This study sought to establish the influence of principal‟s leadership styles on teachers‟ professional commitment in Kericho Sub-county, Kenya. Specifically the study was to establish the influence of Principals‟ Autocratic Leadership style on Teachers‟ Professional Commitment in public secondary schools in Kericho Subcounty. This research was informed by the situational leadership theory and descriptive research design was adopted to guide the study. The sub-county has 31 public secondary schools. In the 31 schools there are a total of 31 principals, 155 Heads of Departments and 400 Teachers. All the 31 principals were selected to participate in the study because the sub county has recorded a decline in KCSE performance in the last two years. Five (5) HODS‟ in charge of academics from each school were purposively selected because of their special complementary roles in the leadership and management of schools. Simple random sampling was used to select five subject teachers in each school, one from each academic department to participate in the study; also 3 sub county quality assurance and standards officers‟ were selected. Therefore a total of 344 respondents comprising of 31 principals, 155 HOD‟s, 155 subject teachers and 3 SCQASOs constituted the total sample size. Data was collected using questionnaires which were administered to principals, HODs and subject teachers while interview schedules were used to guide discussions with the SCQASOs. Validity of the instrument was determined by the supervisors, lecturers in the department of Education Kisii University. For reliability, a test re-test of the findings was calculated and a Pearson‟s correlation coefficient of 0.856 was obtained. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics with aid of Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer program while the results from interviews were analyzed qualitatively and thematically. Results presented in Table 3 reveal that over half, 16 (58.8%) of the Principals were of the opinion that they do not use autocratic leadership style. However a significant proportion, 11 (41.2%) indicated that they used it. Results further show that three quarters of the HODs, 104 (76.5%) were also of the opinion that autocratic leadership was not being used, and only one quarter, 32 (23.5%) thought that autocratic leadership is used.The study recommended that principals should be in serviced on modern leadership styles such as situational and transformative. The researcher paid keen attention to research ethical issues and got the informed consent of the respondents and guarded against plagiarism and ensured confidentiality.

This socio-anthropological descriptive type of study was conducted to explore the level of depression and to find out the various socio-economic, academic factors which act as barriers to study among university students of Bangladesh. The aim of this study is to estimate depression among university students of Bangladesh using statistical method. This research conducted among University students.Thesample size was 600, randomly selected from three Universities in capital city Dhaka. The depression of male students is more than female students. But it is a notable that, the female are more worried about their future carrier life than male students.

Supervisory practice has evolved since its origins in colonial times, and its effectiveness as a means of improving instruction depends on the ability of educational leaders to remain responsive to the needs of teachers and students. An educational leader’s resolve to remain adaptable also depends on an appreciation of the changing and evolving nature of supervision, especially in the new millennium. An educational leader who understands the history of supervision and how current demands are influenced by that history will be better able to confront the technological, social, political, and moral issues of the day. Educational leaders also will have to develop the requisite knowledge, skills, and dispositions that are the foundation for effective supervisory practice. This chapter explicates how supervision has evolved to its current state, how you might respond to ever-increasing supervisory needs and demands, and how your beliefs and attitudes affect how you react to daily challenges.

Middle level managers play a very vital role in employee talent development in institutions of higher learning since they man a large population of employees at this level. Talent development seems to be the key theme driving the educational institutions. The study sought to investigate the influence of leadership styles of middle level managers on employee talent development at Rongo University. Descriptive research design was used for the study because it allowed for the statistical analysis of data to describe the trends about responses to questions and to test research questions. The study targeted 10 senior management level staff, 8 Deans, 30 middle level managers of departments and sections, 80 middle level employees, 100 low level management employees. Simple random sampling was used on middle and low level employees from different sections and departments.10 senior management level staff, 8 Deans, 30 middle level managers of departments was sampled using purposive sampling method. Reliability was ensured through test-retest which yielded 0.78 Cronbach‟s alpha. To ensure content validity, the questionnaire is to be given to the experts and researchers of Rongo University who examined the items critically and pass on their comments to the researcher. Statistical techniques of averages and percentages with the aid of Computer Statistical Software for Social Sciences to yield descriptive results. The findings revealed that 63% of the respondents observed that stakeholders were involved in talent development in Rongo University while 37 % indicated that stakeholders were not involved. The study concluded that leadership styles of middle level managers influence employee talent development in Rongo University since effective leadership style is seen as a potent source of management development and sustained competitive advantage. The study recommended that the middle level managers in Rongo University should be trained on talent management and leadership style to apply in management of employees talents. The study adhered to ethical considerations.

If societies are indeed different, it is not unreasonable to reaffirm the argument advanced in that theories and principles of instructional supervision are not necessarily universal. In consequence, there is need to construct instructional supervisory strategies and educational goals that are appropriate to the nature and operation of educational organisations in developing countries. Supervision of instruction in developing countries exists in different contexts from developed countries. It is therefore incumbent to understand the various contexts that instructional supervisors carry out their tasks. This paper looks at some of the contextual realities of instructional supervision in prismatic societies.

The study objective was to establish financial challenges of nongovernmental organisations’ in promotion of quality education in Musoma District, Tanzania. Despite the efforts put by non-governmental organizations in promoting quality education in the country, there are several challenges that are encountered by NGOs which hinder their support in promoting quality education. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The target population was 19 NGO Leaders, 111 Head Teachers, the DEO, 111VEOs and DCSQAO, totalling to 243. The NGO officials, DEOs, DCSQAs, and were purposively selected because they were few. A 30 percent simple random sample was used to get33 Head Teachers and 33 VEOs .Data was collected through questionnaires and interview schedules.To ensure face and content validity of the research instruments, 2 experts in the department of Educational Administration Planning and Economics of Kisii University were requested to scrutinize the research instruments so as to validate them. Reliability of the instruments was addressed through piloting in 5 schools and reliability coefficients were obtained by subjecting the instruments to a Split-half Technique and Spearman ―Brown Prophesy formula‖. The co-efficient of reliability obtained was 0.721 which indicated that the instruments were reliable.Data was analysed qualitatively and SPSS programme was used. The findings of the study reveal that the majority (87) 88.6 percent of all respondents said that training on financial matters in the schools was done quarterly. It was recommended that the government to work closely with NGOs to provide quality education. Informed consent of the respondents were ensured and confidentiality adhered to.

The purpose of this study was study was to examine teachers’ attitude towards open performance appraisal on pupils’ academic achievement. A quantitative and qualitative research survey design was adopted. The target population involved all primary school teachers, school quality assurers’, Human Resource Officer and District Education Officer, totaling to 1213. Random sampling technique was used to obtain 328 teachers and 33 head teachers, that is, 30% of the population, while the District Education Officer and Human Resource Officer and School Quality Assurance officers were purposively selected because they are few and the only existing ones. This study used semi structured interviews, questionnaires and documentary analysis for data collection. Qualitative data obtained was analyzed descriptively while SPSS software version 23 was used to analyze quantitative data. To ensure face and content validity of research instruments, two experts in the department of Education Administration Planning and Economics of Kisii University scrutinized the research instruments and validated them. A pilot study was conducted for reliability reasons. Anonymity, confidentiality, privacy and informed consent of the respondents were ensured. Findings of this study revealed that 65.52% of head teachers believed that teacher attitudes influences pupils’ academic success while 34.48% disagreed. It was concluded that positive attitude was key to pupils’ success. The study recommended that teachers and head teachers should be involved in setting goals and objectives of the performance appraisal process, The study adhered to the ethical consideration accordingly.

Globalization today is at a dangerous crossroads. Although many alleged it has provided enormous benefits, but the systemic risks and growing inequality it causes necessitate urgent action. The myth of a borderless world is crashing down. Traditional pillars of open markets; the United Kingdom and United States are wobbling. This is evident in the Brexit vote which stunned European Union and the world at large, couple with the recent policies of the American government towards its fellow western allies and immigrants. Many people are beginning to feel so troubled about our economic future. The failure to arrest these global developments is likely to lead to growing nationalist policies, protectionism and xenophobia, which the world is already witnessing. Globalization has created growth, no doubt. But what kind of growth? And for who? This crisis posed by globalization has forced many to question the motive behind this phenomenon. Could this be renewed imperialism? This paper adopts rational and analytic methods in exposing this argument.

This research reveals the improvement of Indonesian students’ mathematical problem solving skill taught by problem-based learning with realistic model. Experimental research design was used and the population of the research was junior high school grade VIII students of Muhammadiyah 25 in Rantau Prapat Indonesia. Two classes with 30 students in experimental class I and 30 students for experimental class II were chosen as the sample of the research. Moreover, data found from pretest and postest of experimental class I and II were collected and calculated by Gain Hake pattern. The finding of the research showed that students posttest result after having taught by implementing problem-based learning with realistic media was 82, 08, and students taught by conventional teaching strategy was only 76,35. Furthermore, based on Gain pattern analysis, problem solving skill of experimental class I was higher with 0,61 than students taught by implementing conventional teaching strategy with only 0,46. Then, based on t-Test it was found that students’ problem solving skill with tobserved= 3,961 and t table = 2,00. In other words, t observed> t table, 3,961 > 2,00. This research conluded that students’ problem solving skill was higher when they were taught by problem-based learning with realistic media.

This research focused on the enhancement of Indonesian accounting vocational students’ achievement andcharacter taught by applyingTwo Stay Two Stray model. This model was derived from cooperative learning model that provided the opportunities for students who weredivided into some groups to share and to exchangeboth knowledge and information with other groups. To achieve the aims of the research, quantitative method was used with 2 x 2 ANAVA research design. By applying random purposive samplinggrade X vocational students of SMK Al Washliyah Medan were chosen as the sample of research. There were 32 students for each experimental class I and II. The instruments used for students’ achievement was test, while, questionnaire with Likert scale was used as the instrument of students’ character. Then, all data found were analyzed by using general linear model with SPSS 22 IBM to identify both the score achieved and each indicator of questionnaire related to students’ character and achievement on accounting subject. Based on data analysis, through Kolmogorov – Smirnov with Sig 0.325 <0.05, it showed that all the data were distributed normallyand the data were distributed homogenouslyas well by applying Levene’s test with Fobserved> Ftable (0.639 > 0.05).Furthermore, by applying general linier model with Sig < 0,05 (0,000 < 0,05), it is found that students’ character were not affected by implementing Two Stay Two Stray Model withSig > 0,05 (0,791 > 0,05). Ho was accepted with Sig 0.491 > 0.05 which showed that there was no interaction occured between students’ achievement and character taught by Two Stay Two Stray Model. However,students’ characeter in experiment class 1 was higher than experimental class 2 with some characters’ value built, namely; religious, respectful, honest, discipline, creative, independent, communicative, and responsible.

The article investigated students attitudes towards choosing Information technology and computer science courses in relation to gender. The study adopted an observational, cross-sectional exploration design with both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection. A structured questionnaire and an interview guides were employed togather information from the respondents. Data was analyzed using frequency tabless. Study findings showed that there was a positive correlation between attitudes of students towards choosing Information technology and computer science course relating it to gender. The study recommended that there is need to advertise and give scholarships to young females to specifically pursue Information technology and computer science courses. There is need to encourage girl child education through the practice of positive discrimination and affirmative action in society. The society should be sensitized on the importance of a girl child so that elimination of gender stereotyping becomes easy. The study also suggests encouraging female candidates to apply for Information technology and computer science course and addressing gender-imbalance through student development programs. Universities should organize workshops or visit secondary schools and complain for a girls to take up Information technology and computer science course and also tell them that it is possible for them to do the course and should be told that Information technology and computer science is not only meant for males only, everyone can do it irrespective of sex and gender.

Educational systems all over the world have acceptable and justifiable best practices necessary for impartation of knowledge, skills, attitudes, values and modes of thinking to learners by teachers and those who occupy similar positions in society. But it is evident that there are also some objectionable methods employed in the classroom, and similar places, among them are drilling, conditioning, indoctrination, instruction, and so on. This paper casts a critical look at indoctrination: its sources, the necessary conditions for a person to be indoctrinated, and an assessment of indoctrination vis-à- vis education. The paper finally examined the implications of indoctrination for education in Nigeria, and made recommendations to ameliorate perceived deteriorating trend in the system.

This paper takes „postgraduate degree authorization evaluation of China University of Geosciences (Beijing) in 2016-2017‟ as an example to analyze the evaluation index system, evaluation process and existing problems of degree authorization institutions in China, and finally proposes corresponding policy recommendations for improvement, in order to provide reference for the qualification evaluation of postgraduate degree authorization units and the construction of students‟ training quality supervision system.

The study aimed to identify the impact of the Know, Want to know and Learn (KWL) strategy on the acquisition of scientific concepts in science among the third grade students in the directorate of education of Irbid. The semi-experimental method was adopted and the study sample consisted of (60) male and female students from the third grade from Irbid's schools; they were distributed into two groups: control group consisting of (15) male students and (15) female students and experimental group consisting of 15 male students and 15 female students. The results showed statistically significant differences for the variable of the group in the post-test in favor of the experimental group, whose members were taught through using the (K.W.L), statistically significant differences for the variable of gender in favor of the females and no statistically significant differences in the post-test. The researcher recommended adopting a teaching method through using the cognitive maps in teaching science due to their impact on acquiring the scientific concepts.

Geography textbooks are an important tool for geography teachers to carry out classroom teaching. Full understanding of textbooks can help teachers flexibly choose the teaching contents and better achieve teaching goals. Taking the chapter of “Climate” as an example, this paper analyzed the textbook from four aspects: internal and external relations of knowledge structure system, requirements for curriculum standards and teaching goals, the key and difficult points and teaching hours assignment, picture and text structure of the textbook. The article also puts forward three suggestions: (1) Junior middle school geography teaching should link to real life; (2) “Activities” in the textbook should be combined with the “Text”; (3) Summarize the knowledge points in the form of tables.

This study sought to investigate the challenges faced in mother tongue education in selected Primary schools in Nandi County, in the Republic of Kenya. Mother tongue education is usually taken as a basic human right, but despite the importance of this education myriad of problems bedevil its execution. Challenges in mother tongue education have not only been reported in many fora in Nandi County but also elsewhere in Kenya; however, no systematic study has been carried out to document these challenges, their nature and their causes. The main objective of the study was to find out the challenges of mother tongue education in Nandi County and the possible solutions to these challenges. The study adopted a case study design against a backdrop of mother tongue theory by Butzkamm (2000) which advances the argument that mother tongue education forms the basis of a child‟s acquisition of knowledge, additional languages and self-expression. This theory is built on the foundations of arguments raised by Tangas and Toukomaa(1976) claiming that a certain threshold of first language competence is needed for second language learning. A stratified random sample of 20 Head teachers, 20 lower Primary SchoolTeachers, and 5 education officials was drawn from selected schools in Chesumei sub-County in Nandi County. The main instruments of data collection were structured and semi-structured questionnaires. Data was organized and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The study identified three major challenges facing the implementation of mother tongue education in Nandi County namely: attitude of education stakeholders; teacher related factors and lack of instructional materials. The results of this study are expected to benefit scholars in applied linguistics, ministry of education and policy makers in education.

Education is a key component of a country’s developmental process. Inclusive education is a kind of education wherein all students including special needs (SN) learners attend and are welcomed by their neighborhood schools in age– appropriate regular classes and are supported to learn to contribute and participate in all aspects of life at school. Neighborhood public schools being at the heart of our communities are essential for quality inclusive education system. Special Needs learners who can benefit from public schools should not be denied the chance to access education nor be taken to special schools. However, inclusive education has been experiencing challenges which may undermine the program’s objectives if not well addressed. The extent to which these challenges could be impacting negatively on inclusive education policy in Kitale Township is however not clear. This is the gap to be filled. The Social Learning Theory guided the study. The study adopted descriptive research design. Questionnaires, interview schedules, and observation checklists were employed in data collection. The target population was 36 head teachers in the public primary schools in the township and 50 SN teachers. The sample size was 76 respondents selected using purposive and simple random sampling. Validity of data collection tools was determined through pilot study and assistance from supervisors. Reliability was tested using the test - retest method and the obtained value was .92. Hypotheses were tested using regression analysis at .05 level of significance. The study found that curriculum factors, teacher attitude, and social interaction had a significant influence on effective implementation of inclusive education policy. The study, therefore recommends more teachers to be employed to handle the large classes, the TSC to consider teachers handling SN learners in inclusive settings for special duty allowances being given to their counterparts in special schools and the curriculum to be evaluated to enhance effective implementation of inclusive education. In addition, review should be done on the part of funding to enable the acquisition of physical facilities and learning materials in public primary schools. Finally, parents, local communities and other education stakeholders should be educated on their roles in the implementation of inclusive education.

In reference to theNational Standards of Teaching Quality for Undergraduate Business English Majorsissued by the Chinese Ministry of Education, this article holds that the publishing of Business English Reading textbooks should emphasize the following five aspects: 1) reflecting the requirements for talent cultivation in theNational Standards; 2) compiling textbooksbased on the principleof "theme plus interaction"; 3) giving consideration to the "integration of course and certificates"; (4) building multi-modal and three-dimensional teaching materials; and 5) enhancing cooperation of publishers, schools and industries. This research result can also give reference to the publishing of other teaching materials.

This study was conducted to: 1) Conduct a feasibility test for developingaccounting learning through media and accounting teaching materials. 2) Implement or implement a model in accounting learning in class. 3) Evaluate accounting learning as a student performance measurement tool. This study uses "Research and development methods or R&D cycles, which are carried out in two years. Qualitative data methods use descriptive analysis. Based on observation results indicate that student-learning activities tend to only listen to lecturers' explanations, record and work on problems. For that diverse and innovative learning activities are needed. For this purpose, instructional materials and learning media are designed through 1) expert review 2) small group trials and 3) Field trials using experiment methods through initial test and final test. And the results of trials from small groups and field tests, will be made improvements in the design of teaching materials and learning media. The instruments used in this study are questionnaires. The targeted results are the implementation of accounting learning models with ADDIE models, with teaching materials, and learning media interesting and interactive accounting if to improve the quality of accounting learning. Therefore, the need for innovation in learning accounting through the ADDIE model to assist lecturers, in creating effective, efficient, and attractive learning programs so that the results of introductory learning accounting can be achieved.

One of the objectives of the preparation of the Tax report is to provide information to parties who need it that will be used to make comparisons, assess the ability of a company, and as a guide for decision-making. In order to fulfill the above objectives, financial reports must be comparable. These comparisons can be done in two ways, namely horizontal and vertical. Horizontal comparison is a comparison of a company's tax financial statements with other companies for the same period, which in its concept can easily be used, in which the preparation uses existing software. This study aims to develop a tax accounting learning model using the Computer Tax program as a teaching material in lecture materials in universities. The specific target to be achieved in this study is to issue teaching materials in the form of financial accounting books compiled with the Computer Taxation program. To achieve these objectives, this study uses descriptive analysis to identify the problems that exist in financial accounting learning in universities in the city of Medan. That has been running all this time. These problems include not understanding students in using Tax computer programs that have been issued for a long time, and not motivated to study the program because of lack of guidance in carrying out the practice. To find the factors that become obstacles in understanding the use of the program. With the identification of these factors, then a teaching material can be arranged to motivate students to want to like the teaching material and the goal of educating the nation can be achieved.

This research aimed to investigate students’ Physics achievement through implementing STAD (Student Teams Achievement Division) derived from cooperative learning with animation as media. The population of the research was grade XII students of senior high school MAS TPI Rambung Sialang, North Sumatera Indonesia, then two classes were chosen as sample of the research in which there were 30 students for each of class. To meet the objectives of the research, quantitative research method with experimental research design was conducted, then, the instrument of the research was comprehensive multiple choice with 20 questions formulated. Through Lilefors test with L0< L = 0.1384 < 0.1610, it showed that all the data were distributed normally, then, all the data were distributed homogenously as well with Fobserved<Ftable(1.191< 1,858). Morever, based on data analysis it was found that the average score of experimental class I taught by implementing STAD (Student Teams Achievement Division) with animation as media was higher with ̅ = 14.9 than experimental class II taught by conventional model with ̅ = 12.5. Furthermore ttest was used to analyzed the data found with tobserved> ttable (2.654>1.671) that showed that there was a significant effect on students’ Physics achievement taught by implementing STAD (Student Teams Achievement Division) with animation. Based on data analysis, it could be inferred that students defintely enjoy studying in group discussion that was organized by the teacher in which the members of group consisted of student with different intelligence level so that there would be an interaction among students accross capabilities level. The students with higher intelligence were expected to assist the students with lower intelligence, then students with higher intelligence that were recognized as an expert representative from each group would have a great an opportunity to share the discussion result with other groups. Besides, the use of animation as media brought up functionally and lively understandable objects, concepts, and formulas. Hence, all the abstract concepts seemed to be effortlessly more concrete for the students

In January 2008, the Kenya government declared Free Day Secondary Education (FDSE) in all public schools in the country as a fulfillment of Education for All (EFA) which is a global commitment and strategy to give children universal education. As a result key aspects of the Free Secondary Education on academic performance remain unknown. The study was to investigate school-community support and implementation of Free Day Secondary Education in Trans-Nzoia East sub-county, Kenya. The study answers the following questions; what is the role of principals in financial management and its influence implementation of FDSE. The study adopted Human Capital Theory based upon the work of Schultz (1971), Sakamota and Powers (1995). The study adopted the descriptive survey design and the population of the study comprised of 14 Day Schools that present candidates for Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) in Trans-Nzoia East Sub-County. The sample size consisted of Principals, Teachers and students of 14 day secondary schools drawn from the study population. Purposive sampling was used to select the principals and class Teachers, while stratified random sampling was used to select student respondents. The instruments for data collection were questionnaires, an interview schedule for SubCounty Director of Education and document analysis.

Recently, TVET has become a subject for discussion at summits, academic conferences and at policy circles in most developing countries including Kenya. TVET institutions facilitate the acquisition of the practical and applied skills as well as basic scientific knowledge. However, many research findings have revealed that TVET has been limited on practical skill acquisition in most countries. On the other hand, the partnership between TVET institutions and private sectors would greatly encourage and augment a partnership that will result to graduate employability and practical skill acquisition. Therefore, this study sought to establish the effect of PPP- TVET institutions collaboration on practical training. Multiple case-study design was adopted for the study. Purposive and snowball sampling techniques were applied to select TVET and enterprise officials respectively. Questionnaires and interview guides were used in data collection. Data collected was analyzed using Multiple Attribute Utility Theory, (MAUT) and results presented in tabular and graphical forms. The findings indicate that the contribution of enterprise in establishment of workshops and laboratories, donation of equipment and equipment sharing was quite low (below 30%). However, the contribution of enterprise in industrial training and internship stood was excellent (100 %). Majority of the respondents believed that enterprise contribution is considerable only in the areas of industrial training and internships. Therefore, provision should be made to involve experts from local industries as guest faculty to conduct practical classes.

This study aimed to examine the psychometric characteristics of the achievement motivation scale on a sample of the teachers of the Jordanian Ministry of Education in the Directorate of Education of Northwest Badia. The study sample consisted of 216 male and female teachers, who were randomly selected from different schools of the directorate; the achievement motivation scale used in this study consisted of three dimensions: ambition, perseverance, and the existence of an objective to be sought for. The results of the study showed that the achievement motivation scale used in this study had a reasonable degree of validity and reliability. The validity indicators were available through calculating the correlation coefficient between the scale and the criterion and it amounted to 0.57 that is statistically significant; they were also available through calculating the correlation of items with the total degree that it was acceptable and it ranged from (0.29 – 0.57) proving the internal consistency of the scale. With regards to the reliability of the scale, it was achieved by applying the Cronbach-alpha equation that it amounted to (0.85). In light of the findings, the researcher recommends applying the scale to greater samples and samples taken from different sectors in the fields of work, adding other dimensions of the scale, and exploring their psychometric characteristics and comparing them with what was achieved in this study.

An interrogation of the autobiographies by leaders who write from the margins of power show that subaltern political autobiographies inhabit a privileged position that enable one to see the effect of power on subaltern subjects. Their writings, thus, resist and mount a challenge to hegemonic structures that encroach and sustain the materiality of domination. In this regard, their political autobiographies can be said to be engaged in the quest for dismantling the silence of being the “Other.” This paper contends that the Kenyan subaltern political autobiographies are not merely literary but political acts, and examining these texts will lead to a better understanding of the current political frameworks that help in the conceptualizing the Kenyan nation. The unit of analysis will be two Kenyan political autobiographies, particularly Jaramogi Odinga‟s Not Yet Uhuru and Raila Odinga‟s The Flame of Freedom. Biographical method of analysis will be employed. The perspectives and experiences of Jaramogi and Raila are used as the basis for a critique of the dominant discourse of the post-independence political elites. In particular, the emergence of these autobiographical works is interrogated here as counter- narratives of Kenyan politics and society, alongside the persisting elite structures of politics and culture extending from the colonial through to the postcolonial eras. The analysis of the autobiographical reflections of Jaramogi and Raila demonstrate levels of resistance which have not been recognised until now.

The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of roles played by student councils on curbing the frequency of student unrests in Public Boys Boarding Secondary Schools in Elgon Sub-county, Kenya. The study was based on Social Systems Theory. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. There are only 3 Public Boys Boarding Secondary Schools. Therefore, the census method was used to sample the three secondary schools. Stratified sampling technique was used to sample respondents from the categories of students and members of student councils. The target population for students was 750 while that of members of student councils was 78. The study used Likert type Students' Questionnaire and Questionnaire for Members of Student Councils as research instruments. Descriptive statistics namely, means, frequencies and percentages were computed. The study reported a negative and statistically significant relationship between communication roles by student councils and the frequency of student unrests (r= -0.848**; p<0.01. It can be concluded that if student councils participate in communicating student problems to school management, frequency of student unrests will be curbed in Public Boys Boarding Secondary Schools in Elgon Sub-county. The study recommends that student councils be thoroughly prepared in their roles through seminars, workshops and regular meetings with the principals.

The study objective was to establish Relationship between Provision of Classroom Teaching Resources and teachers’ performance of instructional roles in secondary schools in Nandi East Sub-County, Kenya. The study adopted correlational research design. Data collection tool was teachers’ questionnaire. Reliability of the instrument was tested using test re-test method. It was validated by experts. The target population was secondary school teachers while the accessible population was the 192 teachers teaching in the 30 secondary schools in Nandi East Sub-County. The study used proportionate sampling to categorize respondents into female and male teachers, boarding and day schools. Proportionate sampling was used to apportion respondents from various schools. Simple random sampling technique was used to sample the actual respondents. The Sample size was 127 teachers in the 30 sampled schools determined by using Krejcie and Morgan table of Sample size determination. The study established that there was a positive and a statistically significant relationship between provision of classroom teaching resources and performance of instructional roles. It was concluded that teachers in most of the schools were ineffective in preparing curriculum support materials, supervising students as they study, explaining concepts in class, and in using audio-visual equipment during lesson delivery. It was further established that majority of the schools had not provided ICT resources for use by teachers in performance of instructional roles. Similarly, provision of laboratory chemicals to be used during teaching of practical subjects was found to be insufficiently provided. The researcher recommends that teachers should be provided with necessary, relevant and adequate teaching and learning resources to be used during performance of instructional roles. Additionally, Teachers Service Commission (TSC) of Kenya to urgently implement Teacher Professional Development programs to address the weaknesses of teachers’ inability to explain concepts in class and encourage them to use ICT resources in teaching and evaluation.

TVET is very cardinal to any economic development of the country. It serves to prepare learners with the skills they need to succeed in the workforce and is the candle of hope lighting the darkness of political inefficiency, poverty and human degradation. Therefore, the development of curricula content and their implementation is one of the key competences of instructors in the area of educational planning and practical training for Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutions in Kenya. The TVET sub-sector continues to be challenged by inflexible and outdated TVET curriculum, mismatch between the skills learned and the skills demanded by industries, inadequate mechanism for quality assurance, Low participation of private sector in the curriculum design and development. Therefore, the present study sought to evaluate the role of public-private partnership in enhancing curriculum development in TVET institutions within Rift Valley and Western Kenya Regions. Multiple case-study design was adopted for the study. Purposive and snowball sampling techniques were applied to select TVET and enterprise officials respectively. Questionnaires and interview guides were used in data collection. Data collected was analyzed using Multiple Attribute Utility Theory, (MAUT) and results presented in tabular and graphical forms. It was found out industry players were not involved in the reviews and curriculum reviews was reported to be too. The frequency at which curriculum reviews were carried out was reported to be very low at 5 representing 12.5 %. The use of resource persons from enterprise in curriculum instruction is also very low at a frequency. The study also reported low donation of instructional materials from enterprises. Therefore, curriculum planners should review curriculum at regular intervals in the light of needed skills in modern industries.