Many jurisdictions encourage the adoption of electronic commerce by enacting statutes that enable contractual dealings to be conducted electronically, and also allows people to use an electronic signature to satisfy any legal requirement. Even the electronic transfer of land is covered under certain statutes as in the case of the Indian Information Technology Act, 2000. However, in the era of globalization; and in the absence of any geographical boundaries for the cyberspace, such new legislations also raise some questions: for how long will these statutes be valid? What are the boundaries of these statutes? Who should be forced to follow them? Most of these questions are unanswerable today. The exponential growth of the internet and online activity raise a number of legal questions. How does copyright apply to digital content? How can national laws apply to cyber wrongs in cyberspace? Can privacy and data protection exist on the cyber space? Can electronic commerce really be secure? Can cyberspace be regulated by one, or by many authorities? In seeking to apply the law to the Internet, problems arise owing to the fact that most laws largely apply to the pre-cyber space world. As the technology improves and ownership of home computers increases, one competently navigate his way around cyberspace, downloading information, reading and writing to newsgroups, and receiving and sending emails. Cyberspace represents the new medium of communication, electronic communication, which is fast outmoding, or even replacing, more traditional methods of communication. The present Study attempts a comprehensive definition of the term ‘cyberspace,’ traces out the evolution and growth of cyber space; and enumerates the pros and cons of information technology. In traditional and online trading environments, consumers are entitled to have their privacy respected. While shopping on the internet; most people typically do not think about what is happening in the background. In the modern era of electronic technology, people want to get their work done quickly with little effort. At times, people forget or ignore the legal and ethical values of their actions. Consequently, cyber wrongs in different forms are increasing day by day: cracking/hacking, e-mail spoofing, spamming/Denial of Services (DOS attacks), carding (making false ATM Debit and Credit cards), cheating and fraud, assault by threat, impersonation, intellectual property rights (IPR) infringements (software piracy, infringement of copyright, trademark, patents, domain names, designs and service mark violation, theft of computer source code, etc.), online gambling and other financial crimes including the use of networking sites and phone networking to attack the victim by sending bogus mails or messages through internet, forgery, URL hijacking or squatting (using the domain name of another person in bad faith), cyber vandalism (destroying or damaging the data when a network service is stopped or disrupted), virus transmission, internet time thefts, pornography, cyber terrorism etc-the list is endless. Customer information has to pass through several hands; and the safety and security of a customer's personal information lies within the hands of the business. Therefore, security and privacy of the information are a major concern. E-commerce has a tremendous impact on copyright and other intellectual property rights (IPRs).

Face recognition presents a challenging problem in the field of image analysis and computer vision as such a large number of face recognition algorithms have been developed in last decade. In this paper firstly I present an overview of face recognition and discuss its application and technical challenges. Thereafter I represent the various face recognition techniques. This includes PCA, LDA, ICA, Gabor wavelet, soft computing tool like ANN for recognition and various hybrid combinations of these techniques. This review investigates face recognition and all these methods of face recognition with parameters that have challenges like illumination, pose variation and facial expressions.

Epithelioid malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (EMPNST) known as "epithelioid malignant schwannoma", described for the first time in 1954. It is an entity that has the same clinical features as MPNST but whose cytological and histological characters are different. It is characterized by an epithelioid cytomorphology, usually diffuse S100 immunoreactivity and some cases come from preexisting schwannomas. Clinically, it presents as a painful or asymptomatic mass, whether or not it is located on a nerve path. Imaging plays an essential role in preoperative diagnosis and assessment, but histology remains the key examination for confirmation of the diagnosis. Treatment is based on surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. His prognosis is grim. The objective of this work is to underline the histopathological aspects of this very rare entity, in particular in children, by reporting an observation of a 21 month old infant.

Background: Prosthodontics is the branch of dentistry that deals with the replacement of missing teeth and other orofacial structures with artificial substitute. In prosthodontics, implants, removable and fixed dentures can be used to replace missing teeth. Digital dentistry is the new trend that is evolving globally among the dental professionals and the dental students. Interactive learning concepts and objective evaluation in this digital Technologies with 24/7 access to the dental undergraduates and post graduates in providing education and training about prosthodontics is highly valuable. Aim: The aim of this study is to do the systematic review of the online Data available for educational applications for Prosthodontics. Materials and Methods: In order to conduct a systematic review of the online data available for educational applications in prosthodontics, the rules and guidelines of preferred reporting items of systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) were followed. Results: Of the total 453 articles only about 11 articles ware included in the systematic review that reported the online data available for educational applications in prosthodontics. Conclusion: The dental education of prosthodontics can be revolutionized, using the online available data to create educational applications.

Speeding is one of the main causes of traffic crash fatalities. Different effective strategies have been applied to prevent this critical issue; for example, humps, setting speed limit, and speed cameras. This study evaluates the effectiveness of speed cameras that are implemented on midblock of urban, suburban and on segments of rural arterials in Jordan in January 2018. Interrupted time series analysis (ARIMA model) was used for examining the effects of the speed cameras on the number of crashes. Various functions; including linear, quadratic, logarithmic, exponential, and power, were applied in order to evaluate the effect of speed cameras on traffic crashes. Results of analyses indicated that speed cameras implemented on suburban and urban arterials with speed limit less than 80 km/h had a crash reduction of 10 to 19%. On the contrary, it was found that the number of crashes on a limited number of rural arterials’ segments was increased by about 36%, this result should be further investigated since the sample size of rural segments was relatively small.

Introduction: Blood is an essential therapeutic need, as there is no genuine substitution. Blood transfusion saves many lives in cases of emergency, and is of more concern to transfuse safe blood to avoid further complications mainly transfusion-transmissible infections transfusion-transmissible infections (TTI‟s). In existence of World Health Organization (WHO) approved national hemovigilance protocols in different regions, blood transfusion carries a high risk for both patients and healthcare workers. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study was carried at Tertiary Care Teaching hospital on consecutive blood donors‟ records covering the period between September 2019 and August 2020. This blood bank is the center where an effective blood banking system is catering for all the blood needs of patients in the hospitals of this region. Blood samples were collected aseptically by venipuncture from the donors. The samples were analyzed for blood group, HIV-1 & 2, HBV, HCV, VDRL and Malaria following standard procedures. Result: In this study, of the 983 samples, 964 were males and 19 females, which correspond to 98.1% of male and the rest female. The maximum number of patients were in the age group of 18-30 years which were 69.8% (n =687) of total followed by age group 31–50 years having 30.0% (n = 30) in this group and 0.10% were 51-70 years. In this study, the most of donors had „O‟ Blood Group 48.7% (n =479) and least were AB Blood Group 6.5% (n = 64) in this study. The seroprevalence of HIV positive cases were 0.81%, HBV positive cases were 0.91%, HCV positive cases were 0.30%, VDRL positive cases were 0.71% and Malarial Parasite 2.3%. Conclusion: The low prevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV, VDRL and Malaria observed in present study may be due to awareness of donors, strict donor selection criteria and affective screening of the donors.

It is no longer a debate that international remittance has a positive influence on economic growth as it goes into individuals to meet family needs, but what has not been settled empirically (at least in the case of Nigeria) is the end-use allocation of this resources. This study assesses the expenditure pattern of international remittances on productive assets purchase using a micro cross-sectional data obtained from 2009 World Bank’s Migration and Remittances Survey in Nigeria. The model estimated was based on a new approach, using the bivariate probit regression equation which saw remittances and productive assets as endogenous variables determined by some observed variables. The main result is the insignificant positive effect of migrant remittances on propensity to acquire productive assets among Nigeria’s households.

Sars-Cov-2 could occur in active tuberculosis patients; with risk of aggravation, could also reveal tuberculosis or infect former tuberculosis patients.

The economic implications of using solely wind energy or solar photovoltaic (PV) system for electric power generation in Nigeria is considered in this work. Twelve states from the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria were used as case studies for wind energy utilization while 6 states were used for solar energy usage. Wind speed and solar radiation data for the state capitals were used for the analysis. The net present value (NPV) and the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) for each state for a project lifespan of 20 years was estimated for each power system in the various states using discount rate equivalent to the prevailing interest rate (16%) in Nigeria and lower values. At 16% discount rate for wind energy system, only 4 states gave positive NPV while at 8% discount rate 9 states have positive NPVs. For the solar PV system, the NPVs are negative for all the 6 states at 16% discount rate while only one location with the highest average annual solar radiation of 6.4 kWh/m2 day gave positive NPV at 8% discount rate. The LCOE is smaller for wind energy systems in many of the locations considered. When energy is not discounted, the highest and the lowest LCOE for wind energy system are 0.1937 $/kWh and 0.0167 $/kWh respectively while the respective values for solar PV system are 0.0615 $/kWh and 0.0415 $/kWh. The LCOE when energy is discounted is higher and the average value obtained either system is higher than the price of electricity in Nigeria but lower than the electricity price in the UK and the USA. Thus for wind and solar PV systems to be more economically viable for electricity generation in many locations in Nigeria, the current installation costs should come down and or the price of electricity should go up.

This study was conducted to assess the influence of epidemiological risk factors in the formation of renal calculi, their compositionand association with urinary tract infections (UTI) among the ethnic population of Khammam district, Telangana state. This study included 56 subjects attending the urology department, Mamata General Hospital, Khammam. Out of 56 patients with renal calculi, 50 are male, 46 from rural areas, 22 were farmers and 26 were manual labor. Twenty six belonged to socioeconomically lower middle class, 38 were non-vegetarians and 47 were consuming bore/tank water. Results of this study suggest a significant association between all the epidemiological risk factors viz., gender, residence, occupation, socio economic status, diet, and source of water and formation of renal calculi. Structural analysis of stones demonstrated that 78.6% of stones were mixed. Overall, calcium oxalate as pureor mixed with otherchemicals was the main component of stones matrix, seen in 38 (67.9%) patients. In this study, struvite is present in 21.4% of the stones. Thirty (53.6%) of 56 urine specimens were culture positive and 26 (46.4%) were sterile. All the positive urine cultures yielded a single organism and 26of 30 isolates were positive for urease enzyme. Klebsiella was the most common organism and was isolated from 16 (28.6%) urine samples. Results suggest that there is a significant association between UTI and renal calculi formation.

Education must meet the needs required by today's students; the new generations known as the Net Generation; they demand an updated educational system. There are multiple teaching systems at the higher level, some focused on the use of competencies, as well as on Bloom's Taxonomy; having as a common goal, professionals prepared for globalization when exercising their profession. It is critical to be at the forefront of changes in tools that facilitate the cognitive process. The mechanism of the methodology developed in the “Flipped Classroom” is reviewed, with the “Bloom's Taxonomy”, since the latter is the preamble for the design of various educational models. The Flipped class is an integration strategy, strengthens the educational process, and helps in the administration of the student and the teacher's time, meeting learning requirements, interacting with the Tics that the student executes, being the learning process dynamic, and adaptable to the learning capacity, achieving their attention, generating knowledge through their experiences, and expanding it with that of their peers.

This study investigated how carbamate and pyrethroid pesticide residues added to cocoa soil through agricultural activities related to the concentrations of pesticide residues in Owena river, Ondo State, Nigeria. Extractions from soil/sediment and water samples were obtained through ultrasonic bath extraction and liquid-liquid extraction respectively. The samples were analyzed with a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometry detector. The total mean carbamate pesticide residues level in dry season in the soil and sediment samples were 1.01±0.29µg/g and 2.45±2.38µg/g respectively. Their wet season level were 0.78±0.05µg/g and 0.76 ±0.15µg/g. The dry season pyrethroid pesticide residues level in the soil, sediment and water were 2.61 ±1.87µg/g,1.20±1.33µg/g and < 0.01µg/L respectively. Their wet season observation were 0.70 ±0.25µg/g and 0.42 ± 0.25µg/g for soil and sediment respectively. However, these pollutants were not found in the treated water.The mean level of these pollutants in the soil and surface water were below the former Nigerian Federal Environment Protection Agency maximum residue limit while their level in some of the sediment samples were higher than EU limit. This study, therefore, concluded that the soil, sediment and surface water in the study area were contaminated with carbamate and pyrethroid pesticide residues associated with cocoa farming around the river basin, although the treated water from the State water Works is safe for drinking. Therefore,the study recommended proper legislation and enforcement of laws on the control of these contaminants.

American voters elect the President and Vice President of the United States of America indirectly, through an arrangement known as the Electoral College system. The U.S. Constitution, in Article II, Section 1, Clause 2, as amended by the 12th Amendment in 1803, together with a series of implementing federal statutes, provides the broad framework through which electors are appointed and by which they cast votes for the President and Vice President. However, the Constitution says nothing about how the states should allot their electoral votes. The winner- take-all was the choice of the majority of the States. Presently, 48 states and the District of Columbia (Maine and Nebraska are the exceptions, having adopted the district system) have adopted the winner-take-all method of allocating electors. Under this method, the slate of electors, representing the presidential and vice presidential ticket that wins a plurality of votes in a state is elected on Election Day in November, and later meets in mid-December as the Electoral College to cast all of the state’s electoral ballots for the winning presidential and vice presidential candidates. This electoral system has proved undemocratic in modern time. The objective of this paper is to shed light on the limits of the American presidential electoral system which is no more in accordance with the ideals of the democracy today. Through historicism and Marxism theories, investigations have shown that some candidates can get a majority of the popular votes but fail under the winner- take-all conundrum. More importantly, the system has generated a dangerous geographical separation with red and blue territories in the same United States. The compromises and ideals of 1787 constitutional convention are rather outmoded for the 21st century democracy.

The work is a quantitative research. It examines how health status of rural low income reproductive age women in Emohua Kingdom in Rivers State Nigeria can result to growth in agriculture of the people and Rivers State at large. The respondents are 60 rural reproductive age women who are farmers from the area. Similarly, related literature was reviewed. Thereafter, data were collected. The collected data were analyzed using simple percentage and Chi-square. At the end of the analysis, it was revealed that malaria, typhoid, diarrhea is among the common health challenges and that these negatively affect their agriculture production level. Based on this, the work recommends repositioning of Primary Health Care which should include free medical care for rural farmers, the establishment of health-agriculture policy that can stimulate both sectors simultaneously among others.

Introduction: Abnormalities in serum lipid and lipoprotein levels are recognized major modifiable cardiovascular disease and essential hypertension risk factors. The objective of this study was to examine the serum lipid patterns of newly diagnosed hypertensive patients attending a tertiary healthcare center. Material and Method: This is prospective and observational study conducted at Department of General Medicine, Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences over a period of 6 months. The serum lipid profiles of 75 hypertensive patients was studied and compared with those of healthy controls. The serum lipid profiles (TC, TGL.HDL, VLDL, LDL, TC/ HDL, LDL/ HDL ratios) were studied with respect to various clinical profiles like age, sex, type, incidence etc. Study group consisted of patients with hypertension as identified by history, clinical examination, and other relevant examinations. Results: In our study 36.2 ± 3.8 years was the mean average age of study group whereas for the control group it was 37.7± 3.9 years. In the age group 35-40 years occurrence of hypertension was seen in extreme as compare to other age group. In study groups total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL Cholesterol and LDL Cholesterol were significantly higher as compared to control group (p<0.03). Among the hypertensive subjects most frequently occurring abnormality was elevated TC (70%), followed by elevated LDL (60%). Conclusion: This study showed that lipid abnormalities are highly prevalent among diagnosed hypertensives.