Background: Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is not only objective measure of habitual physical activity, but also a useful diagnostic and prognostic health indicator for patients in clinical settings. CRF is a strong and independent predictor of cardiovascular disease mortality. Low CRF in young adults has emerged as an important factor for developing cardiovascular comorbidities later in middle age. Aims: To determine the peak oxygen consumption (VO2max) by Queen’s college step test in young male subjects. To study the relation between body mass index and VO2max. Methods: One hundred young healthy male subjects in the age group of 18 to 25 years were included in this study group. Body mass index (BMI) was measured using standard calibrated instruments. VO2max was assessed by following the protocol of Queen’s College Step Test (QCT). Results: Data was statistically analysed by using Pearson’s correlation. There was a significant negative correlation between Body mass index and VO2max (ml/kg/min) (r= -0.418, p<0.01). Conclusion: The results suggest excessive amount of body fat exerts an unfavourable burden on cardiac function and oxygen uptake by working muscles. In our study BMI has significant negative correlation with VO2max and can be used in clinical settings to estimate cardiorespiratory fitness as it is a rapid and inexpensive method.

Background: Hepatitis B virus infection is one of the major causes of chronic liver disease. The prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in India is 1.46% with an estimated 17 million people who are chronic carriers of Hepatitis viral infection. Seroprevalence of HBV infection is few times higher among health care workers when compared to the general population. Objectives: To assess the knowledge and perceptions of first year medical students regarding HBV infection and vaccination. Methodology: This cross sectional study was carried out among first year MBBS students belonging to 2016-17 batch of Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur, Karnataka. A self structured objective type of questionnaire was prepared consisting of questions which were used to assess the knowledge regarding HBV infection and vaccination for it. The responses were analyzed using Microsoft excel and Epi Info 7. Results: 92.3% of the study population told that they have heard about hepatitis and 78.46% were also aware that the primary organ affected in hepatitis is liver. 87.69% responded that they were aware of hepatitis being transmitted from person to person. 89.23% of the study population had correct knowledge about the mode of transmission. Conclusion: It is recommended to increase the awareness of importance of vaccination against HBV at the beginning of the medical course and consider to vaccinate all of them before they are exposed to the patients during their clinical postings.

This paper examined utilization of internet facilities as predictors of students’ academic performance in private secondary schools in Obio/Akpor LGA of Rivers State, Nigeria. A correlational research design was adopted for the study to ascertain the extent utilization of internet facilities predict students’ academic performance in private secondary school in Obio/Akpor Local Government Area. The population for this study consists of all the 112 private secondary schools, with 112 school principals and a student population of 3,067 totaling 3,179. The sample size of 355 respondents were drawn from the entire population using Taro Yamen’s formula. The research instrument for this study was titled: Utilization of Internet Facilities Scale (UIFS) and Students’ Academic Performance Scale (SAPS). The internal consistency method using Cronbach Alpha reliability statistics was used to calculate the reliability coefficients of the two instruments. The reliability coefficients of Utilization of Internet Facilities Scale and Students’ Academic Performance Scale were 0.78 and 0.75 respectively. For the data that were analyzed, research questions (1-3) were answered using simple regression, while t-test associated with simple regression was used to test hypotheses (1-3) at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that Internet facilities such as e-library, personal phones and online social networking used in teaching and learning to a low extent predict students’ academic performance in private secondary schools in Obio/Akpor LGA of Rivers State. Based on the finding, the researcher recommended among others that e-library or ICT supported teaching and learning is a Government policy for delivery of quality education to Nigerians at all levels; and so, private school owners should intensify effort to implement this policy with all sincerity to enhance students’ academic performance.

COVID 19 disease was declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020. Telemedicine facilities become a spine for health care system in developing countries for managing communicable disease as well as surgical patients. Most of the hospitals have newer experience with these organized telemedicine facilities. This comprehensive review has done with a search engine on PubMed, Google scholar with keywords like telemedicine in India, telemedicine in COVID 19, COVID 19, telemedicine guidelines, telemedicine consultation and chronic disease. In Indian scenarios, this newer modality of treatment for surgical patients has fewer limitations due to slower adaptability and lack of psychological support. The health care system required proper training for the improvement of this virtual model of consultation and examination. A hybrid form of management can bridge between telemedicine and physical consultation to provide good and adequate surgical care. A multispecialty virtual meeting may provide adequate and satisfactory telemedicine consultation for high-risk, comorbid, palliative surgical patients. Fewer limitations are needs to reconsider for a safe, assessable, adequate and convenient virtual platform like lack of good hospitality infrastructures, proper guidelines, medical education, clinical training and adaptability. Surgical and oncological society guidelines may help to triage and smooth management of COVID and Non-COVID patients. Triage of surgical patients in telemedicine OPD has a positive impact on the overall prognosis of patients with an acceptable risk of disease.

False creatinine results estimated by conventional Jaffe’s endpoints are still a problem in the laboratories. We hypothesized that delay in absorbance measurement may influence the concentration of creatinine measured by Jaffe’s conventional method. This study compared the agreements between creatinine measured by conventional Jaffe’s endpoints and kinetic Jaffe’s methods and the influence of delayed absorbance reading on creatinine concentrations in kidney disease patients. A cross sectional study conducted in one hundred (70 males and 30 females) adults with kidney dysfunction. Serum creatinine was measured by Jaffe endpoint method and by Jaffe’s Kinetic method. Significant increase was observed in the creatinine measured by Jaffe’s endpoint method compared with Kinetic method. The serum creatinine concentration measured by Jaffe’s endpoint methods increases with increase time. This study has indicated that conventional Jaffe endpoint and kinetic methods show poor agreement for the estimation of serum creatinine in the presence of renal dysfunction, the kinetic method performed slightly better. This study also suggests that delay in absorbance reading for Jaffe endpoint reaction is a factor which influences serum creatinine concentrations.

Plant hormones are signaling molecules that needed for the growth of plants at optimum concentration to govern all the mechanisms of plants development and growth, embryogenesis, organ size regulation, defense from pathogens, tolerance to different stresses and also the reproductive development. The light-inhibition that aggravates the elongation of hypocotyl is controlled by red or far-red light receptor phytohormones that comprising the gibberellins, brassinosteroids, cytokinins, auxin, abscisic acid and ethylene. The level of cytokinin, auxin and GA increased at the fruit-set and constraint of their high level at fruit-set already been noted by their exogenous applications, and which causes the formation of parthenocarpic in tomato. In Arabidopsis, efficient induced germination of dormant seed needs cold-treatment and light activation of photo-chrome system. Germination of seed is plant first and adaptive choice in development and improvements in molecular physiology and genetics have revealed factors which controls the germination of seed. To improve photo-morphogenesis in the seedlings of Arabidopsis, PIF1 is regulated by light facilitated deprivation through the ubiquitin 26-S proteasome passageway. The germination of seed is important stage in the life cycle of plant and the decision made by an imbibing seed to initiate germination can be considered to be a critical regulatory step in plant development.

Introduction: Spirituality and spiritual wellbeing provide important information about the health care needs, the ability of people to cope with spiritual stresses, and necessary interventions for adaptation and coping with the crises of health care. Health care workers, especially nurses, are subject to such crises. Despite the importance of spiritual care and spiritual wellbeing and nurses’ provision of care, there is limited research regarding this important aspect of care. Hence it is necessary to assess the spirituality, spiritual well-being and spiritual care competence among nurses during the third wave of Corona Virus in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in February to May 2021, on the nurses working in Covid units of Public hospital in Faisalabad. Inclusion criteria of the study was staff nurses with the having license, at least 1 year work experience in ICUs and the main exclusion criteria included passing the formal spiritual care training courses. A total of 170 nurses participated in the study. The main questionnaire based on the socio-demographic questionnaire comprises of the age, gender, qualification and work experience. The data is collected through the 3 questionnaires including spiritual care competence scale of competence by Van Leeuwen & Cusvellen (2004), spirituality and spiritual Care rating scale introduced by Mc Sherry and, Paloutzian and Ellison’s spiritual wellbeing questionnaire. Results: The mean score of the spirituality, spiritual wellbeing and spiritual care competence among nurses was low and falls between the disagree to neutral scores. Qualification, marital status and years of experience are significantly associated to years of experience whereas, qualification and marital status is not related to spirituality, spiritual wellbeing and spiritual care competence among nurses. Correlation between variables of spirituality, spiritual wellbeing and spiritual care competence among nurses. Spiritual care competence is significantly associated to spirituality, spiritual wellbeing among nurses in the 3rd wave of cornona virus in Pakistan. Conclusion: As nurses with high levels of spiritual wellbeing have a positive attitude toward spiritual care thereafter, to ensure high level of spirituality among nurses caring for corona patients, nurses must reflect on the post spiritual encounter and in training more focus should be on content related to the spirituality in the curriculum. Spiritual issues are the integral part in the quality of life therefore, compliance of this is necessary in the life-threatening diseases such as corona pandemic.

There are lots of nanoparticles that have less toxic effects on the different cells of fish immune system. Nanoparticles have low cost as compared to the other materials in delivering of biological materials. Nanoparticles have gained much interest as a specific and sensitive tool for diagnosis of bacterial, fungal and viral diseases in aquaculture. There are different types of nanoparticles such as Cu based nanoparticles, sliver nanoparticles, metal oxides nanoparticles such as ZnO and TiO2 NPs, or composite of several metals. The applications of nanoparticles in aquaculture has promisingly seen in water quality improvement, aquatic animal nutrition, drug delivery, disease diagnosis and management but very few works and has been done in the greener approach as it is forming a new horizon in the aquaculture era. Silver nanoparticle are employed for the cleaning fresh water inhabiting fishes due to advanced cleaning system and special plates that cleans each drop of water in each direction of movement of water. By improving disease control, feeding formulation, and biofouling control, nanotechnology can improve aquaculture production and shrimp culture.

Cet ouvrage vise à présenter un panorama théorique de la théorie des voix sociales, études fortement défendues par le théoricien danois Jacob Mey. Notre intention est de dialoguer directement avec d'autres auteurs qui, comme Mey, croient au caractère socioculturel du langage, un aspect fondamental pour comprendre la manière dont se construisent les voix qui cousent l'anatomie d'une société fluide et instable. Nous sommes insérés dans le champ des études Pragmatiques, plus précisément en Sociopragmatique, un terrain fertile en discussions sur les voix. Notre recherche est de type bibliographique. Nous comprenons que les acteurs sociaux se rapportent à travers différentes voix capables de redéfinir les pratiques humaines, étant ainsi un instrument socialement construit.

Language, like sleep, is not a substance but a process that is constantly evolving and the practicality is known to everyone, yet in its throretical form defies formulations. Sociolinguistic is not a study of facts but the study of ideas about how societal norms are intertwined with our language use. For instance, what it means to be a male or female member of a particular society may influence the terms we use to address each other. Three level of analysis are mainly considered when conceptualizing the context of language and its uses; the play of Phenomena upon the senses, the concepts we can recognize as common to certain groups or classes of these phenomena, thirdly the formal logical system with which these concepts seem to agree. Language is always subject to construction and deconstruction in respect to the environment and culture it gets exposed to. For instance, learning language, say L3 where L1 is the regional language, but is instructed using L2, may determine the outcome of how a language is understood and learnt depending on the sociolinguistic exposure of learners where L1, L2 and L3 may all differ from region to region especially in the context of India, as India is multi-lingual. Environmental exposure plays a vital role in how a certain target language is learnt. It is a fact that as an adult language learner, environmental exposure and cultural proximity play a great deal of how language is studied and also the pace with which target language is acquired/learnt.

Interestingly, while some hospitals and clinics are now putting out banners for integrative medicine and offering herbal medicines, naturopathy, acupuncture, massage, nutrition, and other treatments, they are doing so without being taught about them in medical schools as part of an integrative model for medicine. In the book, Criminal Law in Ghana by P. K Twumasi, P. 585, he tackles practising medicine without authority: It reads: “A person commits an offence and is liable to a fine not exceeding C1,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding twelve months or both if he willfully and falsely takes or uses any name, title, addition or description evidently implying a qualification to practice medicine or dentistry, or without being registered under N.R.C.D. 91: (a) practises or professes to practise or publishes his name as practising medicine or dentistry or b) receives any payment for practising medicine or dentistry. This offence is created under section 48(1) of the Medical and Dental Decree (N.R.C.D. 91), and is a wholesale reproduction of section 20 of the Medical Practitioners and Dentists Ordinance, Cap. 69 of the Gold Coast. Mens rea is an essential element of the offence and therefore where a person accused honestly believed that he was entitled to use or assume any name or title, etc., he does not commit an offence under the decree: Commissioner of Police v. Wonkyi [13] 2 W.A.L.R. 196[16]”. In view of this, where integrative medicine is also being promoted, there is the need to assess the legal implications. The question for discussion and research is whether cross-system medical practice is permitted by law in Ghana?

The practice of traditional and alternative medicine in Ghana cannot be underestimated as many people have embraced the services of practitioners partly due to the minimum side effects involved. Practitioners of alternative medicines have also helped in educating the public on preventative issues and ultimately curative as well. However, a section of the public has raised concerns concerning activities of some practitioners, level of medical training, titles they use, the quality of schools run by some practitioners and the kinds of certificates they issue to trainees. As a practitioner, a staunch advocate of naturopathic medicine and a law student, I am now particular about policies and the legal framework for this industry to help streamline the sector to save the many vulnerable patients and ultimately complement conventional healthcare. This is because no industry is supreme. I believe this would also help to do away with the quack or unqualified practitioners in the system. This paper seeks to address these issues. The author will, as a Student of Law, seek to research into these areas by discussing relevant judicial decisions in other Common Law jurisdictions. This is because, to the best of my knowledge, no case relating to alternative medicine has been adjudicated in our courts in Ghana.

In this paper, our aims are accuracy, capabilities and power at solving set of the complex non-linear differential at the reaction chemical. As all experts know most of engineering actual systems behavior in practical are nonlinear process and analytical scrutiny these nonlinear problems are difficult or sometimes impossible. Our purpose is to enhance the ability of solving the mentioned nonlinear differential equations at chemical engineering and similar issues with a simple and innovative approach which entitled.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the third life-threatening pandemic disease. It started in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. Cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection may be asymptomatic or have a range of symptoms with the most common being fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Correct clinical laboratory analyses which give results in a well-timed or prompt manner are critical for the clinical and public health administration of COVID-19. The clinical presentation and stage of the COVID-19 disease determine the option as to which laboratory analysis to apply for the diagnosis. The application of the real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR), for nucleic acid analyses, is the most correct method for diagnosing acute SARS CoV-2 infection. The ideal specimen types are combined deep nasal or nasopharyngeal and throat swabs. Application of serology can be performed for the diagnosis of a previous infection that is more than 14 days after the beginning of clinical features. Antigen analyses are also carried out in most developed countries. The analytical results interpretation must take into consideration the pre-test likelihood or possibility of the patient having COVID-19 disease.

Fitness has become one of the most popular projects of many people in modern times, and people are willing to spend time and money on fitness. Physical fitness can not only develop good living habits it can also be used as an active leisure way to enrich entertainment and cultural activities. This article takes college student behavior as the object to carry out research on promoting the development of fitness economy. College students are the mainstay and important consumer group in the society, and it is of great significance to study their fitness consumption status and attitudes. Smart-PLS 3.0 is used as the main statistics analyzing tool. The results indicate that self-demand, social influence, facilitating conditions, performance expectancy and effort expectancy are drivers for young people to adopt fitness.