Microbes have ecological interactions with almost all life forms. Likewise, humans invariably engage in host-microbial interactions that could induce short-term or long-term effects. They are used in pharmaceutical industries for the synthesis of chemical compounds. Nowadays, chemical industries using the bacteria to synthesis the industrial products like. Some important features of bacteria in food industries remain unclear. This review highlighted the role of bacteria in industries for synthesis of compounds in medical as well as industrial point of view but some of the bacterial species have great impact on the human health thus causing serious diseases in human. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is used to produce cheese, yoghurt, kefir and kimchi. Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) is used in traditional manufacturing of vinegar. Bacteria are used to create multiple antibiotics such as streptomycin from the bacteria streptococcus. Another important role in pharmaceuticals is the use of microbes for the medically important studies, such as bacteriorhodopsin. Escherichia coli is used for commercial preparation of riboflavin and vitamin K.E. coli is also used to produce D-amino acids such as D-p-hydroxyphenylglycine, an important intermediate for synthesis of the antibiotic amoxicillin.

Prostatic lesions like Benign Prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatitis, and adenocarcinoma account for significant mortality and morbidity in the geriatric male population. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) level has become the most popular screening method for the detection of different prostatic lesions. We aim to study the Histopathological spectrum of the lesions of the prostate and its correlation with PSA. A Cross-sectional study was done on 75 prostatic specimens. Relevant clinical data, PSA levels, and histopathological diagnosis were noted. The histopathological spectrum of different prostatic lesions was categorized into benign and malignant lesions. PSA correlation was done. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated at PSA cut-off levels of 4ng/ml, 10ng/ml, and 20ng/ml. 85.3% (n=64) of the lesions were benign while 14.7% (n=11) of the lesions were malignant. BPH with chronic prostatitis was the most common benign lesion accounting for 45.3% cases (n=34). All the malignancies were adenocarcinoma and were mostly of Gleason’s Grade 2. PSA showed maximum sensitivity i.e. 100% at level 4ng/ml but showed minimum specificity of 43.30% and specificity was seen increasing with increasing PSA cut off and was maximum at level 30ng/ml i.e.95.08%. The most frequently encountered lesion of the prostate is BPH with chronic prostatitis. PSA is an early and sensitive marker but has a limitation at a cut-off value of 4ng/ml; but it lacks specificity.

The rehabilitation of the completely edentulous patients with resorbed ridges has always been a challenge for the daily practitioner. Treatment of edentulism utilizing dental implants, instead of conventional dentures, represents an established therapy and has been shown to ameliorate patient satisfaction, masticatory efficiency, and oral health-related quality of life. The immediate implant placement and immediate loading protocol have become more and more popular because of the increasing demands of a shortened treatment time. This case report describes the steps of a predictable and reliable technique, used to rehabilitate an edentulous and resorbed maxillary arch by using the immediate loading protocol combined with bone augmentation.

Background: Dental attendance is one of the core indicators of oral health evaluation and awareness. Oral health has been demonstrated to be an integral component of general health, with a serious impact on quality of life and overall well-being. There are diverse reasons why patients seek dental care. Pain, bad breath (halitosis), tooth mobility, routine check-up, swelling, trauma and aesthetics are some major reasons for which patients attend out-patient dental clinic. Objective: This study seeks to determine the demographics of patients’ attendance and distribution of their presenting complaints in a Nigerian tertiary dental centre. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective observational study carried out at the Dental Centre of the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Nigeria. The data was obtained from the Oral Diagnosis clinic attendance register and were those who, presented with new complaints to the Oral Diagnosis clinic, over a period of one year spanning July 2016 to June 2017. Data such as patients’ age group, gender and presenting complaint(s) were retrieved from the register and recorded on data forms, categorizing their dental complaints into ten (10) categories. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 22. Descriptive statistics such as proportions were expressed as percentages. Data was presented in tables and charts. Results: A total of 3836 patients attended the Oral diagnosis clinic over the study period but only 3636 patients who had their data complete were included in this study. More female patients, 1970 (54.2%) than male patients 1666, (45.8%) attended the clinic. People in the third and fourth decade of life accounted for the highest proportion seeking dental care, being 19.9% and 18.3% respectively. This is closely followed by those in the fifth decade (14.0%), and then, those aged below 20 years of age, who together accounted for 34.6%. Pain was the major complaint among patients attending the LASUTH Dental Clinic, accounting for 55.2%, followed by routine check-up/prophylaxis which accounted for 10.6%. Discussion: The female preponderance of patients seeking dental care is consistent with other studies within and outside Africa [1, 2]. This may not be unconnected with self- consciousness, typically associated with women. It has been previously observed that self -perception of need, particularly perceived severity of complaint, may inform utilization of oral health services [1, 3]. While some authors have corroborated that people within the third and fourth decade comprise the highest proportion of those who seek dental care, others have Shown that though they form the age-group that may perceive the need but attend dental clinic less [4]. Similar to our study, pain is noted to account for as much as 60% to 72% of reasons for dental attendance in other African studies [2, 3]. Unlike in developed countries who record between 40% to 80% of routine dental visits among adults [1], our study reveal a dismal 10.6% for routine visits of all attending dental patients. Conclusion: Dental-related pain remains a significant reason for patients seeking dental care. There’s relative oral health awareness in the Lagos metropolis and its feeder areas. Oral health education should be intensified and targeted at adolescents and young adults who are likely to inculcate lifelong health-seeking habits.

Crack formation and propagation in reinforced concrete members is complex. It involves various mechanisms and parameters related to the interaction between concrete and reinforcement, the geometry of structural members, type of loading, and support conditions. These factors can be controlled and adjusted to some extent only. On the other hand, these deterministic factors are all superimposed by a certain level of randomness owing to the fluctuations of material parameters and the heterogeneous composition of concrete. Nevertheless, the process of cracking and the resulting crack systems have been widely studied during the years, striving to create physically transparent models that could predict the structural behavior with greater accuracy. Considering the importance of flexure and shear failure influences on strength of concrete, percentage of steel and stirrups of RC beam, a finite element (FE) modeling that focuses on crack initiation and pattern is presented in this study. Nonlinear three dimensions finite element analysis (FEA) of RC beam capable of appropriately modeling the concrete stress-strain behavior, tensile cracking, and compressive damage of concrete and indirect modeling of the steel-concrete bond is performed using ABAQUS to investigate the ultimate load, beam displacements, and cracking pattern. The concrete damage plasticity is applied to the numerical model as a distributed plasticity over the whole geometry. The objective of this study is to predict failure and crack development in the concrete model using ABAQUS for static load in M30 grade beam with different reinforcement configurations and results have been compared with the experimented sample.

Purpose: Nowadays, environmental sustainability is a challenge for the enterprises of the whole world. This paper aims to assess the impact of green supply chain management on the environmental performance of Bangladeshi manufacturing firms. Design/methodology/approach: This study is designed to assess the impact of Internal Environmental Management (IEM), Green Purchasing (GrP), Customer Cooperation with Environmental Consideration (CO), Eco-Design (EcD), Investment Recovery (InR), on Environmental Performance of Bangladeshi manufacturing firms and also the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. Statistical analysis has taken place by SPSS, and the elements are the collected data by survey questionnaires from 48 Bangladeshi manufacturing firms of several industrial sectors. Correlation, regression analysis, reliability test, etc. are taken place in data analysis. Findings: In Bangladeshi manufacturing firms at present green purchasing has a standard impact on environmental performance. But the others have a minimum impact on environmental performance where there harms customer co-operation on environmental performance. Research limitations/implications: The study is limited with a little amount of participants. In some cases, there has no proper existence of the full supply chain department. Future studies can be enriched with identifying mediating and moderating relationships, and some other variables like the Cost-effectiveness of GrSCM can be included. This paper can keep an important role in green supply chain management of Bangladeshi manufacturers and the research about this. Practical implication: Collaborative efforts between the Bangladesh government and Bangladeshi manufacturers can establish a gorgeous image in green supply chain management, and the environmental performance can be ensured and enriched. The base of the supply chain also needed to be established fully in Bangladesh. Originality/value: This is the study where the overall situation of green supply chain management of Bangladeshi manufacturers and its impacts on environmental performance has been assessed, and also a maximum industrial sector has been covered as much as possible.

Azanzagarckeana known as Kola of Tula is one of the vulnerable medicinal plant of Tula people in Gombe state, North Eastern Nigeria and are usually collected from the wild. In the present study the photochemical analysis and the antimicrobial activity of the extracts of the steam bark of the plant were investigated. Methanol ethanol, acetone, petroleum ether and water were used as the extrants. Serial extraction using Soxhlet apparatus was used. The result of the study shows that the water extract indicate the presence of carbohydrate and flavonoid in appreciable amount, while the methanol extract showed the presence of flavonoid, cardiacglycoside and alkaloid in an appreciable amount. Tannins, phlobatannin, flavonoid, quinoline alkaloid were detected in the acetone extracts while saponnin and haemolytic activity were seen in appreciable quantities in the ethyl acetate extracts. The petroleum ether extract showed only steroid in an appreciable quantity. Antimicrobial activity was carried out using Disc diffusion method. Nine microorganisms; S. aureus, salmonella typi, E. coli, K. pneumonia, Klebsiella ssp, P. aeroginosa, Shigella dysentriae, Bacllus subtilis and Nissera gonorriea was used for the antimicrobial test. Ampiclox was used as standard reference drug. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts showed that the ethyl acetate extract had the best antimicrobial activities by inhibiting the growth of eight of the test organisms. The methanol and acetone extract inhibited the growth of four microorganisms whereas the water extract inhibited the growth of three organisms. The petroleum ether was the least active extract because it inhibited the growth of only one organism. E. coli, S. aureus and salmonella typhi were the most sensitive organisms because they were susceptible to three organisms each.

Purpose: Quality of the service and effectiveness of service operations system are considered as important aspects of achieving the customers' satisfaction of any service organization. The goal of this research is to see how the quality of inland transportation services affects passenger happiness. The research was exploratory in nature, and factor analysis was utilized to determine the most important elements influencing passenger satisfaction with service quality. Passengers will be disappointed to learn that there is no canteen available. The rest of the launch terminal is in good shape. We also made some suggestions for improvements that would boost passenger happiness. Research methodology: SEM methodology has been extensively employed in research to study the causal links. SEM methodology has grown increasingly common in-service quality measurement study. It is hypothesized that socio-economic as well as launch service factors affect the maritime passenger vessel SQ. Results: This study makes empirical contributions to hospitality and tourism marketing literature especially in the way the ferry service can be upgraded. The results obtained via the definition of fuzzy number and linguistic level together with their membership functions as methods to measure service quality. The results also help the ferry company to better understand how the customers view their services. Limitations: During the data collection phase of this study, some unanticipated issues arose, causing the study to be postponed. The following are some of the issues: The personnel at the launch terminal were not particularly cooperative. Passengers and employees were uncooperative when it came to replying. Due to a time constraint, data for a single day was obtained; nevertheless, for an accurate data result, data for the entire year must be obtained. Contribution: The findings of this investigation will contribute to a better understanding of Launch SQ. The most crucial aspect is that it connects passenger demand to Launch SQ. Individual observations are used to generate the results in this thesis. The identification of key SQ variables that influence overall SQ can surely aid in improving SQ with low resources. The analysis yielded the following recommendations.

Introduction: Surgical attachment of displaced patella fractures is now the international standard treatment. The non-absorbed braided suture fixation group's study goal is to measure clinical, radiological, and functional findings as well as to detect complications of patellar fractures. As a control group, these patients were compared to those who had mid-substance fractures and were treated with K-wire or canceled tension strip wiring. Methods: From January 2018 to December 2020, a multicenter nonrandomized quasi-experimental prospective study was conducted in Rajshahi Medical College Hospital and Sador Hospitals in Rajshahi Division (Joypurhat & Sirajganj) Bangladesh. The total number of patients was n=108 The mean age was 36.28 years ranging from 20 to 60 years. All patients are treated with delayed absorbable suture wiring without using hardwiring of the fractured patella. The outcome was assessed by the Böstman scoring system. All demographic data including injury and surgical data were also documented. In all of the patients, non-absorbable sutures were twisted through the patellar tender and drilled to decrease and fracture the patella. Results: A total of 108 individual patients with patella fracture were treated prospectively over 2 years. 78 patients were male. The male-female ratio was 2.6: 1. Their mean age was 36.28 years ranging from 20 to 60 years. 57 (52.78%) patients were injured at right and 51 (47.22%) affected on the left side. The mean injury surgery interval was 2.0 days ranging from 2-8 days and their mean hospital stay was 4 days. We have found all patients in our schedule follow-up system and most of the patient's 103 (96.14%) knee ROM were 120 degree. Only 5 (3.86%) patients' Knee ROM found 90-120 degree. Most of the Patient 103 (96.14%) had come back to their daily works. Our assessment was done with the Böstman scoring system and we have found satisfactory results (Excellent and good) 103 (96.14%) patients and unsatisfactory (fair and poor) results 5 (3.86%). Only 2 (1.85%) patients had SSI out of them one patient was needed revision surgery and their result was unsatisfactory. Conclusions: In individuals who sustain lower polar patella fractures, fraction fixation options are limited. Suture repair that is clinically acceptable and produces results that are comparable to metal implant patella fractures. Suture repair patients appear to have fewer postoperative hardware-related problems than those who have midsole fracture wire fixation.

Currently, forensic crime scene investigators face challenges because of the diplomatic acts of the offenders. The actors are very cautious in leaving their evidence during crime operations and depositing their statements during interrogations. Researchers have shown that the investigators need to have the basic knowledge in science, engineering, and medicine fitted for legal or public argumentation. The major impediment to an investigation is the loss or removal of a piece/pieces of evidence from the crime scene. The reason is that human traffic at a crime scene is likely for items to move, misplace, or steal. Only a knowledgeable investigator can handle such critical situations efficiently and conclude the presentation in the legal system. The present case report is an example of such scenario wherein four persons were admitted to a government hospital with explosion injuries, investigated in Tamilnadu, India. They had alleged that when they were walking in an agricultural agricultural land, four persons (as named by the injured) had thrown bombs on them hidden behind a haystack. A case was registered u/s attempted murder and explosives act, and the named four persons from the village were brought to the police station for further investigation. Immediately many villagers have assembled near the police station and demanded the release of these four persons from the police custody since they were innocents and not at all committed the offense. The District Superintendent of Police directed the forensic crime scene investigator (CSI), the corresponding author (hereafter as TN), to assist the police investigation. Accordingly, the CSI immediately rushed first to the hospital with the Superintendent of Police and observed the injured and inquired them and the medical doctor who treated them and recorded their statements. TN then visited the alleged bomb blasting area and no possibility of explosion observed in the said site and finally opined that the allegation of bomb thrown on the wounded was false. The author uncovered the perplexed act of wounded forensically and the police arrested the wounded for crime act concealment and treated under police custody. Later the wounded were prosecuted and finally sentenced by the Honourable Judge, accepted the forensic findings.

In an era of global integration, educating the young generation in general and students in particular about traditional cultural values plays a very important role in the stable development of a certain country. This paper focuses on finding out the current situation of educating traditional cultural values to students majoring in English language teacher education in some universities in Hanoi, Vietnam. The results show that that both students and teachers surveyed agree on the necessity of educating students about traditional cultural values listed in the questionnaires. According to the findings, traditional cultural values education in many different ways does take place but not very often in universities in Hanoi. It is recommended that traditional cultural value education needs to be paid more attention by authorities, university leaders, educators and students; and needs to be developed systematically.

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of 4% articaine hydrochloride and 2% lignocaine hydrochloride in impacted mandibular third molar surgery. Materials and Methods: Sixty subjects randomly received either the 4% articaine injection (Group 1) or 2% lignocaine injection (Group 2) with 1: 200000 adrenaline via a pterygomandibular nerve block. The onset of the action of anesthesia, pulpal anaesthesia and its quality during the surgery, duration of anesthesia, duration of the surgery, the total volume of the anesthetic solution, hemodynamic statistics and pain levels were recorded. Results: The mean onset of anesthesia was significantly shorter in Group 1 (4.243 minutes) as compared to Group 2 (4.398 minutes). Onset of pulpal anesthesia was significantly shorter, with values as 4.287 ± 0.335 mins (Group 1) and 5.215 ± 0.3157 mins (Group 2). The duration of anesthetic effect in Group 1 was 3 hours (14.60 ± 9.76 mins), significantly higher than lignocaine -2 hours 43.33 mins (163.33 +-11.97 minutes). The duration of the procedure was marginally higher in Group 1- 41.67 ± 20.14mins; Group 2- 39.30 ±18.54mins. There was a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) between qualities of anesthesia with pain scores lower in Group 1 as compared to Group 2. Articaine was found to have better cardiovascular stability than lignocaine. Conclusion: 4% articaine hydrochloride with 1:200000 adrenaline is more effective than 2% lignocaine hydrochloride with 1:200000 adrenalines in impacted mandibular third molar surgery in terms of onset, quality of anesthesia and hemodynamic parameters.

Tooth brushing using toothpaste and the toothbrush remains the most common mouth cleaning method. Many dentists recommend the use of a fluoride-containing toothpaste twice daily when tooth brushing. This process retains food debris, blood, crevicular fluid, saliva, phlegm and toothpaste residues in between the bristles of the toothbrush if not thoroughly cleaned after use. These can potentially infect traumatic injuries caused by toothbrushes in the mouth and also re-infect immunocompromised persons after recovery from some illnesses or other persons when toothbrushes are shared or improperly stored. Household vectors attracted to toothpaste residues on toothbrushes can potentially infect such toothbrushes with non-endemic strains of microorganisms as well. With hundreds of millions of people around the world projected to join the class of the extremely poor by 2021 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, one popular professional recommendation for toothbrush hygiene- replacement every 3 or 4 months- is increasingly likely to be ignored. This paper recommends additional, cost-effective, universally adaptable ways of improving toothbrush hygiene for the removal of toothpaste residues after tooth brushing.

Objective: In this study was designed to see the risk factors of UTI in pregnant women and the maternal and perinatal outcome. Methods: In this case control study, women enrolled in antenatal OPD of North East Medical College and Hospital, Sylhet, during July 2020 to December 2020, were randomly allocated into case and control group. The inclusion criteria for pregnant women during the 13th - 26th weeks of pregnancy in the case group was the positive urine cultures of bacteria (more than 10 5 colonies growth in a standard positive urine culture). The same with negative culture was control group. Then parameters such as parity, sexual activity, type of delivery, and infants' birth weight were recorded in questionnaire. Results: Incidence of UTI in mid trimester pregnancy during study period was 26%. Risk factors like previous history of UTI, sexual activity and multipara were higher in case group. Highest age incidence was between 20-30 years. Predominantly patients were asymptomatic. Lower abdominal pain was a common symptom. Eshcherichia coli was commonest organism. Prevalence of bacteriuria was more in women with history of UTI earlier in pregnancy. Premature rupture of membrane was significantly higher in case group. Caesarean section was higher in the case group. According to this study, the average weight of newborns whose mothers had UTI was 2.83 kg and it was 0.44 kg lower than the newborns of healthy mothers. Conclusion: According to the conducted study, UTI in mothers is the major reason for comparatively lower birth weight of infants. Routine urine check during pregnancy is helpful in diagnosing this early and fast care. For better results, more analysis is required.

Undifferentiated carcinoma of nasopharyngeal type (UCNT) is mainly known in its nasopharyngeal localization. Nevertheless, it can be found in other sites of the upper and lower aerodigestive pathways. The aim of this work is to study the characteristics and therapeutic management of UCNT located outside of nasopharynx; particularly at the larynx; in the light of the medical observation of a 65-years-old who presented a laryngeal lymphoepithelial carcinoma admitted to the department of otorhinolaryngology and head and neck surgery at the specialties hospital, Mohamed V university, Rabat-Morocco.