem (83.3%), (2.08%) said they could not approach ladies of their choice, (83.3%) felt embarrassed, (79.2%) thought deeply and (72.92%) said they could not coordinate themselves. The statistical analysis was carried out using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 23.

Background: Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy is the most common acute optic neuropathy in patients older than 50 years. Risk factors for NAION are structural crowding of disc, diabetes, systemic hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, smoking. Patients present with sudden monocular vision loss, dyschromatopsia, visual field defect, disc edema diffuse or segmental. Objectives: To evaluate risk of non arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy after routine treatment. Method: This Longitudinal observational study was carried out from January 2016 to June 2016 at Department of Neuro-Ophthalmology, National Institute of Ophthalmology & Hospital, Sher -E-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka among Sixty cases. Detailed information were obtained in each cases according to protocol. A complete history was taken from the patient. Relevant investigation reports were collected. Selected patients were undergone detailed ophthalmological and systemic evaluation. They were treated at NIO&H with following measure like proper counseling, controlling of risk factors like diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and were advised to take tablet vitamin B1, B6 & B12. They were followed up at 1st week, 4th week & 8th week. In each visit visual acuity, color vision, field of vision, RAPD & optic disc changes were recorded in a pre- designed data collection sheet. All the information’s were recorded according to fixed protocol. Results: Among the 60 cases, mean age was 55.67 (±4.89) years, minimum age was 51 and maximum age 69 years. Majority 32(53.3%) were male and 28(46.67%) were female. Associated risk factor like diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and sleep apnea which were 53.3%, 36.67%, 30% and 13.3% respectively. Different disc changes of the study population were segmental disc swelling 36(60%) and diffuse disc swelling 24(40%) respectively. Regarding distant visual acuity patients were grouped into 6/6 to 6/12 group, 6/18-6/36 group, 6/60- 1/60 group and counting finger to hand movement group. At presentation most of the patient belongs to 6/6- 6/12 group which was 26(43.33%) followed by 6/18-6/36 group, it was 18(30%), 10(16.67%) were included in (6/60-1/60) group and the rest 06(10%) were included in counting finger to hand movement group. At final visit on 8th week 20(35.7%) patients remain in 6/6-6/12 group and also 6/18-6/36 group includes 20(35.7%) patients, 10(16.67%) were included in (6/60-1/60) group and the rest 06(10%) were included in counting finger to hand movement group. RAPD present in pretreatment 52(86.7%) and in post treatment were 46(82.14%). (p>0.05) that was not statistically significant. Color vision dyschromatopsia in pretreatment 46(76.7%) and in post treatment were 37(60%). In post treatment 06(10.71%) were normal color vision. (p<0.5) that was statistically significant. ocular involvement 52(86.67%) were 1st eye and 08(13.3%) were 2nd eye. Comparison of pre-treatment and post treatment visual field were Arcuate scotoma 12(20%) vs 09(16.07%), Inferior Altitudinal field defect 32(53.33%) vs 31(57.14%), Superior Altitudinal field defect 02(3.3%) vs 02(3.57%) respectively. Conclusion: In study no significant change found on visual acuity, colour vision and field of vision after treatment of non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.

Background: Optic Disc Drusen (ODD) are calcified deposits in the optic nerve head and may be implicated in Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (NAION), particularly in younger patients. NAION typically affects older individuals but is occasionally seen in younger populations, where ODD may contribute to its pathogenesis. In regions like Bangladesh, the prevalence of ODD in younger NAION patients is underreported, making it essential to explore this association further. Objective: To assess the prevalence of ODD in young patients diagnosed with NAION in Bangladesh and explore its clinical significance. Methods: This retrospective study reviewed medical records from two tertiary care centers in Bangladesh over a 10-year period (2009–2019). Patients aged 18–50 diagnosed with NAION were included, and the presence of ODD was determined using various imaging modalities such as enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT), fundus autofluorescence (FAF), computed tomography (CT), and ultrasound (US). The prevalence of ODD in NAION-affected eyes was calculated, and statistical analyses compared the presence of ODD with patient demographics and NAION characteristics. Results: ODD was detected in 53.3% of NAION-affected eyes and 56.7% of young NAION patients. EDI-OCT showed the highest sensitivity (54.2% detection in eyes and 58.3% in patients). Most ODD were bilateral (95.2%), with 20% of these patients also presenting with bilateral NAION. There was no significant difference in sex or age of onset between patients with and without ODD. Conclusion: The study reveals a high prevalence of ODD in young NAION patients in Bangladesh, suggesting a strong association between ODD and NAION in this demographic. The results emphasize the importance of using advanced imaging modalities like EDI-OCT for accurate diagnosis. Future research should investigate whether ODD is an independent risk factor for NAION in young patients.

Morinda citrifolia is an herbal medicine that is used for disease treatment as recommended in traditional medicine. The present study aimed to characterize silver nanoparticles from Noni seed. In this experimental study, green synthesis was carried out then the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using SEM, EDX, TEM and FTIR. Findings showed that SEM images of the AgNPs of different shapes were obtained in the case of different seed extracts being used as reducing and capping agents. Seed extract formed approximately spherical, triangular, and cuboidal AgNPs, respectively. Elemental mapping of AgNPs by SEM-EDX shows the presence of 0.31% Ag and 40% oxides with 39% Carbon and other elements in trace amounts. TEM image demonstrates that the AgNPs were spherical. The image shows agglomerates of small grains and some dispersed nanoparticles, confirming the results obtained by SEM. FTIR result reveals the assignment of functional groups to 19 FTIR bands (690-3833 cm 1). Bands were categorized based on possible functional group classes (alkene, aromatic, alcohol/phenol/ether, amine, etc.). Specific functional groups like alkenes, conjugated alkenes, ketones, aldehydes, nitriles, alkynes, and carboxylic acids were identified based on characteristic wavenumbers. The study presents a green synthesis approach to prepare silver nanoparticles using Noni seed extract. Reduction of silver nitrate with Noni seed extract is a simple, conducted at room temperature, efficient, and clean method to synthesize silver nanostructures.

Fibroadenoma is a benign breast tumor common in young women, affecting their daily life. Modern medicine often recommends surgical intervention, which can have physical and emotional consequences. The study explores alternative treatments through Ayurveda, which offers non-invasive and cost-effective options. This study investigates the comparative efficacy of Kanchnar Guggulu and Cystogrit Diamond in the management of Stanagranthi (Fibroadenoma breast). Sixty patients were randomly divided into two groups: Group A (treated with Kanchnar Guggulu) and Group B (treated with Cystogrit Diamond). The study assessed subjective (pain, consistency) and objective (size, number of lumps) parameters before and after a 90-day treatment period. The study aims to provide a safe, effective alternative to surgery for managing fibroadenoma, with Ayurveda offering promising non-invasive treatments. Results showed a significant reduction in pain for both groups, with Group B demonstrating a 93.24% improvement compared to Group A's 83.93%. In terms of lump size reduction, Group B also outperformed Group A, with a 42.86% decrease versus 29.85%, respectively. The average effect on consistency was higher in Group B (31.58%) compared to Group A (25%). The findings suggest that Cystogrit Diamond is more effective than Kanchnar Guggulu in managing Stanagranthi, providing a potential non-invasive, cost-effective alternative to surgery for fibroadenoma patients.