The rate of cesarean deliveries has increased over a decade due to multifactorial reasons explicitly; decrease in vaginal births after cesarean (VBAC), multiple gestation, maternal obesity, pre-term labor, gestational diabetes or hypertension, increased number of high-risk expectant mothers and the obstetrical medico-legal environment. Delivery of the fetal head at the cesarean section can sometimes be a cumbersome procedure and may result in maternal or fetal complications. The fetal vacuum extractor enables traction to be applied to the fetal head, in the birth canal, by means of a suction cup that is powered by an external vacuum source. To investigate the benefits and limitations of soft cup vacuum extractor on the fetal scalp during the cesarean section. This study was conducted on 88 full term pregnant women undergoing cesarean section at Nepalgunj Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Nepalgunj, Nepal. All patients were between 37 and 41 weeks of pregnancy with signs of healthy fetus and were divided into 2 groups; Group A- 42 patients subjected to vacuum extraction at the cesarean section, Group B- 46 patients subjected to the conventional cesarean method. The interval between the final uterine incision and complete delivery (U-D interval) and the Apgar score at 1 and 5 minutes after birth were evaluated. The data was statistically analyzed. In Group A, 24 (57.1%) women out of 42 and in Group B, 26 (56.5%) out of 46 were primagravida. Nine (21.4%) out of 42 women in Group A and 13 (28.3%) out of 46 women in Group B had a previous history of cesarean section. Lateral extension in uterine incisions was seen in 3 cases (7.1%) in Group A and 6 cases (13.0%) in Group B. The duration of scalp traction for Group A and Group B subjects were 32±3 sec and 48±16 sec respectively. The birth weight of the babies delivered in Group A and Group B were 3.08±0.47 and 3.07±0.46 respectively. The gestational age of the babies in Group A and B were 39.1±1.09 and 38.9±1.10 weeks. The initial Apgar score for Group A and Group B were 5.67±1 and 5.83±1.20. U-D interval for Group A and Group B were 75.6±9.02 and 43.5±8.6 respectively. It was found that the use of vacuum extractor is an easy, non traumatic and rapid method which abates the need of rough and prolonged fundal compression and its consequences and significantly fewer maternal complications

The soil utilized as underneath the layer of sub-base in many civil engineering applications such as; roads, foundations of buildings, walkways, airfield, etc. The thickness of sub-base layer depends on the design load, project type and the soil type. Which will effect on the field density. This study was applied on a sub-base soil grade B as classified according to AASHTO which a wide spread in Iraq. Different tests were conducted on this soil to evaluate its properties such as sieve analysis, Atterberg's limits, compaction and chemicals. Three energies of compactive efforts were used in the laboratory work (EN1= 585.17 kJ/m3, EN2 =5898.5 kJ/m3, and EN3=1799 kJ/m3, ) to study the effect of different compactive efforts on the maximum dry density. Furthermore, built field model with the compactive effort of 1711.3kJ/m3 was used to determine the compaction ratio (RC). This model was 3m*1m * 0.80m which was from the confining base and sides by plain concrete to prevent the energy from transmitting to the soil behind and below the model. Four layer thicknesses (0.1m, 0.15m, 0.2m, and 0.3m) were used to study the effect of compactive effort on the layer thickness and then to evaluate the RC. The results obtained from this study showed that RC was Inversely proportional to the thickness of layer when it was equal or less than 0.2m. RC was (97%, 94.2% and 88.5%) at 0.1m, 0.15m, and 0.2m respectively. However, this was not the case when the layer thickness exceeded 0.2m. The results also showed that the adequate thickness was less than 0.2m.

Globally, environmental problems have negatively impacted every area of human endeavours. Global increase in economic activities and the growing challenges generated by environmental activities have made the traditional accounting system ill-equipped to provide adequate information about the environmental activities of organizations. Conventional approaches of cost accounting have become inadequate because they have ignored important environmental costs and activities impacting consequences on the environment. Corporate neglect and avoidance of environmental costing have left a gap of financial incompleteness and absence of fair view of financial information reporting to users of financial statements and environmental regulatory agencies. The study seeks to provide a theoretical overview of accounting for social and environmental challenges and pointed out the superiority of Environmental Accounting over the Traditional Accounting in this wise, Our review showed that environmental accounting operating expenditures are not charged independently of other expenditures. There is also, absence of costing system for tracking of externality costs. Environmental accounting disclosure does not however, take the same pattern among listed companies globally. Considering the current limited exposure of many organizations to environmental accounting methodology, this study proffers an insight into new bases and design for environmental accounting. This paper posits that a lot can be done to douse environmental and social challenges and pacify those directly affected by applying palliative and preventive remedies using environmental accounting aspects of corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as a tool.

In order to minimize the use of expensive chemical fertilizers, this study investigate the potential of phosphate solubilization by bacterium isolated from soil which the most of the bacteria isolated from the soil have the ability to dissolve rock phosphates both in the soil and in the culture medium is well known. The microorganisms produce low molecular mass organic acids, which attack the phosphate structure and transform phosphorus from nonutilizable to the utilizable for the plants form. The objective of the present study is to study the factors affecting on dissolution of phosphate content in Abu Tartur phosphate ore by using bacterium isolated from soil. Serial dilution method was performed to inoculum solutions to achieve microorganism’s isolation which obtaining one bacterium that has ability to dissolve phosphate ore and molecular identification by 16 sRNA which suggest it called Azotobacter vinelandii. Optimum conditions of bioleaching of Abu Tartur phosphate ore are 3 days incubation period, modified PVK medium is the best medium for dissolution of Abu Tartur phosphate ore, 0.1x 1029 colony forming unit of Azotobacter vinelandii for 50 ml medium, 0.5% Abu Tartur phosphate ore concentration , 30°c, ammonium oxalate as nitrogen source, glucose as carbon source, ,no significant effect of addition factor, also there is decreasing in pH and increases in electric potential, initial pH 7, which the leaching efficiency of phosphate content in Abu Tartur phosphate ore reaches to 52.6%.

Alcohol consumption has been an accepted social practice since time immemorial. Alcohol, a drug, is consumed at some time by up to 80% of the population. The consumption of more than two standard drinks per day increases the risk for health problem in many organ systems. The objectives of the present study was to find out the alcohol usage profile among the adult alcohol users from Chidambaram town and the association between drinks per episode, episode per year, duration of diabetes mellitus and liver enzymes. The study was a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in the field practice area of Urban Health centre (UHC) under Community Medicine, Rajah Muthiah Medical College and Hospital (RMMCH), Chidambaram, Annamalai University between October 2015 and July 2016.Majority (78.43%) of the study subjects AST enzyme value of ≤40 units/ litre that shows within normal limit. Majority (83.00%) of the study subjects ALT enzyme value of ≤40 units/ litre and also in normal limit. Majority (88.88%) of the study subjects GGT enzyme value of ≤60 units/litre. Duration of being alcoholic, number of episodes per year and drinks per episode were influencing the liver enzyme values significantly. Candidates having increased liver enzymes also are potential candidates to have hepatic damage. Hence by decreasing the alcohol quantity and also interventions that aid in stopping alcohol would help in preventing hepatic damage

The purpose of clinical crown lengthening is to increase the extent of supragingival tooth structure for restorative or esthetic purposes. The present article aims at comparing three different crown lengthening techniques. This study was conducted in department of periodontics. It included 30 patients, 15 males and 15 females. Patients were equally and randomly divided into three groups. Group I: It included 10 patients treated with gingivectomy. Group II: It included 10 patients treated with apically repositioned flap. Group III: It included 10 patients treated with surgical extrusion using periotome. Length of clinical crown, width of attached gingival and interdental papilla height was recorded preoperatively and postoperatively. There was no change in the width of attached gingiva and minimal change in the interdental papilla height between pre-operative and post-operative measurements in the crown lengthening procedure done by surgical extrusion using periotome when compared to the other conventional surgical procedures. The difference among three techniques was significant (p-0.01). Author concluded that crown lengthening using surgical extrusion technique is effective in grossly fractured teeth and in area where crown structure is less.

Oral leukoplakia (OL) is the most common potentially malignant lesions of the oral cavity and Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) accounts more than 95% of all malignant neoplasms in the oral cavity. Therefore, the aim of this study to report the immunoexpression of metallothionein in dysplastic lesions to correlate with histological grade and OSCC. Samples of 5 normal oral mucosa, 15 dysplastic cases was graded as: mild dysplasia, moderate dysplasia and severe dysplasia and 15 cases of OSCC. Immunohistochemistry for the metallothionein was performed and the Pearson Chi-Square test was used in statistical analysis. The metallothionein stain in all cases exhibits a mosaic pattern and predominantly in cytoplasm and nucleus simultaneously. The total stain was significantly higher in OSCC when compared with normal and dysplastic lesions. Metallothionein expression may play an important role in the conversion of potentially malignant oral lesion to oral carcinoma since its earlier stages.

To assess the effect of Portieria hornemannii and Spyridia fusiformis methanol extract for its anti-hyperglycemic activity against chemically induced diabetic rats by examining its influence on parameters such as blood sugar level, liver Glucokinase and Hexokinase activity, Glucose 6 phosphate activity, glycogen content. The methanolic residue of P. hornemannii and S. fusiformis at a dosage of 200 mg/kg of weight was given orally to Alloxon induced diabetic animals for about 28 days. The outcome of algae residue feeding in rats estimated by various biochemical as well as haematological parameters such as RBC, WBC, HB and platelets. Histopathological evaluation was made in the pancreas. The rats, pretreated with methanol residue of the above algal materials (200 mg/kg i.p) enhanced oral glucose tolerance against control. After feeding of methanol extract in diabetic rats for 28 days, the blood glucose has significantly decreased, while the increase in liver glycogen level was observed. In addition, the regeneration of the pancreas of the treated animals was noticed. The methanol residues of the experimental red algae P. hornemannii as well as S. fusiformis possess very effective hypoglycemic effect on the chemically induced diabetic rats compared to Glipizide

The present study was conducted to find out the occupational stressors towards organizational change with reference to government boys +2 school teachers working in Delhi and New Delhi. It is because of the fact that change is inevitable in the present day world of work; hence, it is often observed that each and every organization is undergoing the process of change. Change in any organization causes stress. Thus, there may be various sources of job/occupational stress that may affect the human working life. Therefore, the present study is of utmost value in the area concerned. The sample area chosen for the present investigation was still an unexplored area. Although, Delhi as a capital of India is making rapid head way especially in academics based on high-info-tech. Total sample consisted of one hundred fifty teachers (N=150), selected randomly from different Government Boys +Schools located in different places of Delhi and New Delhi. Data collected through questionnaires schedules. Having tabulated the data obtained, data were analyzed using standard multiple regression analysis to determine the determinants of organizational change. Results clearly revealed the picture that out of 12 dimensions of occupational stress only two dimensions, viz., „responsibility for persons‟ and „unprofitability‟ have been found predicting organizational change and moreover, two demographic variables, viz., „age‟ and „experience in the present position‟ have also been found as the important determinants of organizational change, although, all the group of teachers working in Government Boys +2 Schools have shown positive inclination towards change. Finally obtained results have been discussed in detail by giving probable reasons in the exigency of situations prevailing in Government Boys +2 Schools from where the present sample has been drawn.

In this study, gelatin microspheres containing diltiazem hydrochloride (DTZ HCl) were prepared by the polymerization technique using glutaraldehyde as the cross-linking agent. The prepared microspheres were examined for its practical yield, drug content, and release kinetic. The study also includes the effect of processing variables on the result of evaluation. The shape and surface topology of prepared microspheres of various formulations were spherical as investigated by SEM studies. Pure drug and the drug polymer mixture showed similar peak in FTIR study which indicated no interaction between drug and polymer. From dissolution study of formulations, it was concluded that the formulation containing high amount of hydrophobic polymer gave high sustaining effect i.e. 8 hrs. So, the present work successfully achieved the objective of designing of controlled release microspheres of DTZ HCl

The present study attempted to investigate on the paradox of Religious Education in Mara Region through qualitative approach. Twelve schools composed the population and purposive sampling came up with 17 students and 4 teachers from three schools to release information through Focus Group Discussion and Interview Schedule. Expert judgment established validity of research instruments. To maintain ethical considerations, anonymity, confidentiality and privacy of respondents were maximized during data collection. The study established that Divinity Subject has peculiar features which are not found in other academic subjects. Failure to integrate Religious Education is influenced by scarcity of teachers, lack of textbooks and non-availability of syllabus to guide the teaching and learning of the subject. Excluding Divinity in selection for tertiary education leads students and teachers to disregard the subject regardless of its benefits. Researchers recommend that Secondary Schools in Mara Region should integrate Religious Education by making it compulsory. Availability of teachers for CRE and good supply of textbooks and syllabus must be ensured in order to enhance proper learning. Divinity should be considered in selection for tertiary education in order to encourage teachers and students to teach and learn the subject. Finally, the government should make efforts to prepare experts to teach Christian Religious Education.

Biliary tract operations are the most common GI tract surgery performed worldwide and injury to the bile duct leads to both acute and chronic complications. The incidence of bile duct injury is increased in the presence of severe inflammation and is compounded by congenital abnormalities of the biliary tree. Congenitally absent cystic duct is one such rare anomaly with significant surgical implications. So far, only nine clear cases of congenitally absent cystic duct have been reported.

Abstract: This study aims to analyse and evaluate the effectiveness of a Communicative English Language Learning Program held by adopting the CIPP evaluation model developed by Stufflebeam. Questionnaires were applied to measure the Context, Input, Process, and Product.7 lecturers comprised of 5 females and 2 males, and 31 female students were invited to participate in this study. Each component of context, input, process, and product obtained through questionnaires were analysed descriptively using a frequency and a percentage and then presented in tables illustrating percentages (%) and number of frequencies (f).The results showed positive outcomes for Variable Context, Input, Process and Product, and revealed that some encouragements and improvements in the facilities and other supporting material to be equipped as well as the learning environment was needed to be adjusted in making the program much more effective.

This study investigated on the influence of food provision on pupils‘ participation in learning across 130 Primary Schools in Babati Rural District. A total of 120 pupils and 101 teachers were randomly selected to participate in the study through the questionnaire. Data was analyzed through descriptive statistics, t-test and Pearson Product Moment Correlational Coefficient. Reliability of questionnaire items ranged between .887 and 0.962 Cronbach‘s Alpha meaning the instrument was reliable for data collection. The study established that provision of food is limited to some schools where the distribution of food is fairly done; the amount of food is sufficient and is prepared in clean environment. However, the food provided does not cater for balance diet and there is no variety of food given. Pupils in schools that offer food services have significantly higher mean score in learning participation than pupils in schools where food service is not offered. Thus, the rate of learning participation is significantly influenced by food provision. The more effective food provision, the more pupils‘ participation in learning takes place. The study recommends that effective provision of food should be extended to all schools across the District. School administration should ensure provision of balanced diet so that learners can enjoy the food and have better health. Government authority and other interested groups should also strive to sustain effective food provision in order to raise the level of pupils‘ participation in learning.

The study investigates infrastructural resource provision in university libraries in Nigeria’s North Central Zone with reference to managerial variable of planning as influence factor via an Ex post facto research. The Cronbach Alpha method was used to determine the internal consistency of the items of the instrument. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire complemented by observation of infrastructural resources and interview of university librarians. From the 124 copies of questionnaire distributed 109 (76.76%) copies were returned. Data collected were analyzed by use of mean, standard deviation Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (PPMC). The method of testing the hypothesis was by means of Multiple Regression Analysis in which the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SSPS) was employed at 005 level of significance. The study found that infrastructural resources were provided to a large extent and planning was found to have a significant influence on the provision of infrastructural resources in the university libraries. The study consequently recommended that in order for Nigerian University Libraries to ensure even provision of adequate infrastructural early and effective planning should be implemented.