Since the creation of the world, to the rising and falling of empires and kingdoms, the development and evolution of civilisations from one generation to another, from the movement of explorers to the days of colonisation, no country has ever existed as an island. Languages and cultures around the world have constantly influenced and impacted one another in different ways through the exchange of linguistic and cultural practices, and the world has increasingly remained a global village of diversities and similarities. Languages and cultures have consistently borrowed from one another and continue to do so. This article therefore, studies how the Ngwo language has borrowed and continues to borrow from other languages to enrich its linguistic repertoire. Sources, domains and modifications employed in the reception of lexical items into the Ngwo language system are discussed. The process of borrowing changes over time as discussed in new generation borrowing. The article shares opinion on the merits and demerits of the process to the Ngwo language. Relexicalisation is discussed as a negative aspect of borrowing as it can apply to other Cameroonian languages in particular and African languages in general.

This article examines how disability and gender intersect in contemporary Malayalam crime fiction through Sreeparvathy’s Violet Pookkalude Maranam (2021), which introduces Aleena Ben John, a wheelchair-using woman, as its central detective. The study situates Sreeparvathy’s work within Kerala’s evolving literary landscape, where disability has rarely occupied a central position in fiction and is often represented through metaphors of dependence, tragedy, or moral burden. Drawing on Fiona Kumari Campbell’s theory of ableism and key insights from Feminist Disability Studies, the article analyses how Aleena’s narrative oscillates between empowerment and internalised shame. While her role as a detective appears to challenge patriarchal and ableist frameworks, her self-perception and limited social agency reveal deep-seated cultural anxieties about the disabled female body. Through a close reading of the novel’s narrative structure and psychological interiority, the article argues that Violet Pookkalude Maranam both expands and constrains the possibilities of representing disabled womanhood in Malayalam literature. By exploring disability not as metaphor but as lived experience, this study contributes to understanding how gendered embodiment and genre conventions shape the politics of visibility and agency in Kerala’s popular fiction.