This paper explored the influence of selected factors on the marketability of counterfeit and pirated products in Dar-es-salaam region using factorial analysis. The paper followed claims of an upsurge of counterfeit and pirated products in markets and the potential of resulting negative impacts on the health of individuals and overall economic development. A cross-sectional research design and structured questionnaires were used to collect information. The results suggest that factors like the level of income, education (awareness), price and government policies are the key drivers for the purchase of counterfeit and pirated products in Dar-es-salaam region. The study recommends of strengthening the enforcement mechanisms of the existing laws and regulations which deal with discouraging substandard products and unfair practices in markets, putting in place deliberate measures to increase public awareness of the consequences and effects ensuing from the use of counterfeit and pirated products, addressing shortfalls in the intellectual property rights protection laws and regulations and increasing surveillance by the police, inspectors and customs in informal border routes to minimize the problem.

In the present investigation, a series of Schiff bases of substituted 4-Amino- 5 –Phenyl-2, 4- dihydro - [1, 2, 4] - triazole -3 –thione were synthesized and evaluated for their anticonvulsant activity and neurotoxicity study. The structures of the synthesized Schiff bases were confirmed by IR, 1H-NMR, and elemental analysis. In anticonvulsant chemo shock method, all the compounds were tested against three chemical stimulants strychnine, thiosemicarbazide and Isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH) at a dose of 30,100,300 mg/kg at 0.5h to 2hrs time slot and also successfully passed the rotarod test without any sign of neurological defects. The compounds 4A-i, 4A-j, 4A-k, and 4B-i were observed to be most active for anticonvulsant activity while compounds 4A-b, 4A-f, 4A-g, and 4A-h were showing moderate activity. Results indicated that compounds with menthone, camphor derivatives and having chloro-substituted aldehydes/ ketones showed good anticonvulsant activity. Therefore, these derivatives may possible to use as lead compounds for other biological activities also. Overall, the synthesized compounds emerged as more active and less neurotoxic derivatives

The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of different types of gingivitis and periodontitis and their distribution in males and females for patients attended to periodontal clinic over 15 months from October, 2015 to December, 2016.1)To evaluate the severity and incidence of those disease among group sexes and how specifically affect each sex group.2)To estimate the periodontal health condition of the community from the study sample.3)To instruct them about the importance of periodontal health and good oral hygiene.4)To make this study a reference study for comparison for other studies. The study was conducted on 1273 patients who attended periodontics clinic, ArAr dental center over 15 months from October, 2015 to December 2016. The sample consisted of 748 male patients and 525 female patients with age vary from 15 to 69. Information on sex, age, systemic diseases, medical history, dental history and periodontal status were obtained (probing, radiographs, plaque and gingival indices). According to data analyzed, gingivitis was more predominant than periodontitis and males are more affected by both gingivitis and periodontitis.

Abstract: The incidence of tuberculosis Disease is increasing all over the world mostly in poor, developing Countries. In Saudi Arabia: tuberculosis is a common disease due to the migration of people from the developing countries. Since the reported patient has a resected abdominal neoplasm, it may be overlooked or confused with recurrence of the malignant disease. We describe two patient with unusual form of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis both mimicking recurrence of neoplastic diseases. The first patient was a 51 year-old man who was operated on for Cancer head of pancreas which was confirmed histologically, the second patient was a 85 year-old man was operated for peri-amullary carcinoma, during follow up of both patient they developed cervical lymphadenitis which proved to be tuberculous, both patients treated successfully with isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrizinamide, no relapse of either malignancy or tuberculous lymphadenitis.

Damage of a dental needle during local anesthesia is very rare complication nowadays. We present such an occurrence in which the needle was lost in the pterygomandibular space during routine dental practice. Patient was referred to Oral & Maxillofacial surgery department where he was treated and the needle was removed. Postoperative period was uneventful. We attribute this to the utility of Cone Beam Computed Imaging that made the exact locating of the needle in the soft tissues possible. We underline the significance of CBCT to precisely locate the broken needle and to facilitate its surgical retrieval.

Abstract: Central ossifying fibroma is a rare slow growing destructive benign fibro-osseous tumor. It is typically found in craniofacial bones, frequently involving the mandible. The present case showed maxillary involvement, which is a very unique site of occurrence. It occurs more commonly in women in fourth decade of life. A correlation between clinical and radiographical and histopathological features is a key to establish diagnosis.

Smoking is recognized as one of the major risk factors for chronic periodontitis. RANKL/OPG axis is involved in the regulation of bone metabolism in periodontitis. The objective is to study the effect of smoking on salivary levels of RANKL and OPG in chronic periodontitis. Fifty five subjects with chronic periodontitis with ages range from 24-64 years and 25 apparently healthy volunteers their ages and sexes were matched with the patients were participated in this study. Patients who smoked a minimum of 10 cigarettes per day for 2 years were included in the smoker periodontitis group (25), the remainder of the patients who never smoked were assigned to the non smoker periodontitis group (30). Saliva samples were collected from all patients and control the levels of salivary level of RANKL and OPG were determined using enzyme linked immunosorbent assays. The current findings were showed that there are no significant differences in median levels of RANKL and OPG between smokers and non-smokers patients, (p>0.05). In addition there are no significant differences in ratio of RANKL/OPG between smokers and nonsmokers groups of patients (p>0.05). The present study revealed that cigarette smoking had no effect on the salivary levels of RANKL and OPG.

Abstract: To measure the people knowledge about PHCC services & the satisfaction of people about PHCC services. A cross-sectional study done with simple random sampling technique the data has been collected by distributing an Arabic language questionnaire to users who had utilized health services provided by the primary health care centers in the following cities Buraydah, Onizah and Albukairiah in Al- Qassim reigon. A total number of 384 participants were enrolled in this study. The data was collected over a 3 months period (December 2014 to February 2015). Of 500 questionnaires distributed 384 (76.8% response rate) were collected and analyzed. Findings from the study showed that 297 (77.3%) of the subjects knew the difference between PHCC and hospitals, and 295 (76.8 %) knew the role of PHCC in immunizations. Less than half of the respondents 173 (45.1%) knew the role of PHCC in follow-up of chronic diseases. The overall reported satisfaction score was 50% of the participants were unsatisfied with the services .The study has concluded that the responder’s knowledge is sufficient about the PHCC services. On the other hand, the study showed that most of the responders were unsatisfied toward the PHCC services. Factors causing poor satisfaction were attributed to lack of qualified staff & adequate supervision.

PRF along with various additives like Bone graft (BG) and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) enhances periapical healing. This comparative clinical study was taken up to evaluate the periapical healing potential of plasma rich fibrin (PRF) as scaffold along with MTA and bone graft. Two patients with a history of trauma and large periapical radiolucent lesion were selected for this study. After access opening and biomechanical preparation, involved teeth were obturated with gutta percha using AH plus sealer. Subsequently periapical surgery was carried out and PRF was prepared by collecting blood from the patients. In the first patient, a mixture of PRF and MTA was placed into the periapical defect, while in the second patient a mixture of PRF and BG was placed. At 1 month, 3 month, 6 month and 1 year follow up was done for evaluation of clinical and radiographic healing. Both the patients remained clinically asymptomatic. Radiographically healing was found to be better with PRF and BG combination.

For considerable time now, mass media sources have been used for advocating tobacco cessation. Responses from 1010 tobacco users were studied to determine impact of mass media campaigns on the tobacco using population and to identify challenges in effectual implementation of these media campaigns. To analyse the impact of anti tobacco media campaigns on tobacco users. 1010 self reported tobacco users were interviewed to determine if their knowledge, attitude and practices of tobacco consumption were influenced by anti tobacco media mass messages. 646 male and 364 females; between 16-75 years with mean age of 32.84 + 12.2 years participated in the study. 910 (90 %) of participants were unaware about the harmful effects of tobacco at the time of habit initiation, however, 890 (88.11%) participants said that they had gradually become aware of the disadvantages of tobacco use. Majority of participants credited media sources for their awareness but remarked that these campaigns were not helpful beyond creating awareness. A suboptimal outcome was noticed in dissuading tobacco use through media campaigns. Anti tobacco media campaigns have greatly contributed in creating awareness about harmful effects of tobacco; though they have made only a modest impact in prompting tobacco cessation.

Multidisciplinary approach is required for the management of paediatric mandible fractures. Any fault in the treatment might lead to asymmetry of the mandible followed by temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis. Etiology links to road traffic accidents, fall, sports injuries and interpersonal violence. Condyle is most commonly involved followed by symphysis, body and angle of the mandible. Treatment options include conservative management, closed reduction and open reduction-internal fixation. In this scientific article, we present a case report of a 12 year old female with fracture of right parasymphysis and left body of the mandible managed by open reduction-internal fixation - intermaxillary fixation whereas the right sagittal split of condylar head managed conervatively.

Friction stir welding (FSW) is proved as a promising welding technology for joining dissimilar aluminium alloys. Aluminium alloys are used extensively within the aerospace industry for applications such as fuselage and wing skin panels due to their high strength to weight ratio. Therefore, an attempt is made to optimize the process parameters of friction stir welding using AA2024 and AA6061 age hardenable aluminum alloys in order to improve the tensile properties such as ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and tensile elongation (TE). A response surface method (RSM) based fuzzy grey relational approach (Fuzzy - GRA) is applied using four factors with three levels. The process parameters namely rotational speed (N), welding speed (F), axial load (P) and pin shape (PS). The results indicate a RSM based fuzzy grey relational approach improving tensile properties of FS welded AA2024 and AA6061 aluminum alloys when comparing to conventional grey relational approach. A quadratic relationship was also established between the process parameters and fuzzy grey relational grade.

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Fungal lung infections due to Geotrichum are opportunistic, usually occurring on an immunosuppressed person, particularly severe neutropenia, or an imbalance of the normal microbial flora. Geotrichum capitatum is the most widely reported species in human pathology.We report case of pulmonary geotrichosis due to Geotrichum capitatum in a patient with a chronic pulmonary disease type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Periodontal disease is the second most prevalent clinical entity among oral diseases, and is recognized as a serious public health problem. Osseous destruction as a result of periodontal disease is classified according to clinical criteria into horizontal (or even) and angular (or vertical) osseous destruction. The detection and accurate assessment of the location, extent and configuration of the endosseous defect is important for the determination of the tooth prognosis, the treatment plan and the maintenance procedures. Radiographic examination is a complementing mean of great importance to obtain the diagnosis of periodontitis, even though it does not reveal the real state of cellular activity, but shows the consequences upon dento alveolar structures.