The concept of a global language is a powerful idea that plays an important role in education, communication, and professional growth. The profession of ELT has evolved dramatically in the course of learning to meet the demands of the globalized and highly digitally connected world. This paper, under these contemporary trends, presents diversified approaches to teaching English, ranging from CLT, task-based learning, flipped classrooms, technology integration, and so forth, down to inclusive pedagogical practice. Based on theoretical underpinnings such as the sociocultural theory and constructivism, it highlights the manner by which such approaches enhance learner interest and flexibility and foster learner achievement. With respect to pedagogical implications, such a paper would provide insight into effective English language education in diverse settings.

Study This aiming for (1) For analyze difference application of learning models cooperative TPS type against interest and motivation Study participant educate in volleyball underhand passing practice participant educated at SMP Negeri 2 Geneng. (2) For analyze difference application of learning models cooperative TGT type against interest and motivation Study participant educate in volleyball underhand passing practice participant educated at SMP Negeri 2 Geneng. (3) For compare and analyze effectiveness between learning models cooperative TPS and TGT types in increase interest and motivation Study participant educate in volleyball underhand passing practice participant educated at SMP Negeri 2 Geneng. Research This is study quantitative with design experiment quasi -experimental research This aiming for test differences between cooperative learning models TPS (Think Pair Share) and TGT (Teams-Games-Tournaments) interest and motivation Study participant educate in volleyball underhand passing practice. Research this use Simple Random Sampling technique. The selection process sample done with method random simple for ensure representativeness and bias reduction. Data analysis techniques are carried out through prerequisite tests namely 1) Analysis Descriptive, 2) normality test, 3) homogeneity test, 4) sample t test. Based on results research that has been done above, then conclusion in study This is: 1) There is difference application of learning models cooperative TPS type against interest and motivation Study participant educate in volleyball underhand passing practice at SMP Negeri 2 Geneng. 2) There is difference application of learning models cooperative TGT type against interest and motivation Study participant educate in volleyball underhand passing practice at SMP Negeri 2 Geneng. 3) There is difference effectiveness between learning models cooperative TPS and TGT types in increase interest and motivation Study participant educate in volleyball underhand passing practice at SMP Negeri 2 Geneng by 36.13%.

Consanguineous marriage (CM) or cousin marriage is a type of inter-familial union, defined as the marriage between two blood-related individuals who are second cousins or closer (inbreeding coefficient ⩾ 0.0156). Marriage is one of the important vital event and entry in to reproductive life in India. Prevalence and pattern of marriage varies across the states, regions and according to their religion and caste. Consanguineous marriages have been practiced since the early existence of humans. Consanguinity is the marriage between close relatives. Though consanguineous matings have cultural and socioeconomic advantages, their offspring have an increased risk for recessive disorders. The risk is not uniform in all cases and it varies based on several factors. Consanguinity is a deeply rooted social trend among one-fifth of the world population mostly residing in the Middle East, West Asia and North Africa, as well as among emigrants from these communities now residing in North America, Europe and Australia. The mounting public awareness on prevention of congenital and genetic disorders in offspring is driving an increasing number of couples contemplating marriage and reproduction in highly consanguineous communities to seek counseling on consanguinity. The article discusses the different type of measures that can be taken by a consanguineous couple before and after marriage to avoid genetic disorders in their progeny.

The rising demand for sustainable and biocompatible materials in biomedical applications has led to significant interest in green-synthesized nanoparticles. This review explores the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Prunus dulcis (almond gum) as a natural capping and stabilizing agent, with a focus on their potential to enhance in vivo wound healing. Almond gum, a natural biopolymer, offers numerous benefits, including biodegradability, water solubility, and bioactivity, which improve the stability and biocompatibility of AgNPs while reducing environmental impact. The unique properties of almond gum-capped AgNPs, such as enhanced antimicrobial efficacy, anti-inflammatory effects, and antioxidant activity, make them particularly advantageous for wound healing applications. We analyze the mechanisms through which AgNPs promote wound repair, including bacterial inhibition, collagen synthesis, and angiogenesis, while mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation. Furthermore, in vivo studies demonstrate accelerated wound closure, reduced infection, and minimized inflammation, underscoring the clinical potential of these biogenic nanoparticles. This review also addresses current challenges, such as production scalability, nanoparticle consistency, and the need for comprehensive toxicity studies to optimize AgNPs for medical use. The findings indicate that almond gum-capped AgNPs represent a promising, eco-friendly alternative for wound care, contributing to advances in regenerative medicine through sustainable nanotechnology.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterised by the inability of the pancreas to produce the hormone insulin in accordance with the body's requirements. Diabetes mellitus is a lifelong disease and, as yet, there is no cure. The costs associated with diabetes mellitus drugs are currently quite expensive. The utilisation of traditional medicinal practices involving the use of medicinal plants represents an alternative treatment option that employs natural ingredients with minimal side effects. One such example is the use of bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.), which has been demonstrated to possess antidiabetic properties. The objective of this study was to ascertain the antidiabetic efficacy of a bitter melon fruit extract suspension formula. This study employed an experimental methodology, whereby a suspension formulation of bitter melon fruit extract was prepared with three distinct doses. A total of 25 male white mice, induced with alloxan, were selected as test animals and divided into five treatment groups. Group X1 received a dose of 150 mg/kg b.w., Group X2 received a dose of 300 mg/kg b.w., Group X3 received a dose of 450 mg/kg b.w., while the negative control and positive control groups were also included. The data were subsequently analysed using the statistical software package SPSS (version 27), which included tests for normality, homogeneity, one-way ANOVA and the T-test. The findings of this study indicate that the treatment group, which received a suspension of bitter melon fruit extract at a dose of 450 mg/kg bw, exhibited a superior efficacy in reducing blood glucose levels, approaching the level observed in the positive control group.

Objectives: To know the level of cotinine concentration in the saliva of children exposed to secondhand smoke and know the link between smoke exposure and gingivitis. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 100 children from Riyadh Colleges of Dentistry and Pharmacy between the ages of 6 - 12 years. A questionnaire was conducted on the parents of the children to find out their smoking behavior. The sample (children) was separated into two categories: category (A) children exposed to secondhand smoke as a test sample and numbered 50 children (23 boys and 27 girls), category (B) children not exposed to smoking as an ideal sample and numbering 50 children (24 boys and 26 girls). Index of dental plaque (calculus), gum index, presence of pigmentation and saliva sample collection were recorded from each child from the two groups. Furthermore, the level of cotinine in saliva samples was determined using the ELISA technique. Results: The concentration of cotinine in saliva is prominently present in samples of children category (A) compared to category (B). A positive correlation was observed between the number of cigarettes consumed and the concentration of cotinine in saliva. On the other hand, no relationship was found between gingivitis and the concentration ratio Cotinine. The likelihood of pigmentation in children exposed to secondhand smoking is 1.14 times higher than in other children. Conclusions: Secondhand smoke can raise the concentration of cotinine in saliva and stimulate the presence of pigmentation in children's gums.

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with significant maternal and fetal complications, including preterm delivery, macrosomia, and neonatal hypoglycemia. Elevated serum ferritin levels, a marker of inflammation and oxidative stress, may exacerbate these risks. This study was aims to determine if serum ferritin elevation is a marker of adverse maternal and fetal outcome in pregnancies complicated by GDM. Method: A case control study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka from September 2020 to August 2021. 42 pregnant women at 2nd 3rd trimester attended for antenatal care diagnosed as GDM was selected as cases and 42 non-diabetic pregnant women matching with cases by age and gestational age was selected as control are included this study. GDM was diagnosed by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The serum ferritin level of these patients was measured. Results: Elevated serum ferritin was significantly associated with GDM (p<0.05). GDM women had higher rates of obesity (p=0.005), preterm delivery (30.9% vs. 16.6%) and term delivery was less in case group (69.05%) than controls (83.33%) . In neonates of GDM mothers macrosomia rates were 26.19% in case group and 14.3% in control group. Hypoglycemia was 16.6%, respiratory distress 11.9% and NICU admissions 21.4% (p<0.05 vs controls). Conclusion: Elevated serum ferritin is a strong predictor of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes in GDM pregnancies. These findings suggest that ferritin could serve as a biomarker for identifying high-risk pregnancies. Incorporating ferritin screening into antenatal care may facilitate early risk stratification and targeted interventions.

Assistive technology is utilized in Zanzibar primary schools and Tanzania at large. However, there is a shortage of information on its impacts on enhancing academic achievement due to the scarcity of studies conducted in this area. Therefore this study’s main purpose was to explore the assistive technology’s impacts on enhancing academic achievement for students with visual impairments in Zanzibar primary schools. In addition, the study sought to examine barriers that students with visual impairment face while utilizing assistive technology during the teaching and learning process. The study utilized a qualitative approach, with 28 participants using interviews, focus group discussions, and observations for data collection. The data was transcribed, coded, categorized and then analyzed using the thematic analysis method. The findings of this study indicated that assistive technology has a great impact on enhancing academic achievement for students with visual impairments hence it improves the learning capability of learners. The findings also revealed several barriers faced by students during the utilization of assistive technology including limited teaching and learning resources especially those written in Braille and overcrowded classes. Based on these findings, the study recommended that the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training collaborate with educational stakeholders such as NGOs, teachers and parents to enhance efforts in providing adequate and relevant assistive devices and teaching and learning materials for both teachers and students with visual impairments.

Medicinal plants have been integral to traditional medicine for millennia, serving as vital resources for treating a wide range of ailments. This review explores the importance of these plants, focusing on their antioxidant properties and the phytochemicals responsible for their therapeutic effects. Approximately 10% of vascular plants are recognized for their medicinal qualities, with natural antioxidants, particularly phenolic compounds and flavonoids, playing a crucial role in health maintenance by scavenging free radicals. The review delves into the molecular mechanisms underlying antioxidant activities, including both enzymatic and non-enzymatic defenses, emphasizing their significance in combating oxidative stress. Notably, members of the Lamiaceae family exhibit diverse species with potent antioxidant capabilities. Various in vitro models are evaluated to assess these antioxidant properties, highlighting the potential of medicinal plants as sustainable sources of natural antioxidants. The findings underscore the relevance of these plants in modern pharmacology and nutrition, advocating for further research to standardize extraction methods and identify specific active compounds. Ultimately, the continued exploration of medicinal plants can contribute significantly to public health and the development of innovative therapies rooted in nature, enhancing our understanding of their role in promoting health and preventing disease.

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a condition characterized by recurring ulcers in the mouth, causing significant discomfort and pain. Its cause remains unclear, and there is currently no known cure. When conventional treatments fall short, seeking help from Guan Yin Citta Dharma Door can be beneficial. This approach has demonstrated effectiveness in treating over 20 rare and intractable diseases, as documented in our previous reports. In this article, we explore the causes of RAS and investigate whether it can be effectively treated through practicing Dharma. Our findings suggest that RAS is related to karma, particularly verbal karma. By addressing and resolving this karma through Dharma practices, a complete cure can be achieved.

Hydrogen serves as an optimal fuel for engines. Pure hydrogen engines do not generate carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions; instead, they encounter significant nitrogen oxide emissions. Inner-engine control and outer-engine control are two methods to reduce NOx emissions. Outer-engine control primarily mitigates NOx emissions by selective catalytic reduction (SCR), a process that has been extensively researched. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of research about NOx emission regulation in pure hydrogen engines via internal engine management. This work utilised the closed homogeneous reactor (CHR) in Chemkin Pro to model the primary NOx emission control within pure hydrogen engines. The findings indicate that single exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) reduces NOx emissions by 45.3% at an EGR ratio of 20%, suggesting that the reduction in NOx emissions is not substantial. Nonetheless, EGR combined with lean burn reduces NOx emissions by 96.31% at a λ of 1.4 and an EGR ratio of 20%, resulting in ultra-low NOx emissions from pure hydrogen engines. In comparison to single EGR and EGR combined with lean-burn, SNCR is more effective for NOx emission control. An NH3 ratio of merely 10% can reduce NOx emissions by 96.32% in pure hydrogen engines, whilst a 15% NH3 ratio can attain zero NOx emissions in pure hydrogen engines without necessitating a high λ value or EGR ratio. It is essential to precisely regulate the NH3 ratio in the cylinder; otherwise, residual NH3 may be generated, leading to environmental pollution.

Diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disorder marked by hyperglycemia, affects millions worldwide. This study explores the antidiabetic potential of ethanolic extract of Pongamia pinnata leaves (EEPPL) using dexamethasone-induced diabetic rat models. EEPPL was prepared via Soxhlet extraction and tested in five groups (n=6 each): normal control (saline), positive control (dexamethasone 1 mg/kg), standard (metformin 40 mg/kg), low dose (EEPPL 250 mg/kg), and high dose (EEPPL 500 mg/kg). Treatments were administered for 10 days, with assessments on day 10 including body weight, fasting blood glucose (FBS), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), lipid profile, lipid peroxidation, and catalase levels. In vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase assays were also conducted with acarbose as a reference. Results showed significant antidiabetic and antioxidant effects in dexamethasone-induced diabetic rats. The standard group had highly significant improvements in FBS and OGTT. The high-dose EEPPL group exhibited moderate to highly significant effects on FBS, OGTT, and lipid profile, with weight improvements and reductions in cholesterol levels. Antioxidant assessments revealed reduced lipid peroxidation and increased catalase activity in the high-dose group. The in vitro assays demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, comparable to acarbose. In conclusion, the study suggests that EEPPL has notable antidiabetic and antioxidant properties, supporting its potential as a natural therapeutic for managing diabetes and oxidative stress.

Hypertension is the disease with the highest prevalence in Indonesia. Prevalence of hypertension in the elderly aged 55-75 years and above, which is 62.63% of the overall percentage of people with hypertension. However, many elderly people are not aware and responsive to the treatment of hypertension. The use of anti-hypertensive drugs is often not taken with good procedures. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness and side effects of anti-hypertensive drugs consumed by the elderly in Kalijaga. Sampling using purposive sampling technique with a sample of 30 respondents with blood pressure criteria ≥140/90 mm Hg. Data analysis used wilcoxon and chi-square tests. The results showed a significant effectiveness after the administration of anti-hypertensive drugs as shown by 26 people reaching the target blood pressure therapy. Many of the side effects felt were derived from the use of anti-hypertensive drugs.

Infertility has caused a lot of psychological traumas to married women who have not given birth to any child or those who could not give birth again after their first birth at their matrimonial home. Child bearing is the most important reason why most couples got married and if that sole aim is not achieved, it becomes a taboo in some culture in Africa. The aim of this study is to evaluate the Psychological Effects Arising from Infertility Amongst Married Women in South-South Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional study involving 350 married women who were within the age of 18 to 47 years. A well-structured questionnaire was administered to participants. Each participant had one questionnaire to fill appropriately and independently after instructions were given to them by the Research Assistants. The study lasted for a period of 3 months. Statistical analysis of data was done using SPSS Version 25 and P value < 0.05 was considered significant for data. The research findings revealed that the majority (71.4%) of the participants were between 28 – 32 years of age and 57 .1% had tertiary level of education. The study shows that 71.4% of the participants have not got pregnant, 28.6% have gotten their first pregnant, 42.5% had married for a period between 2-4years, 85.7% are eager to get a child, 71.4% do not have a child and 28.6% have only a child. The study also, shows that 85.7% of the participants were bordered and 91.4% were passing through several degree of psychosocial trauma. Again, the research revealed that 82.9% of the participants were passing through pressure or stress and 91.4% of the women have been abused for not conceiving. Also, 85.7% of the participants had increased in their blood pressure after undergoing medical check-up and 91.4% had depression. The study revealed that 71.3% of the women revealed that their husband is planning to take a new wife and 60.5% said their husband have already taken a new wife. The research findings revealed that 82.9% of the participants do not socialize, 74.3% said their husband do not love them again and 57.1% of the participants have pushed out of their matrimonial homes.

Sexual urge is a drive for sexual intercourse and orgasm is the peak at which the ladies involve in sexual intercourse intercourse attained and at this stage of orgasm, they are more receptive for sexual activity, more romance and show of enjoying the sexual activity through pronouncing different sounds. Recently, most women have lost sexual urge (drive) even when sex is preceded by sexual stimulation or sexual fondling or sexual caress by their male partners. And because sexual urge is lost, orgasm can not be attained. The aim of the study is to evaluate the Rising Trend of Lack of Sexual Urge and Orgasm Among Females in the Niger Delta. This was a cross-sectional study involving 250 married women who were within the age of 18 to 47 years. A well-structured questionnaire was administered to participants. Each participant had one questionnaire to fill appropriately and independently after instructions were given to them by the Research Assistants. The study lasted for a period of 3 months. Statistical analysis of data was done using SPSS Version 25 and P value < 0.05 was considered significant for data. The results’ shows the participants were between 18-22 and 43-47 years of age. Again, that 24.0% of the participants were single, 60.0%) were married, while 16.0% were divorced, 68.0% lack sexual urge, 40.0% have experienced it in 4 years, 68.0% have difficulty in reaching orgasm during sex, and 76.0% passed through stress.