Increasing the role of information and communication aspects of interaction between government and society in the era of transformation of social relations, the transition to an information society. Information is increasingly serving as a base value, a “strategic resource,” as well as a system-forming and regulating factor in the socio-political reality. At the same time, domestic power structures continue to incur administrative resources without drastically changing the patterns of communicative interaction, without developing to the necessary degree various forms of direct and feedback with the public.

Introduction: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been decisively established as the cause of AIDS.AIDS scientist presents these results as strong evidence that HIV is the cause of AIDS. Such arguments are very persuasive to public and most scientists, even though there is debate among different scientists. Objectives: To review HIV the cause of AIDS or not. Methods: systematic literature review in methodology was used. The review was conducted using reliable healthcare internet database namely; Google scholar, hinari and PubMed central. Ten scientific articles were scrutinized to obtain results for the review. Result: The result of this review showed that a total of six articles were reviewed which talks about the belief and evidence are that HIV is causes of AIDS. Conclusion: Even if there is a debate among scientists about whether HIV causes AIDS was related to refusing HIV treatments and poorer health outcomes. And following or accepting the positive one that is HIV causes AIDS do not have side effect without improving of quality of life.

Pancasila has already been recognized and adhered to as the ideology of the Indonesian state since its independence, in 1945, until now, within the 2000s reform period. The state is obligedto uphold the inheritance of Pancasila values from generation to generation. Period of 1945-2000s was divided into three periods of power: the Orde Lama, the Orde Baru and the reformation periods. Each period has its own way in intervening the education system about teachingthe interpretation of the state ideology in accordance with the political line of power. It is a literature researches that triesto figure out the patterns of state intervention in the education system related to the Pancasila ideology.

Dengue virus is the most important mosquito-borne viral disease in the world. Co-circulation of the four types of dengue viruses and expansion of dengue epidemic give rise to infection enhancement and a big expansion of clinical aspects of the disease. Infection with dengue virus (DENV) causes diseases ranging widely in severity, from self-limited dengue fever to life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. But atypical manifestations of dengue fever are rising day by day but they may be under reported. Here in we report a case of 6 years old girl presented with sudden onset of abdominal pain and was diagnosed as classical dengue with ascites and pleural effusion. Pleural effusion and ascites are evidence of plasma leakage which appear in patients of Dengue hemorrhagic fever but not present in Classical Dengue or Dengue fever. Classical Dengue is a common disease in Bangladesh but there have been no reports of Dengue fever or Classical Dengue in association with pleural effusion and ascites.

This study sought to find out the impact of Senior School Science Students having mathematics lessons three times a week as against the usual five times a week in the school time – table in Nigeria. The research design adopted was PreTest-post-test Quasi-experimental. The population of the study was 1,092 Senior School Three (SS3) Science Student from 26 public Senior Schools from Oshimili North and South Local Government Areas of Delta State, Nigeria. The sample of the study was 252 Schools Science Students in Oshimili North and South local government Areas of Delta State, Nigeria. Two research questions and one null hypothesis were posted to guide the study. A validated and reliable (0.85) instrument, Mathematic Assessment Test item (MATI), was used to collect data, which was analyzed with z-test statistic. It was found that students who had mathematics lesson five times a week in the time-table had higher Mean Percentage Score (76.1) than those who had mathematics lesson three times a week in the school time-table with a Mean Percentage Score of 74.7. However, the difference in Mean Percentage Score was not, statistically, significant. It was, therefore, among other things recommended that the school principals can use the time-table of three mathematics periods a week, with adequate assignments for science based students, at the senior school Level.

Dry eye is defined as the disorder of the tear film either due to tear deficiency or excessive evaporation which causes damage to the inter-palpebral ocular surface which comprises of the entire epithelial surface of the cornea, limbus and conjunctiva. Dry eye disease (DED) affects 4.3-16% of adults approximately. There are various etiological factors associated with dry eye disease and diabetes mellitus is one of them. A case control study of 100 diabetic and 100 non diabetic patients was conducted at a tertiary care eye hospital to see the correlation with duration of diabetes. The mean duration of diabetes was 8.48±4.29 years. The mean fasting and post prandial blood sugar level in study group were 155.77±14.94 mg% and 263.77±51.49 mg% respectively. The difference of blood sugar level from control was statistically significant (p<0.001). The TBUT, marginal tear strip staining, fluorescein staining, rose Bengal staining were found statistically significant in study group. 35 cases had moderate dry eye in diabetic group. The comparison of both the group was statistically significant. The severity of dry eye was statistically significant in > 10 years duration of diabetes. A total of 11% patients with >10 years duration were having severe dry eye as compared to only 2% of <10 years of diabetes. The difference between the incidence of dry eye in right and left eye was insignificant.

Ondo State is a state in Nigeria with an abundant energy reserve in petroleum and woodfuel resources, contributing significantly to the nation‟s overall energy output. This study reports a comprehensive survey of Household Energy Consumption pattern in this state. It examined various household energy-consuming appliances and usage time across different Building Types, economic class, and Household Sizes. Its findings revealed that: annual Household Energy Consumption across all household types in towns and villages is 10,993 kWh. Of this figure, cooking accounts for 47%, refrigeration accounts for 28%, Thermal Comfort 12%, Electric Lighting 10% while Sundry (other appliances) and Brown Goods (TV, VCD/DVD set) account for 1% and 2% respectively. A number of households were found to use a combination of two or more cooking energy resource. Kerosene served as the most commonly used means of cooking, representing 84% of the survey population, while Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) represents 40%, electricity - 30%, wood – 19%, and charcoal – 7%.

A simple and rapid reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay for determination of tolperisone concentration in human plasma was developed and validated. Using prednisolone as an internal standard (IS), 1.0 ml plasma samples were extracted with a mixture of methyl tert. butyl ether and dichloromethane (70:30, v:v). Analysis was performed using Atlantis dC18 column with a mobile phase composed of 0.05 M (mono basic) potassium phosphate (pH=3.0) and acetonitrile (70:30, v:v). The eluent was monitored spectrophotometrically at 262 nm. No interference with tolperisone or IS peaks by extracted blank plasma components or commonly used drugs was observed. The relationship of tolperisone concentration and peak area ratio of tolperisone / IS was linear (R2 ≥ 0.9961) in the range of 10 – 800 ng/ml, the intra and inter-day coefficient of variations were ≤ 4.1% and ≤5.7%, respectively with a corresponding bias of ±11.4% and ±8.4%, respectively. Mean extraction recovery of tolperisone and the IS were 95% and 83%, respectively. The method was applied to assess the stability of tolperisone under various conditions encountered in the clinical laboratory. Tolperisone stability in processed samples stored at room temperature for 24 hours or at -20 °C for 48 hours, in unprocessed samples stored for 24 hours at room temperature or for 8 weeks at -20 °C, and after 3 freeze and thaw cycles was ≥ 91%.

Comparative exergo-economic analysis of a simple and modified cycle gas turbine power plants was carried out in this work, using a GE MS5001 gas turbine located at Trans Amadi in Rivers state, Nigeria as a case study. The simple cycle plant was modified to have an intercooler, regenerator and a reheater with one additional compressor and one additional turbine. Energy, exergy and exergo-economic analyses were carried out on both plants. The net output of the GE MS5001 gas turbine is 26.90MW, and its fuel is natural gas with heating value of 50MJ/kg. The simple gas turbine cycle has an efficiency of 30.4% while the modified gas turbine cycle has an output power and efficiency of 44.67MW and 48.0% respectively. The exergy efficiency of the simple cycle is 22.6% while that of the modified cycle is 43.0%. The highest exergy destruction rate was in the combustion chamber in both cycles and accounted for 90% of exergy destroyed in the simple gas turbine cycle and 43% and 36% in the combustion chamber and reheater of the modified cycle plant. The economic analysis carried out showed that the total purchase equipment cost was higher in the simple cycle plant because of the high pressure ratios the compressor and the turbine operate in the simple cycle compared to the modified cycle. The cost of producing electricity for the simple gas turbine cycle was 10.18$/GJ while that for the modified gas turbine cycle was between 7.3339$/GJ and 7.7969$/GJ. The cost of electricity from the modified cycle is thus cheaper. All the exergo-economic parameters favour the operation of the modified cycle.

Introduction: Radiopharmaceuticals are special class of pharmaceuticals and utmost care should be taken for their handling, storage, dispensing and use. The characteristic which sets them apart from pharmaceuticals includes their short half-life, inherent hazardous nature of radioisotope, issue of maintaining sterility with radiation safety simultaneously, storage, transport and waste disposal issues and the fact that minute change in dose may cause faulty diagnosis or even over exposure. Therefore the guidelines applicable to pharmaceuticals are not relevant for radiopharmaceutical and calls for separate regulatory setup for radiopharmaceuticals. Objectives: To review regulatory managements of radiopharmaceuticals. Methods: Systematic literature review in methodology was used. The review was conducted using reliable healthcare internet database namely; Google scholar, hinari and PubMed central. Ten scientific articles were scrutinized to obtain results for the review. Result: The results of this review showed that a total of ten articles were reviewed which talks about the regulatory management of radiopharmaceuticals of different guidelines and different regulatory bodies of different countries and causes and consequences of poor regulatory control. Conclusion: For good quality of radiopharmaceuticals there should be quality management system should be implemented, documented, and duly maintained; effectiveness should be continuously improved in accordance with the requirements of professional, regulatory, and accrediting bodies.

In the survey, an ethnobotanical inventory was carried out to study the plant families, species and parts of plants used as remedy for cancer. The result showed that a total of 76 plant species from 47 families mostly of the Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Dioscoraceae and Zingiberaceae The commonest plant species identified include; Ricans communis L (Castor bean), Manihot esculenta Crantz (Cassava), Tetrapleura tetraptera Scum & Thonn (African yellow wood), Curcuma longa L (Tumeric), Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Ginger) and Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich (African pepper). All the plants studied in this survey have been used by the herbal practitioners and adjudged to be effective. Despite the inventory, more research is needed in the extraction and isolation of active chemical constituents in these medicinal plants for drug formulation and other vital pharmaceutical purposes.

The aim to conduct this case study, because Pituitary Macroadenoma leading to aspergillus is a rare condition. In which the main pathogen of fungal sellar is aspergillus species. The pituitary infectious fungi consisted on different groups and dimorphic fungi. The leading pathogen of fungal sellar abscess is the type of aspergillus. The possible route of infection through sphenoid sinus with a thin sellar roof. Pituitary tumour differentiate through its size. Pituitary tumors undesirably known to grow in the, sphenoid bone, cavernous sinus, mid-nasal ductus, and left cerebral hemisphere. In our case presentation patient presented with pituitary macroadenoma, which diagnosed through magnetic resonance imaging. Presented with nasal mass, and acromegaly features, headache. Right eye vision loss. Through endoscopy biopsy report shows the nasal fungal infection. Surgical treatment, trans-sphenoidal procedure will be planned as recommended in literature reviews.

Physicochemical analysis was carried out for products of sugarcane in an attempt to study the quality of main-product (sugar) from Halfa Elgadidah Sugar Factory at six periods (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6) corresponding to (3, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48) hours after harvesting, respectively, during 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 seasons. Randomized complete plot design with three replications was used in this study. The results revealed that the average levels of total soluble solids (TSS), sucrose, sweetness, reducing sugars, were 99.7%, 98.45%, 98.68%, 0.185%, Traces of ash were found in sugar samples, they did not exceed 0.04. Moreover, protein content not exceeding 1.0 in sugar samples, the colour ranged between 236– 268 and between 233.7–285.3 (IU) for the two seasons respectively. The relative viscosity ranged between 0.888–0.913 and between 0.884 – 0.903. The kinematic (absolute) viscosity of the sugar solutions ranged between 1.896 and 1.915 and between 1.894–1.914 centistokes for the two seasons respectively. The pH values of the sugar solution were in the range of 6.93-6.98 and 6.92–6.98 for the two seasons respectively. The moisture content ranged between 0.19–0.21% for the two seasons. The results showed that the optimum duration from cut to mill to produce a qualified sugar not exceeding 6 hours after harvesting.

Introduction: Propensity scoring is a powerful tool to strengthen causal inferences drawn from observational studies of different areas. A propensity score is used to choose treatment and control groups with simila baseline characteristics. A Propensity score is defined as the probability of the subject being assigned to the treatment group, given set of baseline characteristics. Objectives: To review the impact analysis of interventions using Propensity Score analysis. Methods: literature review in methodology was used. The review was conducted using reliable healthcare internet database namely; Google scholar, hinari and PubMed central. Eleven scientific articles were scrutinized to obtain results for the review. Result: The results of this review showed that a total of twenty four articles and books were reviewed and almost all of the reviewed articles and books were used Propensity Score analysis methods clarifying the notes and for their analysis of different titles of researches in different parts of the world. Conclusion: This review of assessed and reviewed, Propensity matching is a powerful tool for observational data analyses because it facilitates the comparison of outcomes between similar groups of patients and has impacts on the interventions.

Photosynthesis or green synthesis of silver nanoparticles has been shown an ecofriendly and cost effective approach with a great significance of biomedical Applications. Plant extracts may act both as reducing agents and stabilizing agents in the nanoparticles formation. We therefore synthesized silver nanoparticles using Syzygium cumini methanol seed extract which is found to be most enriched in Phytonutrients, and had strong anti-glycoxidative potential. In this chapter, the Characterization of silver nanoparticles of S.cumini (ScSNPs) methanol seed extract was performed and their role on glucose stressed cardiac cells was studied. Nanoparticles synthesis is based upon its size, shape, disparity and surface area. After mixing with silver nitrate solution the colour changes from yellow to dark Brown confirming the formations of nanoparticles. This colour change is due to the Excitation of surface plasmon vibrations. We have synthesized the silver nanoparticles after 48 h of incubation but sometimes it takes more/less time depends upon the rateof bio-reduction of silver ion due to the presence of reactivity of enzymes and components exist in plant extract. The silver ions bind to the secondary metabolites inS. cumini and getting reduced. This complex of silver ion and metabolite interacts with other complexes and contributes to the formation of silver nanoparticle, which is a critical phenomenon and affected by pH, temperature, concentration and electrochemical gradient of silver ion. The plasmon resonance is acombined resonance of the conducting electrons of silver nanoparticles and scatteroptical light elastically with significant efficiency our study reveals that the polyphones and amines in S. cumini contribute to the formation of synthesis of silver nanoparticles and might go through a two-step redox process.