In Africa, studies devoted to violence against football referees are rare. This study aims to characterize threats and aggression against referees during football matches in Congo. The qualitative study, which took place in Brazzaville from February to April 2024, included 9 referees with international or federal certification. The semi-directed interviews conducted with these referees addressed the following points: the types of threats and aggression; their causes; refereeing decisions; sources of violence; the management of said threats and aggression. The results highlighted the predominance of verbal aggression, the perpetrators were more spectators and players. Refereeing decisions directly opposed to the opinions of players/coaches/spectators were the major sources of threats and aggression. The impact of socio-cultural and political capital on these behaviors was also noted. Self-control was the main strategy for managing these distressing situations. In short, the study highlighted the complexity of the phenomenon of aggression towards referees.

Jalinoos, in his Unani literature, emphasized the importance of structural simplicity in categorizing organs, focusing on their lighter composition and maintaining the body's integrity, as a fundamental component of the human body. Allama Qarshi further refined the classification of A‘ḍā’ Mufrada (Simple organs) into ten distinct types, highlighting the complexity inherent in each type and its contribution to the overall structure and function of the body. Notable scholars such as Abu Sehel Maseehi and Ali Ibne Abbas Majoosi acknowledged the inclusion of Mukh, Ẓufr, and Sha’r within their classifications. In contrast, Razi excluded arteries, veins, tendons, and membranes from the A‘ḍā’ Mufrada (Simple organs) category, positing that these structures are derived from nerves and ligaments rather than being classified as independent organs. Ibne Rushd expanded the classification of A‘ḍā’ Mufrada (Simple organs) to encompass fourteen distinct types, which include Jild (skin), Dam (blood), Balgham (phlegm), Marra Sawdā’ (black bile), Marra Safra (yellow bile), and Rūḥ (spirit). Basic elements in Unani Medicine are simple undivisable matter which provide the primary components for the human body. They cannot further resolve in to simple entities. A group of ancient physicians believe that organs formed by four elements combined in different amount and proportion. Ibne Rushd stated that A‘ḍā’ Mufrada (Simple organs) are developed either from primary combination or secondary. Hippocrates believed that if man's creation was made from one element, he would never fall ill and recover from one remedy and Fetuses' soft and hard parts are formed from soft and moist food, and their limbs develop like branches. Ibne Hubl Baghdadi stated that the human body is composed of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary constituents of Usṭuqussāt. Abu Sehel Maseehi and Allama Qarshi differ on the formation of A‘ḍā’ Mufrada (Simple organs), with Maseehi claiming semen for bones and flesh, and Qarshi categorizing it into two types: A‘ḍā’ Aṣliyya and A‘ḍā’ Manawiyya. Ali Ibne Abbas Majoosi, and Allama Nafeesi discuss semen's role in organ development, supplemented by Fazil Khoon and surplus blood, and its production of biological molecules.

The Bangladeshi healthcare system grapples with the entrenched practice of pharmaceutical companies showering medical representatives (MRs) with gifts to influence healthcare professionals (HCPs). Despite legal frameworks like the Drug Act (1940), which, until 2023, served as the core of Bangladesh's pharmaceutical sector regulation framework, was repealed by the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 2023 and Drug Rules (1946) prohibiting the exchange of gifts and incentives to HCPs, a 2022 survey by Transparency International Bangladesh (TIB) revealed that 77% of physicians acknowledge receiving gifts from pharmaceutical companies. This article explores the reasons behind this phenomenon, including fierce industry competition, manipulation of prescribing habits, and financial allure for HCPs. Further, the article examines the multifaceted impact of gift-giving on patient care, healthcare expenditure, and public trust in the medical profession. It delves into the ethical considerations surrounding conflicts of interest, transparency, and accountability in the pharmaceutical-HCP nexus. Additionally, it analyzes the evolving role of regulatory bodies like the Directorate General of Drug Administration (DGDA) in enforcing regulations governing gift-giving practices. Through a critical examination of recent case studies and relevant literature, this article sheds light on the complex dynamics at play and proposes evidence-based recommendations for fostering transparency, integrity, and ethical conduct within the Bangladeshi pharmaceutical industry and healthcare sector. By drawing comparisons with international regulatory frameworks and ethical standards, the article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and potential solutions to curb unethical practices in Bangladesh.

Dubai Electricity and Water Authority (DEWA) is considered as a benchmark for other utilities due to its sustainable initiatives, where it addresses Dubai's increasing energy and water demands through innovative and environmentally-oriented practices. This paper discusses DEWA’s advancements in renewable energy integration, smart grid technologies, and sustainable infrastructure, highlighting the Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park and the Hatta Hydroelectric Power Plant as its major initiatives. Furthermore, DEWA's efforts in water management, green building design, and community engagement also serve as examples to its commitment to sustainability. With notable achievements in energy production efficiency, significant reductions in carbon emissions, and enhanced energy management systems, DEWA greatly contributes to Dubai's Clean Energy Strategy 2050.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the ability of machines to perform various tasks with smart work that normally requires human intelligence. It is not a new concept as it was introduced back in the 1950s. However, it has not become the practical tool until two decades ago. Artificial intelligence (AI) has obtained large interest and has long past via a transition level from being a pure statistical tool to being one of the main drivers of modern dentistry. In dentistry, the employment of synthetic intelligence continues to be at its start. Many radiographs are used to decide illnesses with the aid of using displaying the whole shape of the enamel and a few dental troubles that cannot be visible at once with the aid of using the human eye. The concepts of AI, including convolutional neural networks and/or synthetic neural networks, have proven a selection of applications in dentistry, forecasting the viability of stem cells. The dental pulp, measuring operating lengths, pinpointing root fractures and periapical lesions and forecasting the achievement of retreatment procedures. AI has established accuracy and precision in detection, evaluation and prediction. Thus, this review narrates the history, classification and its applications in dentistry.

Covid-19 infection was identified in Wuhan in December of 2019, the World Health Organization has declared the outbreak of a global pandemic by March 11, 2020, the health care system focused on mobilizing resources, fighting infections, reducing mortality and others. But less attention was paid to the psychological burden of the pandemic on the health care workers (HCWs). HCWS were exposed to high levels of stress during the pandemic because of the uncertainties in the management of COVID-19 cases, the fear in treating highly contagious viral disease and others all of these contributed to exposing the HCWs to high level of fear and anxiety, leading to stress and burnout (Alikhani et al., 2020), (Fessell & Cherniss, 2020). The aim of the study was to measure the rate of burnout among the frontline staff such as physicians and nurses in Primary health care sector in Dubai health Authority in the City of Dubai, during the period between March and June of 2020. The study was cross-sectional descriptive and analytical; using the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI) questionnaire tool to assess the Burnout, a sample of 200 participants were included in the study. The personal burnout was 57%, work-related burn-out was 53%, while only 34% had pandemic-related burnout. In the comparisons made in terms of burnout sub-dimensions and demographic factors, it appeared that the effects of occupational variables, such as workload, service time, as well as demographic variables such as, profession and income were significant.

This study investigates the growth characteristics of Pinus roxburghii and Pinus wallichiana in Ghora Galli, Murree, comparing trees from roadside environments with those from undisturbed areas. Analysis of diameter at breast height (DBH), age, height, and growth rates reveals significant differences influenced by environmental conditions. Roadside trees show lower growth rates and DBH, likely due to soil compaction, pollution, and altered microclimates. Conversely, trees in undisturbed areas exhibit higher growth rates and more consistent growth patterns, suggesting that reduced human disturbance allows for optimal tree development. The findings emphasize the dominance of Pinus roxburghii and Pinus wallichiana in the forest structure, highlighting their significant ecological roles. Additionally, the study illustrates the importance of a diverse plant community across different ecological layers, which enhances ecosystem stability, supports biodiversity, and promotes soil health. These results provide valuable insights for forest management strategies and urban planning, offering guidance on sustaining healthy tree populations in areas influenced by human activity.

Background: Manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) is a widely used procedure for the management of early pregnancy loss, primarily in low resource settings. A highly successful analgesic method with few side effects is paracervical block (PCB). This study aims to evaluate the patient’s satisfaction and adverse effects associated with PCB during MVA for early pregnancy loss. Methods: This cross-sectional prospective observational study was conducted at Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh, from January to June 2019. Fifty-two women with early pregnancy loss were included through convenience sampling. PCB administered before MVA; pain, satisfaction, effects assessed systematically. Results: This study found that, 23.07% of patients had a just palpable uterus and tenderness in 88.5%. 73.10% patients presented with active bleeding. The cervical OS was open in 76.93% of patients and in 42.30%, the product of conception was felt. Regarding resuscitation, 73.07% required IV fluid infusion, all needed antibiotics and 23.1% required blood transfusions. Most patients (69.23%) had minimal per vaginal bleeding and the average procedure duration was 8-10 minutes (80.77%). The procedure was reported easy by 86.54% of patients, 7.7% reported discomfort and 88.46% would recommend it to others. Adverse effects included nausea in 1.92%, epigastric pain in 3.85%, and excessive bleeding in 5.77%, which was effectively controlled by pressure. Conclusions: Paracervical block is a safe, effective, and well-tolerated analgesic option for MVA in managing early pregnancy loss. Its minimal adverse effects and high patient satisfaction suggest its routine use in clinical practice.

Working capital in organization is akin to that of heart in human body. Efficient working capital management requires well-balanced funds without which either scarcity of funds will obstruct smooth functioning of organization or excess funds will prevent organization from conducting its operation dexterously. Hence, special emphasis must be given to the management of current assets investment in organization. Management can exercise different sources astutely in financing working capital. With a powerful chronicle, India has become a reputed name within the world steel industry. Financing design of working capital for Tata Steel Ltd. cogitates a strategic metamorphosis apropos of internal and external financial considerations. During the preceding decade, Tata Steel has peregrinated a propulsive international steel market, economic phase, and legislative initiatives, impressing its working capital financing dexterity. In this paper, an attempt has been made using secondary data to unearth the size of short-term financing design used to finance current assets along with the contribution of various sources in the context of Tata Steel Company, the selected steel company for the period of 10 years from 2014-2015 to 2023-2024. The study shows that besides fully meeting full financial requirements of current assets, short-term financing is also used to finance fixed assets. Proportion of various short-term sources in financing working capital requirements also shows mixed design over the years in the selected unit under study.

Background: The term ‘frozen shoulder’ should be reserved for a well-defined disorder characterized by progressive pain and stiffness of shoulder which usually resolves spontaneously after about 18 months. The objectives of treatment are to relieve pain and thus restore motion and function of shoulder. Recommended treatment approaches are physical therapy, local and systemic corticosteroid, anti-inflammatory drugs, antidepressants, nerve blocks and manipulation under anesthesia. Objective: Compare the efficacy of intra-articular corticosteroid injection and phonophoresis in the treatment of Adhesive Capsulitis. Method And Material: : This randomized clinical trial was performed in the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, over a period of six months. Study population was the patients of adhesive capsulitis disease attending the out- patient department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation during the study period. Meticulous history taking, clinical examination and relevant investigations were done. Eligible participants were allocated into two groups, group A-intra-articular corticosteroid injection and group B- phonophoresis by randomization with the help of lottery. Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was performed using the statistical program Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 16.0. Continuous variables (age, etc) were expressed as mean ± SD and comparison of socio- demographic variable of both groups was measures by chi-square test and outcome variables by t-test. A “p” value <0.05 was considered as significant with 95% confidence interval. Result: The mean age of the patients in this study was 51.47 ± 6.30 years. Out of 74 patients 44 were female & 30 were male and the ratio female: male ratio 1.46: 1. Out of 74patients 40.54% patients had right sided involvement and 59.45% patients had left sided involvement. Among 74 patients, service holder were 25 (33.80%), house wife 23 (31%), reteired (12.16%), labour 5(6.755), teacher 4(5.41%) and others 8(10.81%). Significant difference of VAS score and DASH score between Group A and Group B was found at week 2 and Week 6 follow up (P<0.05). Significant difference was found at week 2 and week 6 follow up (P<0.05) regarding ROM (flexion, abduction, internal rotation, external rotation) in Group A than Group B. Conclusion: Present study shown that intra-articular corticosteroid injection was more effective to reduce pain, improve ROM and disability in adhesive capsulitis.

Utero-cutaneous fistula (UCF) is a rare complication of pelvic surgeries in women. It occurs when there is a fistulous connection between the uterine cavity and anterior abdominal wall. It has been reported following open abdominal myomectomy, surgeries for endometriosis, chronic and granulomatous pelvic infection, poorly performed caesarean section, gynaecological malignancies, complication of the management of placenta accreta spectrum, and foreign body insertion for the treatment of infertility. We present three cases of Uterocutaneous fistulas post open abdominal myomectomies manged medically using high dose intramuscular depo-medroxy progesterone acetate (DMPA).

Background: Post-operative wound infections (POWIs) are a leading cause of morbidity and increase in healthcare costs, especially in low resource settings. The rising prevalence of antibiotic resistance among pathogens also increases the complexity of treatment strategies, highlighting the importance of local surveillance of microbiological and resistance patterns. This study aims to find out the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of gram positive and gram negative isolates from the post-operative wound infections from women undergoing obstetric and gynecological surgeries. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka from October 2019 to September 2021. A total of 200 women with post-operative wound infections were purposively selected. Among them, 134 had culture-positive findings. Bacteriological analysis and antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed on isolates following standard microbiological methods. Results: Among the 134 culture-positive cases, 33.6% of isolates were gram-positive, with Staphylococcus aureus being predominant. Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 66.4% of isolates, with E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa equally prevalent (20.9%). Gram-positive isolates showed high sensitivity to piperacillin-tazobactam (91.1%) and sulbactam (53.3%) but were resistant to ceftriaxone (48.9%) and cefixime (51.1%). Gram-negative bacteria exhibited sensitivity to amikacin and meropenem but demonstrated widespread resistance to ceftriaxone and doxycycline. Conclusion: This study describes the diverse microbiological profile and high prevalence of antibiotic resistance in POWIs. Novel antibiotic therapy and strict infection control measures are essential to curb the burden of these infections.

Insulinoma is a rare functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour that is usually sporadic and solitary. It can have a varied presentation. Neuroglycopenic manifestations of hypoglycemia due to insuline hypersecretion can mimic neurological or psychiatric disorders, thus often a diagnosis and treatment delay. Insulinoma is a potentially curable condition, but it can be fatal if left unrecognized. We report a case of A 45-year-old woman who had a 9-year delay before diagnosing insulinoma after being initially assessed with anxiety–depressive disorder. The case report below provides a detailed review of the diagnosis, tumour localization, and the successful surgical intervention implemented for the patient.

Drug Utilization Evaluation (DUE) is a comprehensive study examining the marketing, distribution, prescription, and use of medications within a society. This evaluation encompasses a range of medical, social, and economic factors related to drug use, with the primary goal of ensuring that drug therapy adheres to current standards of care. This prospective observational study conducted at Navodaya Medical College Hospital and Research Centre (NMCH & RC) from 15th February to 15th August 2024 aimed to evaluate prescription patterns for gastrointestinal disorders, focusing on drug utilization from the Essential Drug List (EDL) and adherence to WHO core prescribing indicators.150 prescriptions were analyzed, revealing that 64.66% of patients were male, with the majority aged 20-39 years. Acute gastroenteritis was the most common diagnosis (34%), and common symptoms included abdominal pain, loose stools, and vomiting. Antibiotics, particularly metronidazole, were the most prescribed drug class (25.35%). Of the prescribed drugs, 75.95% were from the EDL, but only 8.91% were prescribed by generic name, and 64.82% involved injections. The average number of drugs per prescription was 6.65, indicating polypharmacy and drug interactions were prevalent. The study highlighted concerns about moderate antibiotic use, high injection rates, low generic drug prescriptions, and polypharmacy, underscoring the need for improved rational prescribing practices to enhance patient safety and cost efficiency.

Background: Preventive dentistry plays a crucial role in maintaining optimal oral health and preventing dental diseases such as caries, periodontal disease, and oral cancer. Knowledge and awareness of preventive measures significantly influence patient behavior, improving oral health outcomes. This study aimed to assess the awareness of preventive dentistry practices among patients attending Karary University Dental Clinic in 2022. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 151 patients attending the dental clinics at Karary University. A structured questionnaire was used to evaluate participants' knowledge and attitudes regarding preventive dentistry practices. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were employed for data analysis. Results: The majority of participants (54.7%) exhibited fair awareness of preventive dentistry, with 39.3% showing good awareness, 4.7% demonstrating poor awareness, and only 1.3% displaying excellent awareness. Awareness was significantly higher among females, individuals aged 19-40 years, and those with a university education. While most patients (90.4%) recognized the preventability of dental diseases, gaps in knowledge were evident regarding the use of preventive tools such as dental floss and the importance of regular dental checkups. Conclusion: This study highlights a significant variation in preventive dentistry awareness among patients at Karary University Dental Clinic. Despite general awareness of dental disease prevention, specific areas, such as the use of dental floss and understanding advanced preventive measures, require further attention. Targeted educational interventions, particularly for high-risk groups, are essential to improve preventive dental practices and ultimately enhance oral health outcomes.