Background: Gingival overgrowths has been well reported, however its behavior has not received much research attention in Nigeria. This study assessed the prevalence, pattern and distribution of gingival overgrowths in a cosmopolitan city in Nigeria in a retrospective study of 140 patients seen between 2006 and 2020 at the Dental centre of the Lagos state University Teaching Hospital Ikeja Lagos Nigeria. Histopathologic reports were accessed from the Oral Pathology department of the same institution. The demographics and distribution of the lesions were noted from the records. SPSS 21 was used, descriptive statistics was carried out for both continuous and categorical variables. Relationship between the diagnoses and the independent variables, and also of tooth mobility were carried out using Pearson’s chi square, significance was determined at p≤0.05. Female/male ratio was 2.2:1 and mean age was 36.6±17.7. Prevalence of gingival overgrowth was highest among the 31-40 year olds. The anterior sextant of the maxilla and the buccal/labial location were commonest sites. Pyogenic granuloma has the highest prevalence of 62.9%, 57.2% of the lesions were pedunculated while 38.6% were associated with tooth mobility. There is statistically significant relationship between the histological diagnoses and the age groups, nature of the lesions and tooth mobility (p<0.05). Pyogenic granuloma was higher in this study than elsewhere, the strong relationship with age, high rate of recurrence of some and malignant lesions which may mimick reactive gingival lesions regardless of the age of the patients seen in this study demands further research and careful note in diagnosis and management.

The idea of nanotechnology was first introduced in the 1959 by Richard Feynman in his lecture entitled “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” (R. Feynman, 1960). At the time, the term “nanotechnology” had not yet been coined. This technology made a significant and rapid progress years later. Nano technological achievements provided a modern approach in geotechnics. Each field of science had a specific definition for nanotechnology, and the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) provided a comprehensive definition of nanotechnology (NSTC, 2007). According to NNI, “nanotechnology” is the control, comprehension, and reformation of material based on the hierarchy of nanometers to develop matter with essentially new uses and a new constitution.

The basic mechanism for the absorption for the metals is not known in case of fish but some information is available that these metals absorb across gills and intestinal tract and then distributed via circulation in the whole body of fish. Heavy metals include cadmium, arsenic mercury and lead etc. which are existing in natural environment or in other hand these metals are present in the earth crust naturally in a very minute amount. Fish containing products contain different amount of metals. Copper is required in certain limit by human bodies, but when its amount of intake is increasing then it causes serious disorders like kidney failure, liver damage especially During Wilson’s disorder. Some fish varieties like those of shellfish etc. accumulate mercury in their bodies which form methylmercury which is extremely toxic that causes organ mercury compound. To be effective, bubbler/diffuser systems must be turned on early in the spring and run nonstop all summer until temperatures begin to cool in the fall.

This study focuses on the influence of institutional policies on student’s mobility in the context of internationalization of higher education in DAAD established East and South African-German Centre of Excellence for Educational Research, Methodologies and Management – CERMESA member universities. This is a comparative study based on four case studies namely Moi University in Kenya, University of Dar Es Salaam in Tanzania, Uganda Management Institute and Nelson Mandela University in South Africa. This study has revealed how institutional policies have influenced student mobility in an organised setting making a reality anchored on internationalization of higher Education. The study was guided by the following objectives; to examine student mobility trends among CERMESA member Universities; to establish the role of CERMESA in enhancing student mobility in Africa; to assess the influence of institutional policies on student mobility in CERMESA member universities. Based on the above objectives the study answered the following questions: What is the trend of student mobility among CERMESA member universities? What is the role of CERMESA in enhancing student mobility in Africa? To what extent do university policies among CERMESA member universities accommodate student mobility? Recently cross border and inter regional movement of people has been characterized by increasing trends of student mobility in higher education. This has been actualised further through educational partnership among African states; CER-MESA is one of eleven centres of African excellence in sub-Saharan Africa, but no study has been done on the contribution of such organizations in establishing student mobility and regional integration in Africa a gap this study has filled.

Background: Pregnancy induced hypertension also known as Preeclampsia clinically is one of the commonly seen complication in pregnant women. It contributes to the cause of maternal and peri natal morbidity and mortality. According to some study, serum creatinine, Blood urea, serum uric acid level increases during pregnancy induced hypertension. Preeclampsia is associated with renal function impairment. The objective of this study is to compare serum creatinine, Blood Urea and Serum Uric acid in preeclampsia with normal pregnancy. Materials and methods: The study was performed on 86 pregnant women. Out of which 50 women were pregnancy induced hypertensive and 36 were normal pregnant women. Result : The result showed significantly high blood pressure (SBP-160.0±18.8 VS 112.64±8.19, DBP 110.68±9.55 VS 76.8±4.14)and Blood urea ( 16.56 ±1.72 mg% VS 22.25±1.28 mg%), serum creatinine ( 0.72 ±0.19 mg% VS 1.09±0.34 mg%), serum uric acid level ( 4.63±0.19 mg% VS 7.04±0.4 mg% )in pregnancy induced hypertensive women compares to normal pregnant women. In the present study, in pre-eclampsia, there is elevation of serum uric acid and serum creatinine elevated values are statistically significant. Conclusion: There is a renal derangement of parameters in preeclampsia so it may be advised to renal function test to confirm involvement of renal dysfunctions. Measurement of renal function Test could be used as a biochemical indicator in pregnancy induced hypertensive women.

Background: In Bangladesh for the first time, Covid-19 cases were detected in Dhaka city on the 8th March of 2020. Till then the number of Covid-19 patients is being increased. Covid-19 has the ferocious nature of affecting a large number of people within a couple of days. The mortality rate of Covid-19 differs by ages and places. In Bangladesh, we have not enough research-based information regarding the survival rate of Covid-19 positive patients. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to assess of Covid-19 positive patient survival rate in Bangladesh. Methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted in the Department of Medicine Sher-e-Bangla Medical College Hospital (SBMCH), Barishal, Bangladesh during the period from July 2020 to 31 December 2020. In total 496 suspected Covid-19 patients who attended and completed full treatment tenure from 1 July 2020 to 31 December were selected as the study people for analysis. The study people were divided into two groups. In Group-I only death cases were enrolled and in group-II cured patients were enrolled. Before data collection, properly written consent was taken from all the participants. A pre-designed questionnaire was used in patent data collection. Data were analyzed by MS Office and SPSS version 24.0. Result: The age range of Group I patients was 16-90 which was 13- 90 in Group II. In Group I, the mean (±SD) age of the participants was 49.8±17.8 years, which was 43.9±16.7 years in Group II. We found a significant correlation in comparing the mean (±SD) ages of both groups of patients and the p- value was found 0.016. We observed, in Group I, 26% were Covid-19 positive whereas it was 15% in Group II. In total 3% (n=13) patients had been referred to other hospitals. Finally, in calculating the survival rate of Covid-19 positive patients in this study we found 89% had been survived. Conclusion: In this study, the survival rate of the Covid-19 patient was found lower than that of many other similar studies. Increasing several treatment facilities along with ventilation may reduce the mortality rate of Covid-19 patients in Bangladesh.

Background: The term urethral stricture refers to anterior urethral narrowing or a scarring process involving the spongy erectile tissue of corpus spongiosum. Urethral stricture is one of the most important causes of bladder out flow obstruction. There are different treatment modalities for the management of stricture urethra. Both the patient and the physician must have a good understanding of the procedure & outcome of treatment. Different types of tissues are standardized by different surgeons. Each type of graft has its own procedural advantage and disadvantage. So it is recommended to select the case for a particular type of graft. But it is evident that judicious use of specific graft has almost equal outcome. Aim: To see outcome of substitution urethroplasty in the management of long segment anterior stricture disease, to study the improvement of clinical manifestation (poor flow, narrow stream, double stream) following surgical correction of stricture urethra And to see the change in uroflowmetry following surgical correction of stricture urethra, to study the post-operative complication. Methodology: This study comprises of 50 consecutive cases of anterior urethral stricture who were admitted in department of urology Enam Medical College and Hospital from January 2018 to January 2021. All patients were attended in urology outpatient department. They were worked up properly and previous treatments were thoroughly analyzed. All of them were appropriately treated with reconstruction. The total study population was 50 patients aged 20-50 years. Results: The total study population was 50 patients aged 20-50 years, 8(16.0%) patients had 20 years to 25 years, 16(32.0%) patients had 26 years to 30 years, 10(20.0%) patients had 31 years to 35 years, 8(16.0%) patients had 36 years to 40 years, 3(6.0%) patients had 41 years to 45 years and 5(10.0%) patients had 46 years to 50 years. Average Mean value of Peak flow rate in first month in 50 patients was 29.78ml/sec. Cystoscopy was done in all patients in 3rd month to see the anastomotic site. After six months of follow up only two patients had complaints of obstructive symptom. Uroflowmetry showed peak flow rate less than 10 ml. Here we did cystoscopic examination. And stricture segment was identified proximal to the previous site which was managed by OIU. After that no such obstructive flow was reported by those patients. Retrograde Urethrogram was done in all the patients to see caliber of urethra. In case two out of 50 showed recurrence in RGU with MCU. Conclusion: This study showed better outcome than any other conventional method for the treatment of stricture urethral disease. So, it can be concluded that substitution urethroplasty is the treatment of choice for the management of long segment anterior urethral disease.

Background: A molar pregnancy is also known as hydatidiform mole which is a benign tumour that develops in the uterus. It begins when an egg is fertilized but normal viable pregnancy not occurs, rather than the placenta develops into an abnormal mass of cyst. In all cases of molar pregnancy observation is essential to detect the reawakening of chorionic activity. Objectives: The aim of the study was to explore the incidence, clinical presentation, management and outcome of the molar pregnancy in our hospital. Materials & Methods: This prospective study was conducted in Faridpur Medical College Hospital, Faridpur, Bangladesh and Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Over a period of one year from August 2005 to July 2006. 50 consecutive patients attended the out-patient’s department (OPDD) of obstetrics & gynaecology and were admitted in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology of these two hospitals during this period, were taken as the study population. All pregnant women who were diagnosed as molar pregnancy were included in the study. Other necessary investigations were done if clinically indicated and to prepare the patient for anesthesia. Statistical analysis of the results was obtained by using window-based computer software devised with Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS-22). Results: During this period total 6550 pregnant patients and 420 patients with abortion and 85 ectopic pregnancy were admitted in both of the hospitals 50 of them were suffering from gestational trophoblastic diseases. So, incidence of gestrational trophoblastic disease was 7.08 per thousand pregnancies. Conclusion: Results from this study showed that a small portion of patient of molar pregnancy came for routine follow up. To achieve high cure rate and low chemotherapy rate an effective registration programme and treatment protocol should be established.

Background: Ovary is a very common site for tumors, both benign and malignant which causes great morbidity and mortality. Ovarian tumors most commonly occur in women of childbearing age. The ovarian tumors manifest a wide spectrum of clinical, morphological, and histological features. The proper management of the patients with ovarian tumor directly depends on the clinical profile the respective patients. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical status of ovarian tumor patients attended a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was done at Rajshahi Medical College and Hospital, Rajshahi, Bangladesh during the period from December 2017 to November 2019. In total 240 women with ovarian tumor from several age groups were enrolled as the study people. In each case, information about the patient was collected in a prescribed questionnaire after getting written consent from the patients in a preformed consent form. Results: In analyzing the previous family history of cancer, we observed among total participants only 18% (n=43) had the positive family history of cancer. As the habit of using contraceptive methods we found, the highest number of patients were used to Barrier method (20%). Besides this, 15%, 5%, 11% and 2% participant were using injectables (Irregularly), Natural method, OCP irregularly and Calender method as contraceptive methods respectively. In this study, two third of participants were multipara and the rest one third were nullipara. In analyzing the histopathology reports of participants, as some most potential and/or frequent characteristics we observed mucinous cyst, endometrioma, serous cyst adenoma and dermoid cyst were found among 26.67%, 18%, 16.67% and 13.33% participants respectively. Conclusion: From our study we can conclude that, ovarian tumors are most commonly occurred in middle aged women in the middle-income group. Parous women are most vulnerable in condition for affecting ovarian tumor. Clinical profiling of patients may be helpful in treating and preventing ovarian tumor as well as in awareness building on ovarian tumor to mass people.

Waste stabilization ponds (WSP) are used extensively to provide wastewater treatment throughout the world. A review of the literature indicates that, understanding the hydraulics of waste stabilization ponds is critical to their optimization, the research in this area has been relatively limited and that there is a poor mechanistic understanding of the flow behavior that exists within these systems. This explains why there is no generally acceptable model for predicting its performance. The two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model developed in this study was extensively tested on the waste stabilization pond located in the campus of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka which was used as the field pond and also on a laboratory scale waste stabilization pond obtained from literature. Although the model may be solved by several methods, this research was limited to computational method; numerical solution using finite difference method was used in solving the two-dimensional partial differential equations at steady state conditions. In order to validate the quality of the model, its results were compared with the experimental data from the field and the lab-scale ponds. The results obtained were encouraging, prediction of pond performance with measured values shows that correlation coefficient of 0.82 was obtained, representing an accuracy of 82%. The 2-D model was then used in series of investigative studies such as; effect of single inlet and outlet structures at different positions in the pond, effect of multiple inlet and outlets on the pond’s performance, variation of pond performance with depth, effect of short-circuiting on pond treatment efficiency, effect of baffles on pond performance using laboratory-scale pond data and comparison with tracer studies. In all, the results agree with literature.

Introduction: Embryo culture allows us to culture embryos to the blastocyst stage. Prolonging the duration of culture to day 5 allows chromosomally competent embryos to develop to the blastocyst stage and permits selection of embryos that have the potential for continued development under embryonic genomic control. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of blastocyst transfer in comparison with cleavage stage transfer. Methods: A randomized, prospective study was conducted in International Fertility Center, Delhi, India on 300 patients aged 25‑40 years undergoing in‑vitro fertilization (IVF)/ intra‑cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycle from March 2019 and February 2020. When three or more Grade‑I embryos were observed on day 2 of culture, patients were divided randomly into two study groups, cleavage stage transfer and blastocyst transfer group having 150 patients each. Primary outcomes evaluated were, Clinical pregnancy rate and Implantation rate. The results were analyzed using proportions, standard deviation and Chi‑square test. Results: Both the groups were similar for age, indication and number of embryos transferred. Clinical pregnancies after blastocyst transfer were significantly higher 66 (44.0%) compared to cleavage stage embryo transfer 44 (29.33%) (p< 0.01). Implantation rate for blastocyst transfer group was also significantly higher (p< 0.001). Conclusion: Blastocyst transfer having higher implantation rate and clinical pregnancy rate lead to reduction in multiple pregnancies.

Cemento-osseous dysplasia is a non-neoplastic condition in which a normal bone architecture is replaced with cemento-osseous tissue. It is a benign fibro-osseous lesion of the jaws associated to root apexes and containing amorphous calcifications which would correspond to cementum. They are classified, according to their extent and radiological appearance, into three main groups: peri-apical, Florida and focal cementitious dysplasia. Moreover, two forms can be described for Florida cemento-osseous dysplasia (FCOD): symptomatic, which is the most frequent, and asymptomatic. The treatment differs according to the form. Indeed, in case of symptomatic lesions, surgical management can cause the loss of interrupting substance. It must be completed by a prosthetic rehabilitation that allows the patient to resume his mandibular functions, especially mastication. In our work and through a clinical case, we will highlight the steps of the prosthetic rehabilitation of a loss of non-interruptive mandibular substance following the removal of a bone sequester caused by cemento-osseous dysplasia.

The triad of uterine didelphys, obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal anomaly known as OHVIRA syndrome, formerly known as Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome, is a rare congenital urogenital malformation. It represents a diagnostic dilemma because of the regular menstruation and nonspecific abdominal pain. We present the case of a 13 year old pubertal girl presenting with severe dysmenorrhea. After evaluation with history and investigations she was diagnosed to have bicornuate uterus with hematometrocolpos, left sided hematosalpinx and left renal agenesis. After laparotomy she was diagnosed to have uterine didelphys with left sided hematometra, hematocolpos and ahematosalpinx due to left sided obstructed hemivagina and left renal agenesis (OHVIRA Syndrome). Surgery was done by abdominoperineal route. She had drainage of hematometra, hematocolpos and hematosalpinx and repair of obstructed hemivagina through perineal route. In conclusion, awareness of such anomaly is a prerequisite to early and prompt diagnosis. Surgery should not to be delayed after diagnosis of OHVIRA syndrome, so that complications can be avoided and reproductive function can be preserved.

The aim was to assess women's knowledge and attitudes towards cervical cancer. Materials and methods: This was a descriptive study of transversal type from March to October 2018, i.e. a period of eight months at the reference health center of commune VI. Results: During the study period from March to October 2018, we registered 100 women who agreed to participate in the study as part of cervical cancer screening. The 18-30 age group was the most represented (64%) with extremes of 18 years and 65 years. The average age was 37.90 ± 0.66 years with extremes of 18 years and 65 years. Multiparous people were the most represented with a rate of 37% of cases. Women in school were the most represented with a rate of 67% of cases. Attitudes aspects: Women were in favour of systematic research into cervical cancer with a rate of 68%. Cervical cancer is known as a serious disease by 53% of women. Practical aspects: Cervical cancer screening was not carried out with a rate of 63% and the most cited reason for this non-practice was the lack of information. Thus, the practice of screening depended on information. Cervical cancer screening was more common in the 18-30 age group. The attitude depended on practice as 52% of women who considered cervical cancer a serious disease were in favour of routine screening. Practice depended on knowledge with a statically significant test. Conclusion: Visual inspection methods are simple, inexpensive tests that are easily acceptable to women and the result is systematic at the end of the examination; allowing for effective detection of precancerous lesions of the cervix. However, more than the majority of the women surveyed had no information on screening.

Background: A structured faculty training method is needed to effectively train the medical teachers. Microteaching is one of the teacher training techniques for imparting teaching skills to the teachers. This study aims to assess the effect of improvement of teaching skills by self/peer evaluation of microteaching technique. Materials and methods: Thirty faculty from different departments with less than five years of teaching experience participated in the microteaching session. The session was videotaped and played back to the presenter. The presentation was evaluated by the faculty themselves and also by the peers using the checklist (NTTC JIPMER). After obtaining the constructive feedback, the participants were asked to do a repeat session on the same topic within a week and the same procedure was followed. Results: There was a statistically significant improvement of the post mean scores of all parameters assessed when compared to pre mean scores. Post mean score improved by 149% for aroused interest in the topic, 119% for organized materials in logical sequence, 204% for changing the pace of presentation by shifting emphasis and 246% for interaction during presentation. The Pre/Para-clinical faculty performed well when compared to clinical faculty both before and after the feedback. Conclusion: Self-assessment by digital video recording playback and also peer guidance helps to enhance their skills acquisition. Peer microteaching sessions must be conducted for early beginners in the department and introducing microteaching methods in post graduate curriculum would improve the teaching skills. Well-equipped microteaching laboratory is needed for microteaching programmes in all medical colleges.