Formal assessment of students’ learning outcomes occurs mainly in the classroom. The psychological and academic well-being of most learners is hinged on the assessment feedback from teachers to the learners, parents and school authorities. The level of teacher assessment literacy, therefore, determines the competence of the teacher in making value judgment on the behaviour, ability and prospects of a learner. The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of secondary school teachers’ assessment literacy. The survey design was adopted for the study. Two research questions and two hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The population of the study comprised all secondary school teachers in Rivers East Senatorial District, Nigeria. Stratified random sampling technique was used to draw a sample of 500 teachers from 10 secondary schools in Rivers East Senatorial District. The instrument used for data collection was: “Teacher Assessment Literacy Test” adapted from “Teacher Assessment Literacy Questionnaire”. The instrument was validated using KR2O and a reliability coefficient of .76 was obtained. Descriptive statistics and ANOVA were used for data analysis. The results revealed that the level of secondary school teachers’ assessment literacy is significantly influenced by in-service training and teachers’ area of specialization. Secondary school teachers’ assessment literacy level was higher among teachers who had been retrained through in-service training. It was recommended among others that more opportunities be given for the retraining of teachers in educational assessment, especially in practical application of assessment processes through workshops and exchange programmes to ensure global best practices among secondary school teachers in Nigeria.

The concept of customer satisfaction is considered important for all organizations of different specialties, so getting to know what affects and satisfies the customer greatly helps the organization's success and achieving it to the highest levels of competition with similar organizations in the same field, This study aimed to investigate the effect of smart phone on customers in the Jordanian commercial banks satisfaction. To achieve the goal of the study, the comparison method was used based on the previous studies, the results of study’s showed that there is a trace of smartphone apps on repeat purchase, the willingness of the purchase in the Jordanian commercial banks, there is the impact of various factors on the client access the degree of satisfaction from doing business with the bank or its own organization. Through the results achieved, we recommend that banks pay more attention in activating electronic services, especially for high-end mobile applications, as they play an important role in customer satisfaction, taking into consideration future studies on the importance Conducting a longitudinal analysis on the same topic by using a conceptual framework and relying on data collection and analytical data, as customer decisions related to electronic services change and evolve with time quickly, which achieves important results that can be used to follow the achievement of satisfaction and repeatedly to purchase in the Jordanian commercial banking sector.

Aim: To systematically examine the published findings on the clinical effectiveness of periodontal therapy on anemic status of patients with chronic periodontitis. Method: A systematic search was conducted using MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Google Scholar, Google, Clinical trials registry and manual search using DPU Vidyapeeth library resources were searched up to 31st October 2019 to identify appropriate studies. All cross reference lists of the chosen studies were also screened. Two reviewers assessed the eligibility of studies. Results: The electronic and manual search identified a total of 138 articles. A final screen consisted of 21 articles out of which 16 articles were selected for full-text assessment. Finally, 5 articles were selected for detailed evaluation for the systematic review which evaluated the efficacy of effect of periodontal therapy on anemic patients with chronic periodontitis. Conclusions: Chronic periodontitis may cause to anemia and provides evidence that non-surgical periodontal therapy can improve the anemic status of patients with chronic periodontitis.

The paper aims to access and evaluate the index as well as engineering properties of clay soil when subjected to controlled thermal treatment. To achieve this, clay soil was collected from a specific location in Amassoma, Southern Nigeria, and heated up at 200oC, 400oC, 600oC and 800oC. To adequately inform the engineering society on the potentials of thermally treated clay soil in the construction industry, properties such as specific gravity, Atterberg limits, California bearing ratio test (CBR), and compactibility were determined. Specific gravity increased by 60% between the control at room temperature and the specimen produced at 800oC. The increment was direct showing flattening tendencies between 600oC and 800oC. A direct relationship was found to exist between calcination and compactibility for all specimens between 27oC and 800oC. A similar trend was observed for CBR values of which at 800oC, the soil specimen having a CBR of 13.51 had improved in CBR by 655% when compared to the control’s CBR of 1.79. An inverse relationship was observed between calcination and Plasticity Index. At 800oC, the plasticity index having a value of 6.9 had reduced by 63% when compared to the control specimen having a PI of 18.4. By the process of calcination, the soil was successfully transformed from a clayey, high plastic, cohesive soil with very high affinity for water and unsuitable subgrade for pavement purposes, into a silty, low plastic, partly cohesive soil with reduced affinity for water having a fair CBR and applicable for subbase utilization in pavement construction.

Introduction: Most people infecting with the SARS-CoV-2 and experiencing mild to severe respiratory illness. Individual knowledge and attitude will improve practices towards covid-19 prevention and precaution measures and it is essential to control the spread of disease. Hence the aim of the study was to evaluate knowledge, attitude and practice towards COVID-19 among undergraduate students as students pays important role in the society. Materials and methods: Cross sectional study was carried out with 60 samples that met the inclusion criteria were selected using convenience sampling technique. Google form was used to collect the data among participants. It contains multiple choice questionnaire regarding demographic variables, knowledge, attitude c, and practice towards COVID-19. The data were tabulated and analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. Result: The finding of the study reveals that out of 60 participants, 34(56.67%) had moderate knowledge, 47(78.33%) had favorable attitude and 49(81.67%) had adequate practice through COVID-19 preventive measures. There is a statistically significant positive correlation between knowledge and practice, knowledge and attitude and attitude and practice at the level of p<0.0001. Chi-square test reveals that there is a significantly association between the level of knowledge and practice with selected demographic variables of gender and year of study at the level of p<0.05 and there is no significant association between attitudes with a selected demographic variables. Conclusion: Findings of the present study revealed that, the arts and science college students had generally a moderate level of knowledge, possess a positive attitude, and performed a good practice and active behaviors of preventive measures towards COVID-19. The need to improve the knowledge to promote positive attitude and practice related to updated trends regarding COVID-19. The result of this study may be utilized as a baseline for planning awareness campaigns in the future.

Purpose: To study the effect of intravitreal injection of bevacizumab on central macular thickness in retinal vein occlusion patients at a tertiary care centre of North India. Material and methods: A retrospective, data based study was carried out on 89 patients of acute retinal vein occlusion, including 35 cases of CRVO and 54 cases of BRVO, presented to our OPD over a period of 10 years. All cases included in this study received intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (2.5mg/0.1ml) at presentation and were followed up every month post-injection to record any change in BCVA and CMT. Results: The mean age of patients in BRVO and CRVO group was 56.81+7.02 and 57.02+7.8 years. Mean CMT at baseline was 449.16+121.28 µm in BRVO group which significantly reduced to 304.84+78.14 µm at 1 month post-injection follow up visit. In CRVO group, mean CMT at baseline was 680.17+ 175.12 µm which significantly reduced to 399.97+88.43 µm at 1 month post injection. Mean BCVA in BRVO group at baseline was 0.96+0.36 LogMAR which got significantly improved to 0.65 +0.24 LogMAR at 1st month post-injection while in CRVO group, mean BCVA at baseline was 1.59+0.48 LogMAR which got significantly improved to 1.02+0.34 LogMAR at 1st month post-injection. Conclusion: Intravitreal bevacizumab is beneficial in the improvement of BCVA and treatment of macular edema due to venous occlusion. However, any beneficial effect on visual acuity and reduction of macular edema on OCT seen initially starts weaning off after 2 months and gradually reaching to baseline value at 6 months.

Background: Angiogenesis is defined as the expansion and remodeling process affecting the vascular network and it occurs in many pathological conditions including cancer. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the hyper-vascular cancers. Understanding the process of angiogenesis and its regulatory mechanisms are crucial in HCC treatment. Almost all approved systemic therapies used in HCC target the angiogenesis process especially the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway. Studying genetic variations and other factors that affect angiogenesis could allow tailoring systemic therapy with the most benefits to patients. Aim: Investigating the association between the VEGF variant (rs699947) and the progression of HCC was the main target of this study. Methods: A total of 122 subjects were enrolled in this study (64 patients with HCC, 24 patients with cirrhosis and 34 subjects served as a control group). Genotyping of the VEGF gene (rs699947) was performed by tetra primer amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR). Results: The AA genotype and the A-allele were found to be lower in patients with HCC compared with other groups. In HCC patients, the AA genotype was associated with higher serum albumin and lower total bilirubin level. Conclusion: The variant allele (rs699947) could be considered as a predictive factor for HCC development.

Different infections in blood leads to infectious diseases that are caused by viruses, bacteria and parasites. Microorganisms are used in the production of antibiotics, vaccines, steroids, etc. The advantages and limitation of molecular techniques including real-time polymerase chain reaction, genome sequencing, molecular typing, microarrays, PCR and multiplexing required advancements at molecular level. Nucleic acid-based tests are used in diagnosing infectious diseases for isolating nucleic acids from through gel electrophoresis, and nucleic acid hybridizationsn techniques to analyze DNA or RNA. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is an in situ DNA replication process that allows for the exponential amplification of target DNA in the presence of synthetic oligonucleotide primers. The advances in chemistry that made real-time PCR possible were also significant, and modifications of these chemical reactions continue today. In situ hybridization has been introduced into the clinical microbiology laboratory and should prove to be a useful technology for the rapid characterization of bacteria and fungi in positive blood culture samples. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) is an unambiguous, portable and nucleotide-based technique for typing bacteria using the sequences of internal fragments of (usually) seven house-keeping genes. Microorganisms are used in the production of antibiotics, vaccines, steroids.

Background: Health care associated infections and emerging multi drug resistance in nosocomial pathogens is perceived as a serious public health threat with grievous concerns. Hand hygiene if practiced properly is cheapest, simplest and most effective tool in tackling this problem. The objective of this study was conducted to assess levels of knowledge, attitude and practice in various aspects of hand hygiene in undergraduate nursing students in the study area for identifying gaps for planning necessary corrective measures. Methods: A cross sectional study involving self-administered pre-structured anonymous questionnaires administered to all undergraduate nursing students (182) enrolled at Shalmar Nursing College Lahore, Pakistan. Results: Most of the study participants exhibited moderate levels of knowledge and practice with marginal difference while attitude were found to exhibit a remarkably higher, difference being statistically significant. Conclusions: This study stresses upon the growing need for prompt interventions at institutional level for addressing the gaps evident from the study.

Squamous cell carcinomas represent approximately 90% of cervical cancers. Squamous cell carcinoma with sarcomatoid differentiation is a rare histological variant with a very limited number of cases reported in the literature. This entity has been described more frequently in other locations (oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, skin and larynx). It usually affects postmenopausal women. The histological diagnosis is based on a squamous cell carcinoma fusing with a spindle cell component. Cytokeratin is positive in both components. Because of its rarity, no treatment recommendations are available and it is generally managed as a squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. We report a case of a 70-year-old female patient presenting an invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix with foci of sarcomatoid differentiation.

Alcohol is the major cause of liver disease. Liver is an important and largest gland of the human body, it detoxifies various metabolites, synthesize various proteins and produces various biochemicals necessary for digestion. Alcoholic liver disease could be due to long term alcohol consumption, including fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and chronic hepatitis with liver fibrosis or cirrhosis. Fatty liver is present in more than 90% of daily as well as binge drinkers. Although fatty liver will develop in any individual who consumes a large quantity of alcoholic beverages over a long period of time but this process is transient and reversible if timely care is taken. The prognosis of severe alcoholic liver disease is very poor, the mortality of patients with alcoholic hepatitis concurrent with cirrhosis is nearly 60% at 4 years. The conventional treatment mainly includes steroid therapy in alcoholic hepatitis, fluid tapping for ascites and in end stage cirrhosis of liver with last choice of liver transplantation. However, Ayurveda has options to liver transplantations. According to Ayurveda it can be correlated with Yakridalyodara. The treatment protocol mentioned in Ayurveda is mainly Nityavirechana (Medicated purgation) for this disease along with various oral medications. Here is a case report of a diagnosed case of Alcoholic liver disease, presented with main symptoms: nausea, vomiting, swelling in bilateral foot, weakness in the body, reduced appetite, gradually weight reduction and semisolid stool with frequency of 6-7 times/ day. Patient had history of Reduced appetite and frequent vomiting. Treatment was done on the basis of Ayurvedic principles and after 2 months of treatment, there was found significant recovery of the patient subjectively as well as objectively. After 7 months of treatment patient got complete improvement, and free from any complications and follow-up of patient is still going on regularly.

The people, in essence, have the highest power with government from, by, and for the people. However, the people cannot implement it in government implementation, so representative democracy emerges. This study aims to find and look for the right formula to maintain people's sovereignty in a democratic general election process. This paper is based on the normative legal research method, which refers to the legal norms in statutory regulations. The results show that guarding the people's sovereignty through democratic elections is the commitment of all components of the nation. Future elections are increasingly complex, such as the alleged existence of dynasties of power, the reach of political education, as well as the recruitment mechanisms of political parties. Not to mention the most powerful using the issue of ethnicity and religion issues as a black campaign. These things will colour the future elections. For the resulting government to gain people's legitimacy, it is necessary to have populist regulations and be escorted by the system through independent organizing institutions, eliminating political dowries and political education for all stakeholders.

This study investigated the effects of the change in oil price to the bank’s profitability and stability in the Sultanate of Oman. The decreasing oil prices and the role of banks in the country’s economic diversification goals are the researcher’s primary motivation to embark on the study. Trend and financial ratio analysis and simple linear regression were used to examine the association between oil price and bank performance. Findings of the study include downward trend on the ROE and ROA of banks but upward trend on CAR in the last ten years. The study also found strong positive correlation between oil price and ROE where the impact of oil price to ROE is statistically significant. There was moderate positive correlation between oil price and ROA and oil price and CAR but these associations were statistically insignificant. Findings of this research can be useful for the authorities in setting policies related to economic diversification efforts and to bank management for policies to improve bank performance.

Background: Blood transfusion is one of the commonest and important procedures done in patient care to treat variety of disorders like accidental trauma, pre operative blood transfusion and various other hematological diseases. In India the annual requirement of blood is close to 8 million units of which only 30% is being procured from voluntary donors. Healthy young adults are more proactive and motivated to voluntarily donate blood. Medical students can form one of the important cohort of voluntary blood donors to the hospitals to which they are attached. Objectives: To assess the background knowledge and perceptions of the first year medical students about voluntary blood donation. Methodology: A self structured questionnaire was prepared consisting of questions which were used to assess the knowledge and perceptions of first year medical students regarding voluntary blood donation. The responses were analyzed using Microsoft excel and Epi Info 7. Results: All the 130 students (100%) revealed that they had heard about blood donation and entire study group knew their blood group types. 65 (50%) reported that they knew about the average amount of blood donated by the donor and 71(54.61%) cited that they had prior knowledge about the criteria for selecting a voluntary blood donor. 95.38% opined that they were willing donate blood if and when the need arises. Conclusion: First year medical students had good background knowledge about blood donation and majority of the study group were willing to voluntarily donate blood and render their service to the society.

Background: Entecavir has been shown to be effective in randomized controlled trials in highly selected patients with hepatitis B virus infection. Entecavir does not cure HBV and may not prevent complications of hepatitis B such as cirrhosis of the liver or liver cancer. The dose is double for people who have persistent hepatitis viremia (the presence of virus in the blood) while taking lamivudine or have lamivudine reesistance. It’s recommended to take entecavir on an empty stomach, two hours before or after a meal. For some people, hepatitis B infection become chronic, meaning it lasts more than six months. Having chronic hepatitis B increases your risk of developing liver failour, liver cancer or cirrhosis a condition that permanently scares of the liver. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of in cronic hepatitis B patients in the real world setting. Methodology: In this study a total of 32 acute on chronic Hepatitis B liver failure patients (age > 18 years with both sexes but male predominant) were included in Hepatology department of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka during January 2013 to December 2015. The patients were randomized into two groups: Entecavir group (N=32) and followed at least for 03 months. Result: Table I shows the Majority 26(81.3%) patients were male and 6(18.7%) patients were female in entecavir group. Altered level of consciousness was found 14(43.8%) in entecavir group. Moderate ascites was found 26(81.3%) in entecavir group. Encephalopathy was found 16(50.0%) in entecavir group. The entecavir not statistically significant (p>0.05) of the groups. Table II shows Baseline investigation of the study patients (n=32). It was observed that mean total countwas found 10181.3±3594.1 /mm3 in entecavir group. Mean serum bilirubinwas found 22.0±5.7 mg/dl in entecavir group. Mean Rank ALT was found 18.0 U/L in entecavir group. Mean Rank AST was found 17.8 U/L in entecavir group. Mean prothrombin time was found 23.1±4.2 secant in entecavir group. Mean international normalized ratio was found 2.0±0.3 in entecavir group. Mean serum albumin was found 2.3±0.5 gm/dl in entecavir group. Mean serum creatinine was found and 0.85±0.31 mg/dl in entecavir group. Mean serum sodium was found 134.1±5.2 mmol/l in entecavir group. Mean serum potassium was found 3.7±1.0 mmol/l in entecavir group. Mean MELD scorewas found 26.5±2.0 in entecavir group. Mean Child Pugh scorewas found 12.0±1.5 in entecavir group. The mean entecavir was not statistically significant (p>0.05) of the groups. Liver function, Child Pugh score and MELD score improvement by three months after entecavir therapy: In entecavir patients, mean serum bilirubinwas found 22.0±5.7 mg/dl in pretreatment and 5.1±1.7 mg/dl at 90 days. Mean international normalized ratio was found 2.0±0.3 in pretreatment and 1.4±0.2 at 90 days. Mean serum albumin was found 2.3±0.5 gm/dl in pretreatment and 3.1±0.3 gm/dl at 90 days. Mean Child Pugh scorewas found 12.0±1.5 in pretreatment and 9.3±0.9 at 90 days. Mean MELD scorewas found 26.5±2.0 in pretreatment and 17.0±2.1 at 90 days. Negative Mean Ranks ALT was found 4.0 U/L and sum of Ranks 28.0 U/L. Positive mean rank and sum of rank 0.The difference were statistically significant (p<0.05) between two groups. Table VIII: Entecavir induced improvement of liver function, Child pugh score and MELD score three months after therapy (n=16). Conclusion: In conclusion entecavir is very potent anti-HBV drug with a high genetic barrier to resistance, highly effective in lamivudine-naïve CHB patients and most promising for their long term treatment but not very suitable for CHB patients harboring LAM resistant HBV mutants.