Background: The liver has a vital role in the hemostatic system. It is the site of synthesis of proteins responsible for clotting factors and their inhibitors. Liver infections/ diseases pose the effective functioning of the liver enzymes and clotting profiles. Objective of Study: This retrospective study aims to determine the plasma level of APTT, PT, in patients with chronic disease state in the University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A total of 144 participants were enrolled for this study; both PT and APTT were analyzed using Quick and kaolin methods, respectively. Results: 144 candidates who met the inclusion criteria were recruited for this study. table 1.0 and 2.0 showed relationship between PT and APTT in liver infections/ diseases respectively, among the subjects, 81 subjects had Asymptomatic HBV Infection with mean ± SD of 15.3704± 3.0391, 18 Asymptomatic HCV infection, 2 HBV and HCV coinfection, 34 Chronic HBV, 6 Chronic HCV, 1 HCV/HIV coinfection, 1 Chronic HCV /HIV coinfection, 1 HBV/HIV coinfection, and Liver cirrhosis. They was non-statistically significant decrease in the level of PT among patients with both asymptomatic and chronic HBV, HCV, HBV and HCV co-infection, HBV co-infection with HIV, HCV co-infection with HIV and patients with liver cirrhosis with P-value of 0.229. Conclusion: Findings from this study demonstrated that coagulation profile has an association with liver disease.

Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava (PLSVC) is the most common congenital abnormality of the thoracic venous system, it is usually diagnosed as an unexpected finding during attempts to left-sided venous catheterisation for intracardiac lead placement which can make more challenging and time consuming. Patients with this congenital malformation are at increased risk of developing various cardiac arrhythmias. It affects approximately 0.5 - 2% of individuals with normal heart, and up to 10 % in the presence of an established congenital heart diseases. We present two different challenging cases of persistent left superior vena cava incidentally discovered during device implantation

Background: The pathological events during diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HTN) could induce hyper-vascular injuries and coagulopathies in affected patients. Thus, this prospective comparative study aims to assess the prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time with kaolin (PTTK) and international normalized ratio (INR) as biomarkers of potential coagulopathies in diabetics with hypertension (test group) and those without hypertension (control group) at Specialist Hospital Sokoto, North-western Nigeria. Materials and methods: Whole blood samples were obtained from 74 diabetic patients with hypertensive and 37 diabetic patients without hypertension and analysed for the PT, PTTK and INR values using commercially available kits. The sociodemographic variables of the enrolled participants were collated and statistically analysed against the coagulometric values using suitable tests. Results: Participants between 50-59 years (39.2%) were the most frequently enrolled participants, followed by 40-49 years (29.73%). Females comprised 56.8% while males were 43.2% of the participants. The PT, PTTK and INR were not statistically significant between diabetes with hypertension and diabetes without hypertension which were (9.22 ± 1.78, 30.27 ± 18.18 and 0.70 ± 0.15) and (9.51 ± 1.85, 36.57 ± 17.17 and 0.72 ± 0.14) respectively (p = 0.532, p = 0.061 and p= 0.575). The age group of the subjects showed a significant increase in PTTK when compared with PT and INR (p = 0.392, p = 0.002 and p = 0.467). There were increases but statistically non-significant in PTTK when compared with PT and INR based on occupation (p =0.833, p = 0.000 and p = 0.779) respectively. Conclusion: Findings from this study showed no significant variation in PT, PTTK and INR of diabetics and diabetics with hypertension. However, future studies could be done to focus on platelet factors and other highly sensitive biomarkers of the coagulation system of these populations. Nevertheless, monitoring the PTTK in older diabetic patients with diabetes mellitus is important to prevent hypercoagulation.

Dengue may be a spectrum of disease caused by 5 serotypes of the foremost current arthropod- borne virus touching humans nowadays. The term dengue came into general use solely once 1828. Dengue viruses (DV) belong to family Flaviviridae and there are 5 serotypes of the virus observed as DV-1, DV-2, DV-3, DV-4 and DV5. DV could be a positive-stranded encapsulated polymer virus and consists of 3 structural macromolecule genes that write in code the nucleocapsid or core (C) macromolecule, a membrane-associated (M) macromolecule, associate degree enclosed (E) conjugated protein and 7 non-structural (NS) proteins. It is transmitted mainly by Aedes aegypti mosquito and also by Ae. Albopictus. The present strategy of bioinformatics analysis is to exploit the current data available both on gene and genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis of dengue to integrate these at novel levels of understanding of gene network interactions and expression levels. The study revealed 2 studies of dengue from GWAS with a total of 2 unique genes, namely MICB and PLCE1 that were mapped to discrete genomic locations of human genome which represented 15 rsIDs (SNPs) associated with MICB gene and 5 rsIDs (SNPs) associated with PLCE1 gene. The consensus results of the online tools like SIFT ,SNP & GO, PANTHER , Ployphen2.0 and I- mutant for structure and functional studies depicted rs1051788, rs1051788, rs41293883 and rs45583740 of MICB gene to be deleterious/ diseased and effecting the structure and function of MICB gene which may the reason for occurrence of dengue in human counterpart. The DAVID bioinformatics functional enrichment analysis reported 234 genes and 468 GO terms for biological processes (BP).In this study a total of 307 genes pertaining to dengue and its associated diseases were mined from various databases like GWAS, GEO & Jeans lab disease database. Out of 307 genes only 22 genes were consider for interaction study with different drug molecules as they are treated as the key factors that play a vital role in dengue.

Introduction: Exercise induced Rhabdomyolysis is a syndrome characterised by disintegration of the skeletal muscles and release of toxic intracellular contents into the plasma. It can be precipitated by strenuous exercise and its diagnosis can easily be missed by physicians. Soft tissue ultrasonography is an invaluable tool for evaluating patients with rhabdomyolysis especially in sub Saharan Africa where sophisticated imaging modalities like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomographic scanners are not readily available. Ultrasonography in this case is the commonly available modality. It is cheap and easier to use. It can aid in the diagnosis of suspected cases, help to determine extent of the disease, identify associated complications and also for monitoring disease progression. Spontaneous rhabdomyolysis following exercise has not been previously reported in our environment. Objectives: To report a case of exercise induced rhabdomyolysis in a 24 year old male patient. To highlight the importance of ultrasound in evaluating patients with rhabdomyolysis, describe the notable ultrasound findings and review relevant existing literature on this condition. Case Report: A 24 year old male with spontaneous rhabdomyolysis of the infra-umbilical segment of both recti abdominis muscles, who presented to a private ultrasound facility in Agbor, Delta state, Nigeria. His symptoms were; lower abdominal pain made worse with movements, and passage of dark red urine which developed spontaneously following a week history of intense physical exercise at a gymnasium. An ultrasound scanner of the Toshiba Medical systems Corp Model 2016 (Xario 100) with a 7 to 12 MHz linear array transducer was used to scan both recti abdominis muscles in different planes. Abnormal findings were noted involving the infra umbilical segment of both abdominal recti muscle belly. Notable findings were thickening of the muscle fascia, blurring of the fat planes, fat stranding, disorganization of the normal architectural pattern of the fibres as well as presence of hypoechoic lesions within the affected muscle segment. The images were frozen and the sonograms were acquired and saved. Conclusion: Ultrasonography is an indispensable tool for evaluating patients with exercise induced spontaneous rhabdomyolysis. This case study is of immense significance in developing affordable methods of image based diagnosis and investigation of rhabdomyolysis that also aids in standard clinical, laboratory and histopathological studies of the condition.

Objective: COVID-19 is a disease that, as of 2020, has affected the whole world. Its spread being rapid, early detection would contribute to its control. This study aims to determine the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics associated with this detection fast in Kinshasa. Material and methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive study with an analytical aim is carried out on 713 people suspected of COVID-19 upon their admission to the Covid Treatment Center of the University Clinics of Kinshasa (CTC / CUK) between 2020 and 2021 through the exploitation of the database registering these patients. Data are analyzed using jamovi software version 2.3.18. Frequencies, Fisher's Exact test then logistic regression with α = 0.05 are used. Results: In total, we recorded 713 cases, 459 or 64.4% tested positive at the first screening. The median age is 59.0 years. The sex ratio is 1.7 in favor of men. The following characteristics are associated with early detection of COVID-19: advanced age (OR = 2.9 *1.03 – 8.29+); arterial hypertension (OR = 1.7 *1.15 – 2.52]); diabetes mellitus (OR = 3.66 [1.92 – 6.98]); body aches (OR = 0.41 [0.20 – 0.83]) as well as signs of respiratory distress (OR = 2.4 [1.44 – 3.87]). Conclusion: This study shows that elderly patients, those with a history of hypertension, diabetes and signs of respiratory distress tested positive at the first screening upon arrival at the CTC/CUK, unlike those with body aches. These cases would therefore require special attention from all staff of the COVID-19 response team for appropriate care.

Pulmonary Tuberculosis is caused by bacilli mycobacterium tuberculosis and known to infect human race since the dawn of history and archaeological evidence has traced its association in neolithic times. Tuberculosis is the most common infectious lung diseases in India with significant mortality and morbidity. Tuberculosis can cause diverse thoracic presentations ranging from nodules, consolidations & cavitation, mediastinal adenopathy, pleural effusion to diffuse endobronchial disease presenting like bronchial asthma. Due to diverse presentations, diagnosis is many times delayed due to lack of suspicion by treating general physicians and rational treatment many not offered in time. In spite of awareness by government organizations and considered as ‘global health issue of concern’ by World Health organization, tuberculosis is still considered as social stigma. Destroyed lung is described in literature and known complication of pulmonary tuberculosis. Destroyed lung is defined as combination of pleural and parenchymal lung destruction with cavitation, bronchiectasis, loss of lung volume and mediastinal herniation to diseased side. In this case series, we have reported two cases with history of pulmonary tuberculosis in past and received adequate anti-tuberculosis treatment. Both were having residual chronic lung disease and symptoms causing significant impact on quality of life with recurrent hospitalization, hospital visits and cost of care. One patient has history of delayed diagnosis and ATT was started after maximum lung destruction due to tuberculous process has already occurred. In this patient tuberculosis was cured but residual lung damage or sequel presenting as destroyed lung. In second case, tuberculosis was diagnosed in adequate time but patient has defaulted due to adverse events of ATT and he has taken medications as per his own tolerance. Neither adherence nor compliance was acceptable in second case and resulted into partially treated case of pulmonary tuberculosis. Ongoing lung destruction inn second case would be cause for destroyed lung in absence of irrational medicines in today’s era of good quality ATT. Destroyed lung is preventable with early diagnosis, prompt evaluation with microscopy and nucleic acid amplification tests and treatment with universally available, acceptable and affordable free ATT as National guidelines. Destroyed lung is having significant impact on quality of life and health expenditure and considered as ‘radiological stigma’ of Tuberculosis.

Anaemia is a public health problem that affect both the rich and poor, and it possess a serious challenge to the health care profession, consequently this research is therefore aim at investigating the anti - anaemic potentials of Tigernut (C. esculentus) extract administered to albino wistar rats exposed to Phenylhydrazine induced toxicity. Forty (40) male albino Wistar rats weighing between 180- 250g were used for this study. They were randomly divided into four (4) groups of ten (10) rats each. Control group received normal feed and drinking water. Extract group received 600mg/kg bw of aqueous extract of Tigernut orally, PHZ group received PHZ induction and PHZ + Extract group received PHZ induction + 600mg/kg bw of aqueous extract of Tigernut. The feeding regimens lasted for 4 weeks, after which blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture for estimation of different parameters. Results showed that ingestion of aqueous extract of C. esculentus was able to reverse the significant decrease in RBC (p<0.01), HB (p<0.001), PCV (p<0.001) and Fe+ (p<0.01) values occasion by PHZ induction, back to appreciable level. In conclusion ingestion of C. esculentus extract is capable of reversing the derogatory effect imposed on hemopoietic processes following PHZ induction. Since C. esculentus is cheap and readily available it can therefore be recommended for the management of anaemic condition pending the availability of a viable health facility.

Background: Despite noteworthy socio-economic development and advances in medical science, tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health problem. Although it is a curable disease, still millions of people suffer and a large number of patients die from this infectious disease. Now a day, the prevalence and nature of tuberculosis are not in a consistent stage. So we need more current information regarding this issue. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to assess the clinical profile of tuberculosis patients attended in a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh. Methods: This was a prospective, observational study which was conducted in the department of Medicine, North Bengal Medical College, Sirajgonj, Bangladesh during the period from January 2020 to June 2022. In total 87 diagnosed patients with tuberculosis, treated in the mentioned hospital were selected as the study subjects. Before data collection, proper written consents were taken from all the participants. For data collection a predesigned questionnaire was used in data collection. Collected data were processed, analyzed and disseminated by using MS Excel and SPSS version 23.0 program as per necessity. Results: In this study, the male-female ratio of the participants was 1.7:1. The highest number of participants were from the 41-50 years’ age group which was 27.59%. BMI (Kg/m2) was found ≥18.5 in 61% and < 18.5 was found in 39% of patients. Majority (56%) of the cases were ‘non- smoker’. As the types of TB, pulmonary Koch’s, CNS tuberculosis, abdominal Koch’s, and TB lymphadenitis were found in 43% 21%, 14%, and 13% of participants respectively which was noticeable. In this study, among all the participants, cough and fever were found as two most frequent symptoms which were found in 93% and 84% of patients respectively. Conclusion: Fever and cough are the two most frequent symptoms in tuberculosis patients. Although the death rate among TB patients is not alarming, the treatment success rate of the first treatment attempt is not satisfactory among tuberculosis patients.