This study sought to establish the influence of economic factors on female students’ career choice in TVET science programmes in Siaya County, Kenya. The study was based on social Cognitive Theory. It adopted descriptive survey design. It is based on the conceptual framework whereby choice of careers in TVET by female students is assumed to depend on economic factors. Test- retest method was used to test reliability of the instruments. The research instruments were questionnaires. The sample size was 316 female students sampled using census method. Census, proportionate and simple random sampling techniques was used to sample respondents in different strata and TTIs. Tools in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 was used to analyze data. Frequencies, percentages and means were computed. Inferential statistics such as regression coefficients, T-statistics, F-statistics, correlation of coefficients shall were derived. Charts, graphs and tables were used to present the findings. Results indicated that there exists a negative and non-significant relationship between Economic Factors and Female Students’ Career Choice in Science TVET Programmes (r=-0.34; p>0.05). The significance of this study is that the findings could be used to come up with policies on how to increase the number of female students choosing careers in TVET. This could guarantee employment opportunities for women in the country which in turn could raise their standard of living.

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common causes of Blood Stream infections (BSI), skin and wound infections, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, and nosocomial infections, especially pneumonia, surgical site infections (SSI), and continue to be a major cause of community-acquired infections. Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important cause of community and hospital acquired infections. MRSA are mainly nosocomial and are increasingly reported from many countries worldwide. The purpose of present study was to determine the sensitivity of S. aureus isolated from infected patients to methicillin and to evaluate the possible presence of VRSA in our tertiary care hospital. Staphylococci were isolated and identified by standard microbiological procedures. Methicillin resistance was detected by using cefoxitin (30 µgm) by disc diffusion method. MRSA strains detected were then subjected to vancomycin agar screen test and E test to detect vancomycin resistance. Out of the total 500 S.aureus isolates, methicillin resistance was observed in 47.4% of isolates. . By E-test, 24.1 % MRSA isolates had Vancomycin MIC value of 0.75 and 21.9% of MRSA had Vancomycin MIC value of 0.5. Only one isolate had MIC value of 2.

Nigeria is presently facing serious security challenges and instability that threaten our existence as people of one destiny. This article examines the important roles agriculture can plan in ensuring our national security. Vocational agriculture is a skill acquisition training programme for youth to be self-employed and self-reliance in agricultural production for empowerment. In addition, democratic principles and rule of law must be enshrined in our political life for equity, fairness and justice. The roles of agriculture in ensuring national security are in the areas of reduction in rural- urban migration, youth unemployment and growth in industry. One major cause of insecurity and instability in a nation is the mass movement of unemployed youths to the urban Centre’s in search of jobs. They easily become available tools for use in promoting insecurity. If these youths are well trained in vocational agriculture, with basic skills acquisition in the various disciplines of agriculture and given the necessary assistance, they can be self-reliant. This will drastically reduce rural-urban migration, thereby creating an enabling environment for effective participation in nation building and development: therefore security is guaranteed. The purpose of this article is to examine how agriculture can be used as a tool in solving the problem of insecurity in Nigeria which can bring about a lasting peace thereby leading to national development. Some of the ways agriculture can help in reducing insecurity challenges can be training the youths in modernized faming, farm produce processing, farm produce systemized storing, farm produce packaging and farm produce distribution. For this to be achieve the government must seriously look into the Fulani herdsmen activity and agricultural policies that are not favorable to the farmers. The SWOT Analysis of agriculture in Nigeria would be used for analyzing and discussing the strength, weakness, opportunities and threat of using agriculture as a tool for solving security challenges in Nigeria.

Thyroid cancer is the most prevalent type of malignancy. The present study was conducted to assess clinical and pathological features of papillary thyroid carcinomas. The present study was conducted on 520 specimens submitted to the department. All slides were reviewed and given the WHO classification of thyroid tumors, each case was reassigned accordingly. Clinical features were also recorded. Males were 280 and females were 240. The difference was non- significant (P> 0.05). <20 years had 90 cases, 20-40 years had 190 cases, 4060 years had 160 cases and >60 years had 80 cases. Common clinical findings in patients were neck mass (90%), dysphagia (42%), dysphonia (25%), weight loss (18%), lymphadenopathy (12%) and hyperthyroidism (7%). Metastatic type of PTC was seen in 220 cases and nonmetastatic type in 300 cases. Maximum cases were seen in age group 20-40 years. Males showed higher prevalence than females.

This study sought to address the problem of poor performance of teachers’ instructional roles as reflected in national KCSE exams. The study objective was to establish Relationship between Provision of evaluation Resources and teachers’ performance of instructional roles in secondary schools in Nandi East Sub-County, Kenya. The study adopted correlational research design. Data collection tool was teachers’ questionnaire. Reliability of the instrument was tested using test re-test method. It was validated by experts. The target population was secondary school teachers while the accessible population was the 192 teachers teaching in the 30 secondary schools in Nandi East Sub-County. The study used proportionate sampling to categorize respondents into female and male teachers, boarding and day schools. Proportionate sampling was used to apportion respondents from various schools. Simple random sampling technique was used to sample the actual respondents. The Sample size was 127 teachers in the 30 sampled schools determined by using Krejcie and Morgan table of Sample size determination. The study established that there was a positive and significant relationship between provision of evaluation resources and teachers’ performance of instructional roles in secondary schools in Nandi East Sub-County. It was further established that teachers were ineffective in setting, marking, and invigilation of examination and assessments, examination analysis, use of examination analysis software and in giving evaluation feedback to parents in in Nandi East Sub-County. This study recommends that Teachers Service Commission (TSC) of Kenya, the Kenya Secondary Schools Heads Association (KSSHA) and Ministry of Education urgently implement Teacher Professional Development programs. This will be to address Teachers ineffectiveness in setting, marking, and invigilation of examination and assessments in Nandi East Sub-County.

Prevalence of air borne Nosocomial infection is a major attribute to morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. Two methods are commonly used for measurement of bacterial density in hospital environment particularly Operation theater. Air samples from conventionally ventilated operating rooms and intensive care units were taken simultaneously by the sedimentation method (settle plate) and with the HiAir petri air sampler. Bacterial density was calculated in form of colony forming unit (cfu). The isolated bacteria were identified by conventional methods. The investigations showed that the number of colony forming units per cubic metre obtained with the sedimentation method was, on an average, higher than those found with the HiAir petri air sampler from the same area. The most common isolate from settle plate method was Bacillus subtilis (54.91%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (38.09 %), Co-agulase negative staphylococcus (30.12%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (25.85%), Acinetobacter baumanii (23.12 %), Escherichia coli (10.22 %), Staphylococcus aureus (8.32%) and Proteus mirabilis (2.72%). Settle plate method was found to be more informative than the air sampling system for bacteriological analysis of air in present study.

The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of roles played by student councils on curbing the frequency of student unrests in Public Boys Boarding Secondary Schools in Elgon Sub-county, Kenya. The study was based on Social Systems Theory. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. Stratified sampling technique was used to sample respondents from the categories of students and members of student councils. The target population for students was 750 while that of members of student councils was 78. The study used Likert type Students' Questionnaire and Questionnaire for Members of Student Councils as research instruments. Descriptive statistics namely, means, frequencies and percentages were computed. Inferential statistics derived from ANOVA were used to test hypotheses. The study revealed that there exists a negative, strong and statistically significant relationship between decision making roles played by student councils and the frequency of student unrest (r= -0.809**; p<0.01). Based on the findings of this research study, it can be concluded that if student councils participate in decision making roles played by student councils to school management on other students, frequency of student unrests will be curbed in Public Boys Boarding Secondary Schools in Elgon Sub-county. The study recommends that student councils be thoroughly prepared in their roles through seminars, workshops and regular meetings with the principals.

The development of bacterial resistance to the available antibiotics and increasing popularity of traditional medicine has led researchers to investigate the antibacterial compounds in plants. One traditional medicine in that category is turmeric (Curcuma longa) which belongs to the ginger (Zingiberaceae) family. Its major constituents are fat soluble, polyphenolic pigments known as curcuminoids which give turmeric its unique aroma, flavour and medicinal properties. In this study, the in-vitro antimicrobial activity of the aqueous extract of Curcuma longa rhizome was investigated against standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6571), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Salmonella typhi (ATCC 6539), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and Bacillus subtilis (6633) using the agar well diffusion method. Different concentrations of the extract were prepared ranging from 12.5 mg/ml to 400 mg/ml. Staphylococcus aureus was more sensitive to the extract with zones of inhibition ranging from 13 mm to 27 mm. Escherichia coli was the least sensitive with zones of inhibition ranging from 7 mm to 22 mm. Mean Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values were as follows: S. aureus (12.5 mg/ml), E. coli (25 mg/ml), S. typhi (50 mg/ml), P. aeruginosa (50 mg/ml) and B. subtilis (12.5 mg/ml). Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides and tannins.

Chlamydia trachomatis is a bacterium that can only replicate in human cells and is recognized as an infectious agent of sexual and perinatal transmission. The objective of this research is to Investigate antibodies of the IgM and IgG classes against C. trachomatis in the serum of patients of both genders with clinical suspicion of Chlamydia infection in the population of the city of Queimados, Baixada Fluminense region, Province of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Antibody detection was performed in the serum of 55 patients of both genders. The kits used for diagnostics were: Chlamydia trachomatis IgG ELISA antigen purified reactive MOMP antigen, serotype K for IgG and C. trachomatis kit (IgM) ELISA method for IgM. Total incidence rate was determined in 51%, being more frequent among women. There was no significant association between C. trachomatis infection and the age of the patients. It is recommended to perform routine tests for the laboratory diagnosis of this pathogen in order to avoid the evolution to more worrying health conditions

Isolation of microorganisms is very important for accurate treatment and is one of the important concerns for clinical microbiologists. The accuracy and rapidity of treatment are critical for successful treatment. The present study was undertaken to find the time duration for detection of various microorganisms with BACTEC 9050 system. Methods: The present study was done on inpatients the Thumbay New Life Hospital, Chaderghat road, Hyderabad from the period of June 2016 to June 2017. Samples are drawn from the patient and injected directly into BACTEC 9050 culture vials. Positive cultures are immediately flagged by an indicator light on the front of the instrument and displayed on the monitor. When positive vials are identified, it is removed and isolated for identification of organisms. Results: Out of total 475 samples collected during this duration 315 samples were from male patients and 160 from female patients. Out of 315 male samples, 69 were found to have a positive culture in 69 (21.9%) samples. Similarly out of 160 samples from females 41(25.62%) were found to have a positive culture. The most common organism detected by BACTEC in positive cultures Enterobacteriaceae in 39 (35.45%) out of 110 samples Staphylococcus aureus in 21 (19.09%), Streptococcus spp in 15 (13.63%), CoagulaseNegative staphylococci in 13 (11.81%). The conventional method showed the growth only in 77 (16.21%) of the total 475 samples during the study period however the same samples in BACTEC showed 110 (23.15%) growth Average time to detection was highest in Cryptococcus spp in 78.9 hours, Corynebacterium spp 72.1 hours, Candida spp 65.5 hours. Least time to detection Enterobacteriaceae was 14.9 hours. Conclusion: it can be concluded that the BACTEC culture method is superior to the conventional method as it detects the presence of bacteria faster and it is not affected by patient's use of antibiotics and it is also economical. Hence BACTEC culture methods must be used whenever it is feasible.

The reference values of hematological markers currently used in Sudan have been obtained from researches on populations in developed countries and may not be applicable in Sudan. It has previously been shown that the normal hemoglobin level in Sudanese children is different from international values. The objectives of this study were to establish the reference ranges of white blood cells and differential count in healthy Sudanese adults. The present study included 1076 healthy Sudanese adults from both sexes and five states, with age range of 20 – 60 years. Clinical examination was performed, weight and height were measured, and BMI was calculated. Blood samples were obtained from brachial veins and drawn in EDTA tubes. WBCs and differential count were analyzed using Sysmex KX-21 automated hematology analyzer. SPSS version 25 statistical software was used for data analysis, P value < 0.05 was considered significant and 95% CI was accepted. The mean age of participants was 25.23±9.64 years. The median of WBCs count was 5×103/µL with reference range of (2.9-9.6× 103/µL). Neutrophils count was 2.3(1.7-3.1× 103/µL), while lymphocytes was 2.1(1.8-2.5× 103/µL). The median of WBCs was significantly higher in female [5.1 × 103/µL (range: 4.2- 6.3× 103/µL)] than male [5.0× 103 /µL (range: 4.0- 6.0× 103/µL)] (p <0.05). Our results showed that WBCs count was positively correlated with BMI. The count was found to be significantly higher in Red sea and Darfur states compared with the other states. The reference ranges of WBCs count in Sudanese are lower than the international one and should be used in Sudan

There is the need to move away from chemical growth promoters to natural products in the poultry industry, as these have negative effects especially with regard to fat accumulation. In this regard, Moringa oleifera is known to have a number of beneficial effects on hematology and serum chemistry of humans. This study was therefore conducted to investigate the effects of M. oleifera leaves on lipid profile and some serum enzymes in Nigerian local Chickens. Thirty adult Chickens were used for the study. The birds were randomly assigned to three groups(n=10).One group served as control while two treatments received a daily oral dose of 12.5mg and 25mg Moringa leaf solution respectively. The experiment lasted for 28 days. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance. Results indicate that the mean values of total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, Triglycerides were statistically similar for all groups. Furthermore, mean values for serum levels of aspertate aminotransferase, alanins aminotranferae and alkaline phosphatase were statistically similar for all treatment groups. It is concluded that the administration of M. oleifera leaves at the dose used in this study has no significant effects on lipid profile and the serum enzymes evaluated. It is recommended M. oleifera leaf meal can be used to supplement expensive protein sources in chicken diets.

Abstract: Normal pregnancy is associated with significant hyperlipidemia. Hyperlipidemias are well known as a modifiable risk factor for ischemic heart disease, which is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Traditionally LDL is referred to as 'Bad Cholesterol'. It is now established that more than LDL as a whole, it is the small dense subtype of LDL in particular which is responsible for the atherogenicity of LDL. In this study we aimed to determine whether normal pregnancy is associated with a shift in distribution of LDL subtypes, and whether a shift to a more atherogenic lipid profile is an inevitable consequence of normal pregnancy. 100 women with normal, uncomplicated pregnancy were enrolled in the study. Blood samples were collected in the middle of each trimester and 3-4 months post partum, and LDL and small dense LDL levels were estimated. Repeated Measures Anova with post hoc correction was used to compare the mean values of LDL and sdLDL among the different trimesters. P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Normal pregnancy was associated with a progressive and significant rise in both LDL and sdLDL levels, peak values being attained in the third trimester. Post partum, LDL levels returned to the base line, whereas the sdLDL levels still remained significantly higher than the baseline. Normal pregnancy is associated with an increase in the levels of small dense sub fractions of LDL, which is not fully reversed by 3-4 months postpartum.

Agarwood oil is a highly priced type of oil due to its unique aroma. Agarwood oil is widely used in perfume, medicine and cosmetic industries due to its unique properties and high medicinal value. The oil is generally extracted from the fragrant resins that form in the heartwood of agarwood tree. These unique properties of agar oils are contributed by the presence of certain chemical compounds. The market demand for agarwood oil is very high. Agarwood oil is traded based on grade, corresponding to expensive and cheap price. Currently, the grading of agar oil depends on its physical appearance such as color, odor and essential oil components, like present of sesquiterpenes. The present research analyzed essential oils from Aquilaria malaccensis obtained from Moulvibazar, Bangladesh based on GC-MS data and antimicrobial properties. GC-MS analysis found Sesquiterpenes, alcoholics, fatty acids and other chemical groups in the exportable agar oils. Farm-1 contained 94.95%, Fram-2 contained 95.37% and Farm-3 contained 93.90% sesquiterpenes which is the most important properties for stronger odors and high quality. All the agar oils contained about 75% 5-Azulenemethanol-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydryo.alpha.alpha.3.8- tetramethyl-3,7-Cyclodecad iene-1- ethanol.alpha.alpha.4,8–tetramethyl-[s-(Z,Z)]. They also contained other sesquiterpenes like Ledene oxide- II; Aromandendrene; Bicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene,1,5-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-8-(1-methylene-2-hydroxyethyl-1)- 1H-3 a,7-methanolazulene, deca hydro-1,4,9,9-tetramethyl-Diethyl Phthalate; Isoaromadendrene epoxide. Other groups like alkane ~2%, alcoholics ~1% and fatty acid were found above 2%. The essential oils from all the farms except farm-2 have shown non-significant sensibility in antimicrobial test against E. coli, S. aureus, Salmonella,Vibrio.

Abstract: Caesarean scar Pregnancy (CSP) implanted in the caesarean section scar is a rare location among ectopic pregnancies that can be life-threatening. It can be classified at the same level of gravity as the placenta accreta. Hysterectomy is the gold standard treatment for massive bleeding. The diagnosis of pregnancy implanted in the caesarean section scar is a difficult diagnosis of the first trimester. It must be done as early as possible. Clinical manifestations are not specific, bleeding and pain is the most common symptoms. Endovaginal and pelvic ultrasound associated with Doppler is the first-line examination, provides optimal and panoramic vision, and studies reports of the gestational sac and its vasculature. Recent studies report the value of MRI in diagnosis because of its affinity for the study of pelvic tissue and the relationship of structures. The treatment remains non-consensual but it appears that the injection of methotrexate in situ by preferring the vaginal route is effective and not very morbid. We present here the case of a patient with CSP whose diagnosis was initially unknown.