Abstract: The purpose of this research is to analyze and to know: 1) To know more dominant Leadership Type applied leadership at Bank Indonesia Padang. 2) To know Motivation Work is more dominant Employees of Bank Indonesia Padang. 3) To know the more dominant Work Productivity for Employees of Bank Indonesia Padang. 4) To know the influence of leadership type and work motivation on work productivity of employees of Bank Indonesia Padang, either partially or simultaneously / simultaneously. Unit of analysis of employees of Bank Indonesia Padang. Population amounted to 85 people and the sample Samples taken using Model Lynch counted 44 people. The method of analysis is qualitative and quantitative methods. Quantitative method with multiple linear regression analysis, correlation coefficient and continued with determination analysis (R square), Partial test of hypothesis (t test) and together (test F) with alpha 5% (0,05). Before analyzed first tested the instrument (questionnaire) with validity and reliability test and classical assumption. Result of research indicate that dominant indicator of leadership type is type of participative leader (25,84%) and dominant indicator of work motivation is primary requirement / maintaining life (20,65%). While on work productivity, maturity indicator think more dominant with contribution equal to 26,21%. The result of multiple linear regression analysis shows that the productivity of Employees of Bank Indonesia Padang is influenced by the leadership type which is 0.1840 points and the work motivation is only 0.4216 points. The result of determination analysis is 0.2383 or 23.83% that the variables of leadership type and work motivation can explain the work productivity of Bank Indonesia employees is 23.83% while the rest 76.17% is influenced by other variables. Types of leadership and work motivation have a positive and significant effect on employment productivity of Bank Indonesia employees Padang either partially or simultaneously.

Dividend policy is probably one of the most ed corporate finance issues. This decision has been examined in terms of its “stability” and “Determinants”. This thesis examines dividend policy stability and determinants of listed Jordanian banks. Based on the time period 2000-2014, and panel-data analysis (fixed-effect model), the results indicate that Jordanian banks follow stable dividend policy. In addition, the results reflect that the lagged dividend per share is the most consistent in its impact on dividend policy. Based on the estimated results, it is recommended that the banking sector to be compared with other sectors that are listed on the Jordanian stock exchange.

Over the years, there has been a sudden increase in the number of vehicles on road. Traffic congestion, is a growing problem everyone faces in their daily life. Manual control of traffic by policeman has not proved to be efficient. Also the predefined set time for the signal at all circumstances (low and high traffic density) has not solved this problem. Mechanisms to use IR sensors to detect traffic density is not very effective as even a single vehicle detected at the last sensor can imply high traffic density even when there is free space in front of it. A model to effectively solve the above mentioned problems by using Internet of things for traffic controlling systems which also gives priority to emergency vehicles is proposed. We use cloud for internet based computing, where different services such as server, storage and application are delivered to an organization. Cloud computing store data on the internet which must give continuous update so that it can handle traffic smoothly. We then use load cell to approximately calculate the amount of time required to clear the traffic on a particular road based on the density of traffic. RF transmitters are used in emergency vehicles to transmit signal to RF receiver mounted on traffic signal. This makes sure the signal is turned green to let the emergency vehicle pass by. A real-time traffic information collection and monitoring system to solve the problem of realtime monitoring and controlling road vehicles is proposed. This system employs key technologies: Internet of Things, Load Cells and RF Transmitters and Receivers to collect, Store, Manage and Supervise traffic information. Multiple advantages of the work are: Cost effectiveness, reduction in waiting/ travelling times with cost and fuel efficiency, traffic surveillance using URL available for smart decision making is of major concern.

Survival and growth of business ventures is a key concern which is determined by varied factors. Entrepreneurship training has been identified as one factor that can play varied roles towards growth of micro and small enterprises across the world. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of four components of entrepreneurship training on business growth among micro and small enterprises in Kiambu County. The four components of entrepreneurship training to be studied are objectives, content, trainers’ competence/ attitudes and training delivery methods/presentation styles. The study was grounded in Blooms taxonomy and theory of planned behaviour. The study adopted mixed methods (both quantitative and qualitative) research design and applied a descriptive study design. The population for the study was 6,420 licensed MSEs operating in Ruiru Sub County. The study utilized stratified random sampling to select 382 respondents in main trading centres in each of the four administrative wards based on the nature of business they are involved. The study relied on primary data collected using questionnaires from owners and key employees of the selected micro and small enterprises. The data gathered were analysed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. The study found that entrepreneurship training components contributed to a certain extent towards business growth among the micro and small enterprises. The study thus recommends customization of entrepreneurship training programs and taking into consideration of the input of the owners and employees to improve its impact on the survival and growth of the business enterprises.

Abstract: Zakat is the right mustahik, then zakat serves to help, assist and nurture them, especially the poor, towards a better life and a more prosperous, so that they can meet their needs properly, can worship Allah SWT, to avoid the danger of kufr, while eliminating envy, jealousy, and envy which may arise among them, when they see the rich who have enough wealth. Zakat is not actually meets the demands mustahik, especially the poor, consumptive in a moment, but give the sufficiency and prosperity to them, by way of eliminating or minimize the causes of their lives for the poor and suffering. Zakat is one of the instruments in calculating the amount of income that is owned by someone, so if utilization is more optimal in zakat management then this could increase the volume of income of a region or community. The distribution of zakat is also one dimension in assessing the inability of a person. In the town of Jambi zakat management within the last five years very Productive and this is also proved by not significant utilization of zakat, infaq and sodaqoh against poverty in the city of Jambi. There are several things that must be done by the agency management of funds from zakat, infaq and sodaqoh National Zakat Agency Jambi City. First in raising funds ZIS must be optimal, and then make a breakthrough / courage to coercion accordance with the rules of Islam.

Administration on a planned and scientific basis is necessary for the smooth running of every institution. A hospital is no exception which requires a much better fundamental rule. Administration plays a vital role in the functioning of a hospital, perhaps more than it does in any other institution. Today hospitals must be organized and administered in a scientific manner for efficient functioning. For efficient functioning it requires that every staff should be adequately trained. The need for effective hospital administrators has tremendously increased; because the number of people who use hospital services has also increased. Whereas the pecuniary and other important resources available to hospitals in India do not match up with the growth of the number of users. With competent and efficient administration can make optimum use of resources. In this research, both primary and secondary data collection tools were used. The study focused on to examine the awareness of Managerial 5C‟s among hospital administrators and to identity the challenges of managing a hospital. It was found out that Communicating the hospital‟s philosophy and vision to the patients, employees, government agencies and community at large was not easy by hospital administrators and most of the hospital administrations are not aware of the Managerial 5C‟s. It was also suggested that, Hospital administrators should apply the five C‟s managerial tips and also focus on environmental friendliness and waste management. Positive thinking the best form of managing hospital, inviting thoughts, ideas, images and words which are beneficial for development, increase and accomplishment was recommended.

Abstract: Every committed writer has as his/her responsibility to address the socio- political, economic and cultural concerns of his society. The Anglophone Cameroonian writer has done that in poetry, drama and prose. However, G.D. Nyamndi, besides his prose and dramatic works which are basically fiction that is based on facts, has decided to take Anglophone Cameroonian literature to another dimension, namely, the essay. The essayist’s approach is very scientific and empirical in the sense that he/she tends to behave like a scientist, and every word, phrase, clause or sentence that he/she uses is thoroughly scrutinized. Samuel Johnson says proper words in proper places. Using the new historicist critical theory to interpret, analyze and evaluate Nyamndi’s Whether Losing, Whether Winning: Musings in Political Realism, this paper reveals that Nyamndi in his essay has held his literary mirror closer to social reality than his fictional works. The paper concludes that the essay is the best instrument that can be used to gauge the socio-political and cultural climate of any society.

Saving lifes and rescue missions has been a noble work for Fire and Rescue Department Malaysia (JPBM) employees. They risk their own lifes to save and rescue others. This paper intends to explore their work competencies, namely skills of receiving orders, skills of duty, skills of communication, skills of conflict resolution, and skills of planning an action toward the work performance. A self administered questionnaires were distributed among JPBM employees. The reponse rate was encouraging as they gave full cooperation in the survey. JPBM employees had shown that planning an actions had an impact on thier work performance. But, this did not indicate that their rest of work competence components were not important to them. Moreover, JPBM’s top management needs to capitalize their employees work competence in enhancing their work performance. Management and psychological traninings and courses were seen as major contributor to boost JPBM’s employees work competence that will lead to their work performance.

The purpose of this paper is to know the perception of the customers‟ towards dimensions of E-banking between public and private banks across Accuracy, Cost Effectiveness, Efficiency, Accessibility and Easy to use. A convenience sampling technique was used to recruit 320 customers through a well designed questionnaire from three Public Banks i.e. SBI, Punjab National Bank and Bank of Baroda and three Private Banks i.e. ICICI, HDFC and Axis Bank of NCR, India. The questionnaire is representing the desired range of demographic characteristics e.g. Gender, Age, and Occupation. Data has been analysed by reliability analysis, factor analysis, descriptive analysis and Independent Sample t-test. This research showed that all dimensions of E-banking i.e. Accuracy, Cost Effectiveness, Efficiency, Accessibility and Easy to use indicate significant difference between Public and Private Banks of NCR, India.

Integrase (IN) is an important enzyme for the replication of the type-1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV- 1), and an essential target for the development of anti-HIV drugs. The enzyme is currently targeted by first and secondgeneration inhibitors [raltegravir (RAL), elvitegravir (EVG) and dolutegravir (DTG)]. Of these, resistance to RAL and EVG are associated with three main pathways involving key mutations at positions N155H, Q148K/R/H, and Y143R/C within the IN gene. Although new resistance mutations appear to confer only low levels of cross-resistance to secondgeneration drugs (DTG), the Q148 pathway with numerous secondary mutations has the potential to significantly decrease susceptibility to all inhibitors of IN. In order to get insights into the development of IN resistance to first and second generation inhibitors using in silicoapproaches, in this study, one of the clinically essential mutant (MT)-Q148R of IN was modeled and docked with inhibitors. The MT model was built using the template and wild type (WT) 4E1M of HIV-1 integrase. Docking results indicate that in MT-Q148R the score was lower with respect to all inhibitors in comparison to the WT. In this study, the MT-Q148R of IN from HIV-1 displayed low affinity, this could be attributed to less number of interactions principally hydrogen and halogen bonds with the inhibitors (DTG, EVG and RAL), compared to the WT. Therefore, it can be suggested that the MT could not bind efficiently with inhibitors owing to its structural changes due to substitution to mediate its inhibitory activity and eventually leads to DTG, EVG and RAL resistance.

In this study, Cooperative society empowerment was examined to ascertain its impact on rural women. The sources of the data used for this research were primary and secondary data. Out of a total of one thousand three hundred and eighty six (1386) indigenous women of Nimo community, Anambra state, Nigeria were given questionnaires to fill. Nine hundred and eighty eight (988) of the population answered, completed and returned the questionnaire. The descriptive method was used to analyze the data generated for the research. This was supported by tables showing questions, responses of Yes or No, percentages. The hypothesis was tested using goodness- of-fit, descriptive statistics and histogram of normal curve. From the findings, the researcher came to a final decision that Cooperative societies impacts significantly on the living standard of its beneficiaries in any of their empowerment pragrammes. This means that cooperative societies helps in community development and in alleviation of poverty in rural communities.

Five different soil rhizosphere samples were collected from the following medicinal plants: Heliotropium pterocarpum, Euphorbia cuneata, Dracaena ombet, Balanites aegyptiaca and Prosopis juliflra located in HalayebShalateen region, Egypt. Physico-chemical characterization of these soil was performed. Also, six microbial DNA extraction protocols (A-F) including hexadecylmethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium docdeylsulfate (SDS)- based methods were compared for these soil. Moreover, Phospholipid Fatty Acid (PLFA) analysis was applied to characterize the microbial community structure of these samples. Consequently, this work provides rapid microbial DNA extraction and precipitation method and biodiversity evaluation of microbial community structure in the samples.

The Marshall-Lerner hypothesis states that a nominal devaluation of exchange rate improves the trade balance. But the empirical evidence from Nigeria over the years has been inconsistent and inconclusive with regards to MarshallLerner conditions. Therefore, this study adopts multivariate regression model to ascertain the effects of devaluation of domestic currency on balance of payment of the Nigerian economy as in line with the arguments of the Marshall-Learn (ML) condition. To measure the effect of exchange rate devaluation on the Nigerian balance of payments, exchange rate, trade openness and foreign direct investment were used as the independent variables (exogenous) while balance of payment was used as the dependent variable (endogenous). The result revealed that, a unit devaluation of exchange rate on the average will result to 2.28138 percentage decrease in balance of payment (BOP) through balance of trade mechanism. The study concluded that the Marshall-Lerner condition is not satisfied in the short run in Nigerian case within the time period reviewed, 1970- 2014.

A fundamental tension exists today between the increasing willingness of States to participate in international efforts to protect fundamental human rights, and their desire to retain control over internal laws and procedures. The Refugee Convention provides international protection to individuals fleeing persecution in their countries of origin. This paper argues that the degrading and discriminating treatment of refugees with mental disabilities in certain countries constitutes the violation of the international protection. Furthermore, it argues that the language of the Refugee Convention and recent developments in case law relating to the scope of the "particular social group" category support the right of individuals with disabilities to seek international protection if they fear being persecuted on account of their particular mental disability. As a result, individuals who fear such treatment for reasons of their mental disability should be entitled to refugee protection. People with mental disabilities constitute a "social group," those who have a "wellfounded fear of persecution" on account of their mental disability should qualify for refugee status. In addition, I address the concerns of those in opposition to the granting of refugee protection to the mentally disabled. I argue that the numerous elements that an applicant must establish in order to be granted refugee status prevents the granting of protection to those who do not genuinely face a "well-founded fear of persecution."

This paper examines the roles of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) and Voluntary Organizations for Professionals Evaluation (VOPEs) towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Nigeria. The paper identified the roles of the CSOs to include: providing support towards improved public transparency and accountability; creating awareness among government agencies and the general public about the SGDs; mobilizing private sector involvement; monitoring of projects under the SGDs; empowering the marginalized populations by giving voice to their concerns; and strengthening the fight against corruption. The paper identified the roles of the VOPEs to include: training, re-training and capacity of staff; creating adequate and credible data management system to aid planning, monitoring and evaluation; monitoring developmental projects to ensure accountability and standardization; organizing workshops for cross learning and experience sharing among practitioners; and supporting monitoring and evaluation ownership and utilization of evaluation results.