Water is the most indispensable nature resource in the world for every living being waterborne diseases most commonly are transmitted in contaminated fresh water. Infection commonly results during bathing, washing, drinking, in the preparation of food, or the consumption of food thus infected. Objectives: To assess the Level of Knowledge Regarding Water Borne Diseases and its Prevention among mothers of Under Five Children. To find the association of knowledge among mothers of under five children with selected demographic variables. Methodology: A quantitative approach with Descriptive research design was used. The independent variable in this study Water borne disease and its prevention. The dependent variables in this study are Knowledge of mothers of under five children on waterborne diseases and its prevention. A study was conducted in Erayamangalm village, Thiruvallur District The sample size consists of 60 under five children mothers. Who fulfils the inclusion criteria were selected by Convenient sampling technique sampling technique. Results: Major findings of the study were overall mean score is 26.83 with a mean percentage 89.43% and standard deviation 2.93. A significant relationship was observed between education, food pattern and source of information with the knowledge. Whereas age, occupation, monthly income and type of family do not show any relationship of mothers regarding water borne diseases and its prevention. Result of this study reveals that 8.33% of mothers were having moderate knowledge of water borne diseases and its prevention and 91.67% of mothers were having adequate knowledge on water borne diseases and its prevention. Conclusion: Waterborne diseases being the major health problem in children below five years of age and most of the mothers are unaware about its first aid home management and leads to complications. The study was done to assess the knowledge and practice on prevention of waterborne diseases among mothers of children below five years of age.

Violent conflicts resulting from rural banditry have become a recurring decimal in Nigeria’s drive to nationhood. It has assumed a grievous dimension in recent time thereby threatening peaceful coexistence but with dearth of literature on the environmental dimension of the Taraba areas of the country. This study therefore examines the conflict management mechanism put in place to check to curb the problem of rural banditry and its effect on socio-economic development in Taraba State. The research also adopts the primary source of data collection which is qualitative in character base on the triangulation method. This methodology affords the research the opportunity to generate data from semi-structured interview, focus group discussion and observation of informants and conflict areas. The investigation shows that the nature and causes of the conflict is multifaceted, thereby assuming different dimensions that include ethnic, religious, economic, political and environmental. It has led to change in inter-group relations and mutual mistrust among the peoples between famers and herdsmen taking its toll on people’s standard of living, while the vulnerable groups which include women and children have suffered severely as a result of the conflict. The study also shows that the conflict has affected economic activities in the form of trading, markets and agricultural production, and livestock production like meat, dairy products, hides and skin and bones have also been affected. It also shows that the conflicts have led to break down of law and order which culminates in destruction of lives and property and displacement of people which explains the humanitarian effect of the conflict. It recommends that the various responses by the community, government and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) in finding solutions to the conflict must cooperate to frontally confront the menace of this recurrent rural banditry debacle. And concludes that the conflicts can be resolved only when the most important stakeholders in the conflict, the bandits who are mostly Fulani’s and the settlers who are mostly famers, are made to sheath their sword for dialogue and willing to make compromise on areas of conflicting environmental interest.

Geological Survey of Bangladesh has been entrusted with the responsibilities of investigation and exploration of several kinds of solid mineral resources and discovered four major Gondwana coalfields at southern slope of Rangpur saddle of Bangladesh. Underground Mining is going on only in Barapukuria coal field and the rest of coal fields mining operation at this stage still not possible due to the greater depth. Jamalganj coal basin is one of the largest coal basin of Bangladesh where underground mining method for further mining may be really difficult. Around 4000 million tons of coal deposited in that coalfield which equivalents (due to energy) to about 130 Tcf Gas. It might not be technically feasible or economically viable to mine coal resources of that coalfield till now. Potential for underground coal gasification in the specific area of Jamalganj coalfield of Bangladesh should be needed to study. It has adequate depth (600-800m) and workable overburden as well as their chemical properties of coal (Calorific value-26.84%, Sulfur content- 0.55%, Fixed carbon- 36.72%, Volatile matter- 36.92%, Moisture content and Ash content 3.58%) which might be positive sign for UCG implementation. The high-volatile to medium-volatile bituminous coal is very suitable for UCG exploration in terms of their depth of occurrence, thickness of coal seam, coal reserve and areal extent. The thickest seam-III (over 40 m) can be a primary target for UCG development especially where it combines with seam-II in the eastern part of the coalfield.

Introduction: Cassava (Manihot Esculenta) is a staple food in tropical and subtropical regions in Africa, and is the main source of carbohydrate in these regions. Nevertheless, it contains cyanogenic glycosides metabolised to hydrogen cyanide, which has been shown by studies to affect the motor neurons of the central nervous system and causes neurodegenerative disease as konzo. However, the cassava-induced konzo disease and its neurotoxicity in rat model is yet to be explored. Method: 30 Adult female Wistar rats were assigned to 4 experimental groups (i) negative control n=5 (ii) positive control n=5, (iii) konzo-induced group n=15, (iv) protein-treated group n=5. The bitter cassava foods were taken by oral ingestion for a period of 5 weeks. Motor activity was evaluated using forelimb grip strength testing done weekly. RESULTS: There was significant difference in weight and forelimb grip strength between the negative control group and the konzo-induced group p˂0.05. Also, there was distortion of the pyramidal cells in the motor cortex and reduction of alpha cells in the ventral horn of the spinal cord which was not present in the protein treated group. CONCLUSION: Prolonged intake of insufficiently processed bitter cassava roots is associated with impaired motor coordination. Motor neurons are affected by neurological changes and distortion. These neurotoxicity effects of cassava can be ameliorated with consumption of cassava along with sulphur amino acid proteins and vitamins.

The present study was aimed at studying the impact of stress on mental health among youth with reference to Madhubani district of North Bihar, India. This study was conducted to assess the levels of mental health among youth and the relationship of the mental health with stress. Total sample of the study consisted of one hundred (N=100) youth comprising male (n=50) and female (n=50) which were randomly selected from different areas of locality of Madhubani town – a well – known town of North Bihar. It is generally expected that the most affected group in our own nation - India is youth especially in North Bihar region of Bihar State due to day today increasing unemployment. Thus, they have been found to spend most of the time with their friends and stay outside the home due to unemployment. They were bound to stay at home most of the time but no engagement with friends and with other social circles in the mean time. Hence, to achieve the target of the study, the intention of the present researchers was to study the levels of mental health in relation to stress of the particular group by using questionnaires schedules of Mental Health Scale developed by Jagdish and Srivastava (1983) and Perceived Stress Scale developed by Naik and Khan (2018) were used to collect the data from youths of Madhubani town. After collecting the information on the items of the schedules, the individual scores were obtained as per norms and procedures of the scales as given by authors and were given statistical treatment. Finally obtained results had shown that mental health and perceived stress variables are negatively correlated with each other among youth. Moreover, significant difference has been found on different dimensions of mental health and in total as well between the group of male and female youth belonging to Madhubani district. It is very interesting to note that male youth had scored higher degree on mental health schedule than female youth. Thus, the discrepancy of the obtained results has been discussed in detail by giving the probable reasons in the light of the activities prevailing now in Madhubani district of North Bihar, India.

The adenoid cystic carcinoma is a rare tumor in the region of the head and neck, it's the common malignant tumor of the salivary glands. Its location in the nasal cavity is exceptional. We report in our study a case of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the nasal cavity of a 68-year-old patient who presents nasal symptoms. The CT- scan shows a tissue process in the right nasal cavity, the endoscopy showed a process in the right nasal cavity extending to the lower cornet. The histology confirmed the adenoid cystic carcinoma. The surgical treatment consisted on the excision of the entire tumor followed by radiation therapy.

Introduction: Stroke patients with haemorrhagic and ischemic strokes were compared with regard to stroke severity, mortality, and cardiovascular risk factors. Material and Methods: This prospective and descriptive study was done during January 2019 and September 2020. This case-control study was conducted on an overall population of 120 individuals (40 haemorrhagic, 40 ischemic strokes and as the case groups; 40 healthy individuals as the control group). The diagnosis was made by the clinical examination and brain CT scan. Our excluding criteria were a previous history of a cerebrovascular event, history of a recent infectious or inflammatory disease, cancer, autoimmune disorder, haematological disorder, renal or hepatic disease, or use of immune-suppressive or anti-inflammatory drugs in the previous two months. Result: A total of 120 individuals (40 haemorrhagic strokes and 40 ischemic strokes as the case groups; 40 individuals as the control group) were identified during the study follow-up. The increase in MDA in ischemic stroke (ISPs) and Haemorrhagic stroke patients is highly significant (P < 0.001) when compared to control subjects. This indicates that lipid peroxidation is significantly increased in ISPs and the increase in MDA is more in ISPs than haemorrhagic stroke patients (p<0.001). Similarly, nitric oxide levels are also increased in both ISPs and HSPs. GPX levels are decreased significantly in ISPs and HSPs compared to control subjects(p<0.001). Maximum decline in GPX is found in ISPs with HSPs (p<0.001). The Uric acid levels are significantly increased in ISPs and HSPs when compared to control subjects (p<0.003) and the increase is more in ISPs with HSPs (Table 3). The SOD levels are decreased significantly (p<0.05) in ISPs and HSPs when compared to control subjects, whereas its levels are slightly decreased in ISPs with HSPs. Similarly, Catalase levels also decreased in both ISPs and HSPs. Conclusion: Hence, showed a direct positive correlation with infarct size (Ischemic stroke) but less in hemorrhagic stroke when compared with the control group. The antioxidative parameters like Catalase and superoxide dismutase were decreased both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke when compared with control.

The retail sector in Indonesia has been undergoing strong growth in recent years. The retail sector itself sells products or merchandise of household uses, including daily necessities products, through a self-service method. This study uses five variables such as purchase decision, price, service quality, promotion, and lifestyle that aim to enhance the purchasing decision at retail IJC Mart during the coronavirus pandemic. This study used 100 respondents from Medan City, Binjai, and Deli Serdang Regency. The findings suggest that price and service quality have a positive effect on purchase decisions. Promotion leads to a decline in the effect of prices and level of service, and also lifestyle variables raise the influence of prices on customer purchasing decisions at IJC Mart during the coronavirus pandemic.

Background and Objectives: The incidence of recorded maxillofacial trauma continues to increase worldwide and as expected the etiology and types of injuries vary among different countries. Previous studies support that the differences in both patterns and etiology of maxillofacial fractures depend to a large extent on cultural, social and economic variables. As an example, in developed countries, especially in Europe, physical assaults were the main cause of maxillofacial fractures, followed by motor vehicle accident (MVA). The aim of this retrospective chart study was to analyze the demographics, causes, incidence and patterns of maxillofacial fractures in patients from the western region of Saudi Arabia treated at King Fahd Hospital, Saudi Arabia (KFGH). Methods: Patients treated between 1998 and 2018 at the department of maxillofacial surgery in KFGH were reviewed. Patient’s age, sex, pattern of facial fracture, and causes of injury were recorded. Data was analyzed using SPSS Pc+ 21.0 version statistical software. Results: A total of 616 patients (87% n = 536 male and 13% n = 80 female) with 886 fractures were recorded. The age group ranging between 20 to 29 years (39.2%; n = 238) sustained the highest incidence of maxillofacial fractures. Of the different causes of trauma, i.e., MVA, falling from heights, fighting, sports injuries and others MVA was listed as the main cause in 369 (59.9%) patients [male (n = 316) / female (n = 53)]. Of the different potential anatomical sites (Maxillary, Orbital, Nasal, ZMC, Frontal, Mandibular, Dentoalveolar, Lefort I, Lefort II and Lefort III), the mandible was found to have the highest rate 61.2% (377 out of 616), followed by ZMC (37.2%), Orbital (12.8%), Nasal (7.5%), and Frontal (6.3%). In all types of maxillofacial injuries MVA is the most frequently causative factor (n = 369) compared to Non-MVA factors (n = 247). The association between the cause of accidents and type of injury is statistically significant (p<0.01). Conclusions: In this study, MVA was found to be the most common cause of maxillofacial injuries with the mandible being the most frequent anatomical site affected. Appropriate health education programs and design engineering can be initiated to avoid road traffic accidents and reduce related injuries.

Despite the status of English as dominant language in Nigeria, a lot is still required to enhance its effective teaching and learning. Being a second language in Nigeria, English is confronted with difficulties faced by students, teachers, and researchers of the language. This raises a need for professional based English teaching. It is on this note that this paper reviewed different strategies developed by different scholars in the teaching of ESP vocabulary under the framework of Communicative Approach to language teaching. The paper observed that the teaching ESP vocabulary in Nigerian context requires a combination of methodologies and concluded that lecturers of ESP should utilize methodologies that encourage interactive use of the target vocabulary. The paper recommended that individual lecturers should experiment with various strategies and choose any combinations they find most suitable for both their learners and the teaching circumstances.

Introduction: According to the World Bank, poverty is measured by income. Bangladesh uses microcredit as an anti-poverty tool for reducing poverty. The aim of the study is to find out the impact of microcredit on poverty reduction in rural Bangladesh. Methods: This study run by following qualitative and quantitative research process based on secondary data recorded from 2002 to 2012. Study data as number microcredit borrowers have been calculated from Microfinance Information Exchange (MIX) Market Database and rest of the data are collected from the World Bank, Household Income & Expenditure Survey Report and relevant literatures. Result: Microcredit has an impact on the income poverty reduction. During the last decade, income poverty had reduced 1.5% in Bangladesh. So, MFIs are not necessary for reducing poverty because if income is increased, it depends on the poor people how they will utilize their money. Conclusion: From this study we found that microfinance can reduce the poverty by giving credit loan and generating income.

Introduction: Oligohydramnios is defined as AFI <5cm (amniotic fluid index) or the maximum vertical pocket of liquor is less than 2 cm. It has been correlated with increased risk of intrauterine growth retardation, meconium aspiration, severe birth asphyxia, low APGAR score and congenital abnormalties. There is an inverse relationship between amniotic fluid volume and pregnancy outcome. Objective: To find out the fetomaternal Outcome in Term Oligohydramnios. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, Rajshahi, Bangladesh over a period of 1 year from January 2018 to December 2018. 65 patients in third trimester of pregnancy with oligohydramnios were selected randomly after satisfying inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: This study was performed in 65 pregnant women with amniotic fluid index <5 cm with sinleton pregnancy. In this study 38 out of the 65 patients (58%) had vaginal delivery (either induced or spontaneous) and 27 patients (42%) underwent lower segment caesarean section. Patients with amniotic fluid index 4 - 5cm on USG were 39 (60%) followed by AFI 2-4 cm was 18 (28%) and AFI <2 cm was 8 (12%). Low birth weight (<2.5 kg) was seen in 19 newborns (29%). NICU was required in 22 newborns (34%). Fetal congenital anomalies were seen in 4 cases (4%). congenital anomalies were hydronephrosis, diaphragmatic hernia, hypoplastic kidneys and multiple congenital anomalies. Conclusion: In conclusion, oligohydramnios in term pregnancies is associated with an increased risk of obstetric intervention. All cases of oligohydramnios require intensive antepartum and intrapartum care. Early detection of oligohydramnios, evaluation of the cause and severity of oligohydramnios and assessment of gestational age are essential for management. Its management may help in reduction of perinatal morbidity and mortality and decreased caesarean deliveries.

Background: We report a rare case in which metastatic choroidal tumor (presented as a total retinal detachment) in one eye and asymptomatic choroidal tumors of the other eye were found to be the initial clinical presentation of breast cancer. Clinical Presentation: We report a case in which a choroidal tumor presented as a total retinal detachment was found to be the initial clinical presentation of breast cancer. Conclusions: The importance of detailed history taking and careful assessment of patients presenting with ocular tumors, in order to accurately detect the primary tumor and decide on the proper treatment is highlighted in this case report.

Cervical cancer is a typically slow-growing cancer that may not have symptoms, but can be early diagnosed by Pap smear and Visual Inspection of Cervix with Acetic Acid (VIA). According to WHO and UNPF, globally every year, around 500,000 women develop cervical cancer and almost 274,000 of them die from the disease. Participants in this study did not report engaging in risk factors associated with cervical cancer, they had poor knowledge of etiology, mode of transmission, symptoms, prevention methods, and different risk factors that increase the progression of cervical cancer as well as poor perception towards the chance of acquiring the disease. Using TV and Radio and having information on STI were the determinants of knowledge on cervical cancer. The result obtained in this study indicates how useful it established health education programs to increase students’ awareness and knowledge about cervical cancer. Health education interventions require improving the understanding of the factors that increases the risk and the prevention methods of cervical cancer in youth women to prevent before women engage in risky behaviors to develop healthy behavior and decrease the incidence of the disease. Governments and non-governmental organizations should work in collaboration in improving knowledge of cervical cancer and screening among youth women. For the reasons said above, this study was conducted among the tertiary level students at Gono Bishwabidyalay, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

With regards to the assembly line of cost control of Dechang (HK) company, the motor housing’s cost control of process will be necessarily respected. Because the supply quantity is big in a machine the price of motor housing is small, so that the cost control of automatic production line is significant with modeling. It is found that the control of equipment includes in shaft and crank linkage for benefit which also needs to be controlled in detail. For the sake of benefits can we fundamentally resolve the main problem of high cost process.