This paper examined the barriers/challenges facing the evaluation profession in Nigeria and the role of the Nigerian Association of Evaluators (NAE) towards improving the profession. The paper also draws lessons from other African countries on how to improve evaluation practice in Nigeria. The findings indicate that paucity of evaluation skill, partial implementation of national monitoring and evaluation systems, lack of monitoring and evaluation ownership, nonutilization of evaluation results and funding are the main barriers/challenges confronting evaluation conduct in Nigeria. The paper therefore recommends that the NAE should improve the technical capacity of evaluation practitioners in Nigeria; organize workshop for cross learning and experience sharing among practitioners; supporting monitoring and evaluation ownership and canvass for utilization of evaluation results. The paper finds from cross country analysis that institutionalizing the evaluation of public polices is a veritable step towards a National Evaluation Policy in Nigeria, which will promote good monitoring and evaluation practice in the country. Overall, we recommend that policy makers in Nigeria should aim to use evaluation in improving the effectiveness of public policies.

Indiscriminate usage of Cassia occidentalis in treating many diseases has been locally practiced, the need for ascertaining the epicacy of the extract in management of liver and kidney damage become imperative. This research investigate the effects of aqueous root extracts of Cassia occidentalis on some liver and kidney parameters in acetaminophen induced liver and kidney toxicity. A total of thirty five rats were used for the research, in phase I, ten rats were used to confirm the inducement of hepato-renal toxicity by acetaminophen. They were grouped into two of five rats each, group I serve as normal control, group two serves as test control and administered with 750mg/kg body weight of acetaminophen. The animals were euthanized after 24 hours of acetaminophen administration and liver function indices (ALT, AST, total protein, Albumin total and direct Bilirubin) and kidney function indices (urea and creatinine) were assayed. In phase II, twenty five rats were grouped into five groups (GI – GV) of five rats each. G I served as normal control, GII served as test control, GIII, GIV and GV were induced with hepato-renal toxicity and administered with the extract at a dose of 50mg/kg, 100mg/kg and 150mg/kg body weight per day for two weeks. A significant increase (p<0.05) in both liver and kidney function indices was observed in test control group compared to normal control in both phases. Administration of the extract lead a significant decrease (p<0.05) in liver parameters in a dose dependent manner compared to test control. Contrary to this however, a slight decrease in serum urea and creatinine was observed in the extract administered groups. The observed hepatocurative ability of the plant may not be unconnected with the presence of various phytochemicals in the plant.

Abstract: Simultaneous bilateral posterior dislocation of the shoulder complicated with a fracture (fracture-dislocation) is an extremely rare condition and the relevant literature contains very few published case reports. Besides its rarity, this complicated condition may cause delays in diagnosis because of the physicians’ tendency to use plain radiography which is known to have low sensitivity in detecting concomitant fractures. This report describes a successfully treated case of simultaneous bilateral fracture-dislocation of the shoulder which could be clarified by computed tomography (CT) performed following a failed reduction of the shoulders. In conclusion, physicians should consider this rare entity and if there is a doubt CT should be performed for accurate diagnosis.

Abstract: The present research work aimed at the effect of five photoperiod regimes on the health status of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) assessed through hematological components. The results revealed no significant (P<0.05) changes in haemoglobin and RBC count as compared to normal in all the treatment groups. However significant (P<0.05) changes were recorded in immune component of fishes subjected to light duration ranging from 24h to 12 hours. Differential blood count, neutrophil and monocyte count was reduced in LD24 to LD12, as compared to control. However, thrombocytes showed higher titres in stress condition of fishes, subjected to longer light durations.

Abstract: Stroke is an emergency condition in which blood supply get effected and blood flow to brain stops and brain cells starts to die. Stroke is a second leading cause of hospitalization during Hajj. There are six types of stroke. There are many risk factors which may lead to stroke during Hajj such as cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, depression, atrial fibrillation, increased volume of heart, angioplasty, elderly, renal disease, calcium and fat deposition in heart vessels and rheumatic fever etc. Our survey aims to find its awareness in pharmacy undergraduates. A cross sectional and random sampling method was used to collect data in the month of August and September 2015. Data was collected from 100 pharmacy undergraduates from Karachi, Pakistan. According to our survey 100% pharmacy undergraduates have basic knowledge about stroke, 58% have awareness about the second leading cause of hospitalization during Hajj, 74.5% have knowledge about types of stroke and 69.9% have awareness about the risk factor of stroke during Hajj. 88% pharmacist have knowledge that how to prevent stroke during Hajj. We concluded that there is lack of awareness. Steps should be taken to spread its awareness in layman.

Abstract: This study aimed to analyze the influence of company image and service quality on customer loyalty through customer satisfaction in the environment laboratory PT. Nusantara Water Centre Jakarta. Data research conducted on selected customers during the period from April 2016 to November 2016. The study design is descriptive, where the method of sampling is done by purposive sampling (sample representative of the population). From the number of customers per month around 400 customers, the number of respondents that were sampled set by 161 respondents Method of quantitative analysis using confirmatory factor analysis by using SEM tools Lisrel software version 8.71. The results showed the company image has a positive significant effect on customer satisfaction, service quality has a significant positive effect on customer satisfaction, company image has a significant positive effect on customer loyalty, and service quality has a significant positive effect on customer loyalty and satisfaction significant positive effect on customer loyalty. Quality of care is the most dominant variable toward service loyalty.

Abstract: The Aim of the study was to ascertain contraceptive awareness in Saudi women of Hail region and to reveal their knowledge with respect to their specific socio demographic factors. Cross sectional survey (n=500) conducted in reproductive age Saudi women of Hail region. Sample population was approached by direct interview by undergraduate medical students and questionnaire shared by social media. Questionnaire included their age, education, knowledge, use of any method and contraceptive preferences. 500 Saudi women of Hail region were approached from 15 to 55 years. Most women (82%) interviewed were highly educated up to university level. 47% of respondents were young 25 to 34 years of age, 31 % were 35 to 44 years. 93% of women were familiar to contraception before but 77.8 % used it ever in their lives. A good percentage of women (88.0%) used it without prescriptions. 71.2% get this information from media (social, print and broadcasting media), 68.8% from discussion with relatives and same percentage were educated by their doctors. Oral contraceptive pills are the most familiar method while other methods need to be publicized. 55.2% of respondents feel that their knowledge about different contraceptive methods is not enough and they urged on the need to provide more awareness and education about this. There is a great need to create more awareness about different methods and their appropriate use in Hail region. Health professionals as well as social media should be involved in this education and motivation.

Abstract: As observed in Nigeria presently, both the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and unemployment rates are increasing simultaneously. This occurrence however, invalidates the existence of Okun’s Law in Nigeria. In the same vein, Nigerians output could as well be more capital intensive to labour intensive. This research work sets out to finding the reason for the violation of Okun’s Law in Nigeria. Using Weighted Grouped Logit Distributed lag model (WGLDL) with quarterly series from 1991 to 2012. Present quarter and last-two quarter unemployment rates are negatively related with the present quarter Real Gross Domestic Product of Nigeria. The immediate past quarter unemployment rate is positively related with the present quarter Real Gross Domestic Product by approximately 16 units rise in RGDP for a unit rise in the immediate past quarter unemployment rate. This is a result of behavioural habits of employees; when people are retrenched from their jobs last quarter, the efficiency, effectiveness, and output/productivity of the remaining workers increase indefinitely as the means to retain their jobs in the midst of the fear and job insecurity that have enveloped them. This they do on the axiom that the less or least effective and efficient workers were retrenched last quarter. Consequently, a positive relationship. Empirically, the probabilities that the national output will fall for every raise per quarter unemployment rates diminishes and tends to zero. Simply put, the failure that unemployment will result to reductions in the national output is almost certain (tends to one). In the same light, change in probability also tends to zero as unemployment rates in Nigeria increases. This therefore suggests, holding every other thing constant, increase in unemployment rates in Nigeria will probably not affect or reduce our National output.

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) lack adequate skills to manage and monitor their cash management practices leading to limited financial growth hence inability to compete while increasing their assets, opening more branches and growing their sales. This study sought to analyze effect of cash management practices (cash holding practices, use of technology and cash pooling practices) as well as analyze the combined effect of the cash management practices on financial performance of SMEs in Nyeri town, Kenya. The study employed a descriptive research design with target population being the registered SMEs in Nyeri town. Data was collected using a self-administered semistructured questionnaire from a sample population of 62 SMEs operating in Nyeri town and registered by the business registrar’s office in Nyeri County. Data was analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) to generate descriptive and inferential statistics. Results obtained indicated that cash holding practices and use of technology in cash management had a relevant effect on financial performance of SMEs in Nyeri. The study recommended that all stakeholders in business operations ranging from suppliers, customers, and financiers should embrace use of technology to facilitate electronic data interchange. Future research could focus on comparative study of large organizations to establish whether the same factors affecting SMEs financial performance also affect large businesses.

Abstract: The notion of gender inequality has been a long lasting phenomenon and have been empirically investigated in so many economies by researchers like Blau & Kahn, Jones & Makepeace, etc. in the past. This work sets out to investigate the existence of gender discrimination in the heart of wage earnings. The dataset used is the Current Population Survey of the United State, the analysis showed that the likelihood of earning higher wages depends on the gender of the worker as male workers are likely to end more than their fellow female counterparts are in the same employment category. However, this likelihood depends on the Educational Qualifications of the workers (both male and female). Therefore, this works has empirical shown that there exists gender discrimination in the heart of wage earnings which is not independent of College Degree.

Abstract: The antimicrobial resistance among gram negative bacteria is increasing among patients, community and healthcare workers. Determination of these species and their resistance profile is mandatory for successful empiric antibiotic therapy. The aim of the current study was to investigate the prevalence of drug resistant gram negative isolates from community and healthcare workers in Iran. A total of 10 previous published studies were found while searching internet searching engines including PubMed, Google scholar, Sciverse, and so on. The key words of “gram negative”, “drug resistant”, “healthcare workers”, “community” and “Iran” were searched in the noted searching engines. The publications related to the healthcare, patients and hospital settings were excluded from the study. Moreover, healthcare workers of children and adults/ageing and in addition, community settings were included in the study. Data were analyzed with Exel software. Among the published studies, most of bacterial species among healthcare workers and community were in Enterobacteriacea family, mostly E. coli (3.75%) and K. pneumonia (3.74%), A. bumanii (3%), P. aeruginosa (1.25%), E. aerugenes (1.2%), Proteus spp (0.1%) and other species. Two publications were about caregiver’s mobile phones and 2 were associated with hands. Moreover, community and workers hands were more contaminated than phone and coats. The results showed that community and healthcare workers can play a role in contamination spread. Hands of healthcare workers were the highest level of contamination. The publications on MDR isolates were scarce.

Chinese ancient poetry is the gem of Chinese culture. With the development of Sino-foreign cultural exchanges, more and more scholars attempt to translate Chinese ancient poetry into English and propose translation strategies. Linguistic theories have provided the theoretical foundation and new perspective for poetry translation. Therefore, under the guidance of thematic theory, the paper will take the poem Yumeiren and its two English versions as an example to study translators’ translation characteristics and provide translation strategies of Chinese ancient poetry.

This study focuses on the efficiency of the school’s Financial Administrative Assistant in managing the school’s financial based on their level of knowledge and skills (including financial management, receipt management, management of cash book and petty cash, purchase management, and the preparation of the annual financial statements), as well as the level of accountability and attitude motivation in school financial management. It is a quantitative study sample which was comprised of 65 primary school Administrative Assistant in the South Kinta district. The data was collected by using questionnaire survey with 64 items divided into 4 parts, Part A (4 items - information and background of the respondents), Part B (40 items - the knowledge and skills), Part C (12 items - a level of accountability) and Part D (8 items - attitudes and motivation). Descriptive analysis (percentage and mean) was used to obtain information for each variable. The results showed that the level of Administrative Assistant efficiency is high. Level of knowledge and skills that show a mean of 3.55, a level of accountability that show a mean of the 3.59 and attitude and self-motivation showed an overall mean value of 3.49. Therefore, based on these findings the school's financial management practitioners such as Head Master, District Education Office Assistant, Education Department (NRD) and the Department of School Audit to take proactive measures that will be beneficial to all parties involved in the efforts to improve the schools’ financial management.

The aim of this study is to evaluate increases in temperature on the external root surface during endodontic treatment with three different rotary file systems. Fifty human mandibular first premolars with single root canal were selected. All root canals were instrumented using a size 20 H file, and the canals were irrigated with 5% sodium hypochlorite solution. The samples were randomly divided into the following three groups of 15 teeth: Group 1: The Protaper Next Rotary Files X1 and X2; Group 2: The Mtwo rotary File 20/06 and 25/06 Group 3: The Hyflex rotary File 20/06 and 25/06. During the preparation, the temperature changes were measured in the middle third of the roots using a noncontact infrared thermometer. The temperature data were transferred from the thermometer to the computer and were observed graphically. Statistical analysis was performed using the oneway ANOVA analysis of variance at a significance level of 0.05. The increases in temperature caused by the Hyflex rotary file system were lower than those of the other files. The Mtwo rotary file showed the highest temperature increases. However, there were no significant differences were noticed between the Protaper Next and Hyflex rotary files in terms of temperature increase during root canal preparation. Mean temperature increases no higher than 3.4ºC were recorded for any of the system examined, which indicates that these instruments are safe for the surrounding periodontal tissues.

Derivatives of 7-substituted-8-amino-3-methylxanthines is a promising group of substances for synthesis and pharmacological screening in order to create diuretics, for pharmacological correction of the kidneys, on their basis. The acute toxicity and diuretic activity dependence on the chemical structure for the first synthesized 7-substituted-8-amino-3-methylxanthines in experiments on rats was investigated. 3-Methyl-7-(2-hydroxy-3-p-methoxyphenoxy)propyl-8-(2-furyl)methylaminoxanthine, increases urine excretion at 201.3% and is higher in the diuretic effect comparing to hydrochlorothiazide up to 111.3%.