Fluoroquinolones are being extensively used for the treatment of OPD patients suffering from various infective diseases. Extensive use of these of drugs has resulted in high drug resistance among common pathogens. We analyzed the current antibiotic resistance pattern of E.coli to fluoroquinolones for four consecutive years. 9186 samples were processed and 716 E.coli were isolated. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done in accordance with latest Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines.6644were urinary samples followed by blood (1321), pus ((704), and miscellaneous (517). Maximum positivity was seen in pus samples (43.18%, 308/704) followed by miscellaneous (18.56%, 96/517), blood (18.01%, 238/1321).Antibiotic resistance trend, during 2016, revealed least resistance against levoflox (12%) followed by gatiflox (13%) and moxifloxacin (28%). Maximum resistance was seen against norflox (42%) and ciproflox (40%). Nitrofurantoin showed minimum resistance (8%) among all. We observed a pattern of decreasing resistance against fluoroquinolones for E.coli during the study period.

Avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill.) have been recommended in traditional medicine which has therapeutic effects for hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia. This study aims to analyze qualitatively and quantitatively the chemical compounds contained in hexane, acetone, ethanol and water extract from avocado seeds. The results obtained from the qualitative test showed that avocado seed hexane extract contained fatty acids. Avocado seeds acetone extract contains fatty acids, phenols, tannins, and flavonoids. Ethanol extracts of avocado seeds contain phenols, tannins, flavonoids, and alkaloids. Avocado seed water extract contains carbohydrates, phenols, and tannins. Quantitative tests of alkaloids are determined by the gravimetric method, as well as the ultraviolet spectrophotometer method for flavonoids, phenols, and tannins. The results obtained from the quantitative test showed the total alkaloid content of ethanol extract was 0.435 %, the total flavonoid levels of acetone and ethanol extract were 0.1068 % and 0.1084 % respectively, the total phenol content of acetone, ethanol and water extracts were 0.0476 %, 0.0309 %, and 0.0494 % respectively. The total tannin content of acetone, ethanol and water extracts were 0.1989 %, 0.2044 %, and 0.1804 % respectively.

Polio vaccination rejection among Muslims of northern Nigeria came as a result of misconception, rumours and mistrust of the polio vaccines. This paper is premised on exploring the Muslim–focused cultural sensitivity in the polio vaccination campaign to solve the problem of polio rejection and enhance the acceptance of the antigen as a preventive measure against poliomyelitis. The data was collected through in-depth interviews. 12 key informants comprising of physicians, traditional leaders and Islamic clerics were therefore selected purposively among the Muslim parents with children eligible for polio vaccination in northern Nigeria's states of Kaduna, Kano and Plateau. The findings revealed that Muslim-focused cultural sensitivity in polio vaccination messages and communication campaign will help to remove misconception and rumours about polio vaccination safety and efficacy in Northern Nigeria. It also established that the involvement of the Islamic clerics in the polio campaign will help to educate the Muslim parents to accept the polio vaccination for their children. The study concludes that there is the need to employ Islamic clerics as community mobilisers for polio vaccination campaign to reach out to communities and settlements for the sensitisation of the parents using Muslim-focused polio messages in interpersonal communication situations.

Migration has become one of the defining issues in this globalised world. This is a known fact as research has shown that there have been periods of displacement and misplacement across borders and boundaries. The attention given to migration in recent times is quite alarming as individuals are now leaving their countries in search of jobs, medical care and education. There are events which have claimed the lives of so many Africans and despite these happenings, the increase in migration cannot be over emphasized. It is at the backdrop of this that this study sought to investigate the influence of social media reportage on migration to Malaysia. Anchoring this study on technological determinism theory of communication, a sample of 375 respondents were administered questionnaire using a multi stage sampling technique. Findings revealed that respondents are exposed to and are aware of social media stories on the flamboyant lifestyle of Malaysian returnees. Also, respondents show positive attitude to Malaysian migrants who return with a lot wealth in spite of the bad image they have been associated with. Therefore, the study recommended that social media users should be ethical in their reportage in order not to mislead the audience and that respondents should imbibe the culture of self censorship so as to check the attitudes that are formed as a result of exposure to social media messages.

Over the past few years, a lot of research has been done to understand the role of osteitis, or inflammation involving bone for disease recalcitrance in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). This review article will discuss the current understanding of osteitis in CRS, including pathophysiology, diagnostic methods, clinical significance, and treatment modalities.

Introduction: Stress, is a part of the student experience enough evidence suggests that comparatively to other trainings nursing students experience high levels of stress, psychological morbidity, and depression (Zvauya, Oyebode, Day, Thomas, & Jones, 2017). Whereas, as brain plays the vital role in adaptation to the stress and make necessary changes in the behavioural and physiological responses to become resilient (McEwen, Gray, & Nasca, 2015). A study conducted by Al‐ Zayyat, and Al‐ Gamal (2014) illustrated that students suffered from high level of stress in the clinical setting and reported that common stressors among the students are independently caring to the patients, high expectations of teachers and clinical staff, and clinical assignments. Whereas, stress is important in the learning process as without stress the students are unable to realize the importance of time, schedules, evaluation criteria and study milestones. Objective of the study: The objective of this study is to determine the correlation between stress and competence among nursing student in Lahore, Pakistan. Methodology: Co relational study design is adopted to fulfill the research objectives. The study was conducted in the Private University from January, 2019 to May, 2019. Population of the study were nursing students and the sample size was 191. Two scales naming nursing competence and perceived stress scales were used to collect data. Results: The mean score of perceived stress was 2.1 on the scale (1= Never to 5= very often) which shows that students were usually having low levels of perceived stress. The students shared low competency values on the sub scales of serving as an example for other nurses, ethically oriented practice, general aptitude and nursing care in a team. There was negative moderate (r= -0.46, p=<.005) relationship between nursing competency and perceived stress among students. Conclusion: Stress is the hindering factor for learning whereas effective coping behavior can facilitate learning. Stress is related to poor nursing competence. To maintain the professional integrity the trait of stress has to be reduce among the nursing students. Being the student and deadlines in the training programs students face stress whereby student have to choose appropriate coping strategy to handle it effectively

The Banana Bunchy Top Disease (BBTD), caused by the Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV), is one of the important banana diseases in the Democratic Republic of Congo. It drastically reduces the production and diversity of bananas. This study focused on the production of banana and plantain planting materials free of BBTV from plants infected by micro-propagation and macro-propagation. 15 suckers of cultivars Litete [plantain (Musa AAB), French type)], Libanga Likale [plantain (Musa AAB) False Horn type)] and Bluggoe (Musa ABB) were used for micro-propagation and 15 others for macro-propagation. These suckers were collected from banana mats with stages 4 or 5 of BBTD symptoms. The Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium augmented with 30 g glucose, vitamins, 1 μM of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) and 10μM of 6-Benzyl aminopurine (BAP) was used for micro-propagation. The plants resulting from stem fragments was used for macro-propagation. After 5 subcultures in micro-propagation, the sanitation rate was 76.6% for Litete, 66.6% for Libanga Likale and 76.6% for Bluggoe. After macro-propagation, the rate was 27.5% for Litete, 6.6% for Libanga Likale and 73.3% for Bluggoe. These results indicate that the proliferation rate increases the chance to clean up infected planting material explaining why macro-propagation is less effcient than micro-propagation.

The Banana Bunchy Top Disease (BBTD), caused by the Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV), is one of the important banana diseases in the Democratic Republic of Congo. It drastically reduces the production and diversity of bananas. This study focused on the production of banana and plantain planting materials free of BBTV from plants infected by micro-propagation and macro-propagation. 15 suckers of cultivars Litete [plantain (Musa AAB), French type)], Libanga Likale [plantain (Musa AAB) False Horn type)] and Bluggoe (Musa ABB) were used for micro-propagation and 15 others for macro-propagation. These suckers were collected from banana mats with stages 4 or 5 of BBTD symptoms. The Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium augmented with 30 g glucose, vitamins, 1 μM of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) and 10μM of 6-Benzyl aminopurine (BAP) was used for micro-propagation. The plants resulting from stem fragments was used for macro-propagation. After 5 subcultures in micro-propagation, the sanitation rate was 76.6% for Litete, 66.6% for Libanga Likale and 76.6% for Bluggoe. After macro-propagation, the rate was 27.5% for Litete, 6.6% for Libanga Likale and 73.3% for Bluggoe. These results indicate that the proliferation rate increases the chance to clean up infected planting material explaining why macro-propagation is less effcient than micro-propagation.

The term 3D printing is generally used to describe a manufacturing approach that builds objects one layer at a time, adding multiple layers to form an object. This process is more correctly described as additive manufacturing, and is also referred to as rapid prototyping.Used in aerospace, defence, art and design, 3D printing is becoming a subject of great interest in dentistry. Uses of 3D printing include the production of drill guides for dental implants, the production of physical models for prosthodontics, orthodontics and surgery, the manufacture of dental, craniomaxillofacial and orthopedic implants and the fabrication of copings and frameworks for implant and dental restorations. This paper reviews the types of 3D printing technologies available and their various applications in dentistry.

Mandibular premolars are known for having variations in root canal anatomy, Endodontic and periodontal success of such anatomical variations requires the clinician to be aware of their clinical and radiographic anatomy. This study was done to evaluate the mandibular second premolars in a Kashmiri population using routine digital radiography.

Background: Periodontal diseases could be regarded as an independent risk factor for the onset of cardiovascular diseases. Evidence documents that periodontal diseases have an independent statistically significant association with cardiovascular diseases, although weak to moderate, after adjusting for potential confounding factors, such as advancing age, gender, race, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, indicators of socioeconomic status, stress, obesity, lipid rich diet and others. Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate a correlation between periodontitis and ECG abnormalities. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study constituting 15 systemically healthy subjects with moderate to severe periodontitis and 15 systemically healthy subjects without periodontitis. Subjects were selected with proper inclusion and exclusion criteria. For each patient clinical parameters including PI, MGI, PD, CAL, BP and Electrocardiograph (ECG) are recorded. ECG changes like LVH, ST depression etc. are evaluated and the relation with periodontal condition is assessed. Results: No significant ECG abnormalities were detected in moderate-severe chronic generalised periodontitis patients. Conclusion: The present study did not find a relationship between periodontitis and ECG abnormalities. Further longitudinal studies with a larger sample size are required to associate the relationship.

Binder's syndrome is a rare congenital condition characterized by a retruded mid-face with an extremely flat nose due to an underdevelopment of the mid-facial skeleton. It primarily affects the anterior part of the maxilla and nasal complex. Hence the condition is also known as Maxillonasal dysplasia. This paper aims to put forth the etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation & the, management of Binder’s syndrome.

The dermatoglyphics is the study of epidermal ridges present on the surface of palm, soles, finger and toe and have emerge a promising tool in screening and diagnosis of medical and genetics conditions. It is one of the low-cost and noninvasive methods used for mass screening. Materials & methods: This study was conducted out in 100 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients and 100 Non diabetic individuals as control. Dermatoglyphic prints of both hands of study subject were taken by using ink method as described by Cummins and Midlow. Results: This study observed that whorls are increased in diabetic patients both in right and left hand, this difference was found statistically significant (p<0.0001, p<0.003). Arches found more in control than diabetes mellitus patient and this difference is statistically significant (p< 0.007, p<0.0001) Ulnar loop found more in control than diabetes mellitus patients and this difference found statistically significant. There was increase in ‘atd’ angle in patients of diabetes mellitus than controls and this was statistically significant.

Epulis is the most commonly detected benign tumor of the oral cavity. Usually presents as a solitary lesion involving the marginal and attached gingiva. It is the 1st reported case of a 56 year old female patient with four isolated epulides on all four sides of oral cavity and this rare finding is coined as „Quadra Epulis‟.

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is an insidious, chronic, progressive, debilitating disease. It has amalignant potential resulting from progressive juxtaepithelial fibrosis of the oral soft tissues, resulting in increasing loss of tissue mobility, marked rigidity and an eventual inability to open the mouth. The hallmark of the disease being sub mucosal fibrosis that affects most parts of the oral cavity, pharynx and upper third of the oesophagus and its clinical presentation depends on the stage of the disease at detection. As the disease has a spectrum of presentation, the management differs with the various stages of the disease. This articles presents a review of the existing literature pertaining to the effectiveness of medical management of Oral submucous fibrosis in its initial stages