The goal of this paper is to derive the Lie algebra of Killing vector fields for the locally rotationally symmetric Bianchi type-I spacetime within the framework of f(Q) gravity, where f(Q) gravity is a modified gravitational theory that extends General Relativity by introducing a function of the non-metricity tensor Q to explore alternative models of gravity. To achieve this, various algebraic methods and direct integration techniques are employed. Different metric functions are analyzed, and the associated Killing vectors are determined for each case. It is observed that the spacetime under investigation can support either4, 6, or 10 Killing vector fields.

Background: Cystic hygroma is a congenital lymphatic malformation frequently associated with chromosomal abnormalities, hydrops fetalis, and high fetal mortality. Diagnosed predominantly in the first trimester, late-detected cases often present severe complications and poor prognosis, particularly in low-resource settings with limited access to advanced diagnostic modalities. Case Presentation: We report the case of a 30-year-old third gravida woman in Bangladesh who presented at over 24 weeks’ gestation with amenorrhea and a prenatal ultrasound indicative of cystic hygroma, pleural effusion, and oligohydramnios. Initial ultrasound findings included a large cystic mass at the fetal neck, pleural effusion, and body hyperflexion, suggestive of fetal hydrops and cystic hygroma. Serial ultrasounds confirmed persistent cystic hygroma, increased pleural effusion, and ascites, alongside declining amniotic fluid levels. Limited access to genetic testing restricted comprehensive diagnostic evaluation. The case highlights the high-risk nature of late-diagnosed cystic hygroma, especially where resource constraints limit available interventions. Conclusion: This case underscores the poor prognosis of cystic hygroma in advanced gestation, emphasizing the importance of early screening, regular prenatal visits, and improved access to genetic counseling and non-invasive diagnostic technologies. Future research should prioritize affordable diagnostic tools for low-resource healthcare environments to support timely diagnosis and management.

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of cancer-related mortality globally, with a strong association with chronic liver disease, particularly cirrhosis. In cirrhotic patients, the overlapping clinical manifestations of HCC and underlying liver dysfunction complicate timely diagnosis and management. Understanding the clinical characteristics of HCC in this population is essential for improving outcomes. Objective: To evaluate the clinical characteristics of HCC in cirrhotic patients, focusing on differences in liver function, demographic profiles, and etiological factors. Methodology: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, between December 2019 and August 2020. The study included 66 participants divided into two groups: cirrhotic patients with HCC (n=33) and cirrhotic patients without HCC (n=33). Data were collected through clinical, biochemical, and radiological assessments, with HCC diagnosis confirmed via fine-needle aspiration. Statistical analysis included t-tests, Chi-square tests, and ROC analysis. Results: The mean age of HCC patients was 49.85 ± 14.40 years, with 87.9% male predominance, similar to the cirrhosis group (mean age: 46.15 ± 11.06 years, 72.7% male). Significant differences were observed in prothrombin time (p=0.002), INR (p<0.001), and serum albumin (p=0.009), indicating relatively preserved liver function in HCC patients. HCC patients predominantly fell into Child-Pugh class B (54.5%), whereas cirrhotic patients were more commonly class C (39.4%, p=0.037). Hepatitis B virus (HBV) was the leading etiological factor in both groups, with HBsAg detected in 84.8% of HCC and 93.9% of cirrhotic patients. Conclusion: HCC in cirrhotic patients presents with distinct clinical and biochemical profiles, including better-preserved liver function and higher serum albumin levels compared to cirrhotic patients without HCC. The high prevalence of HBV in the region underscores the need for targeted surveillance and early intervention strategies. Further multicenter studies are recommended to validate these findings and enhance diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

Background: Cirrhosis is a chronic liver condition characterized by significant morbidity and mortality. Hepatic encephalopathy (HE), a neuropsychiatric complication of cirrhosis, is associated with vitamin D deficiency, which may exacerbate liver dysfunction. Understanding the clinical and laboratory characteristics of cirrhotic patients with and without HE is crucial for improving management strategies. Objective: To evaluate the clinical characteristics of cirrhotic patients and investigate the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the severity of HE. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, from December 2019 to August 2020. A total of 54 cirrhotic patients were divided into two groups: 27 with HE (cases) and 27 without HE (controls). Clinical history, physical examination, and laboratory parameters, including serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, were assessed. Data analysis involved chi-square tests, t-tests, and ANOVA, with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: The mean age of participants was 50.2 years, with a male predominance (63%). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were significantly lower in patients with HE (6.6 ± 2.1 ng/ml) compared to controls (13.6 ± 4.2 ng/ml; p < 0.0001). Vitamin D levels decreased progressively with higher HE grades. Cases exhibited significantly higher serum bilirubin, prothrombin time, INR, Child-Pugh scores, and MELD scores than controls (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency is strongly associated with the severity of HE in cirrhotic patients. Lower vitamin D levels correspond to higher grades of encephalopathy, emphasizing its potential role in HE pathophysiology. Future studies should explore the therapeutic implications of vitamin D supplementation in this population.

This work explores the optimum tensile strength and hardness of AISI 1018 low carbon steel plate welded joint using an E7018 electrode. The effect of metal metal arc welding process parameters namely; welding current and welding travel speed on AISI 1018 low carbon steel samples. The optimum performance of weld joints has been assessed based on the ultimate tensile strength and hardness of welded joints considering the welding current and travel speed variation. Taguchi-based L4 orthogonal array has been considered for the design of the experiment. The welding parameters on Tensile strength and Hardness of AISI 1018 low carbon steel plate welded joints were evaluated. The results show that there was no significant effect in current variation from 80A to 100A on the Ultimate Tensile strength and hardness of AISI 1018 low carbon steel plate with an average UTS and hardness of 434MPa and 122, respectively. However, it seemed that the welding travel speed of 20 to 21 mm/s, slightly affected the ultimate tensile strength and the hardness.

Introduction: Twin pregnancies present unique challenges for both maternal and neonatal health. These pregnancies are associated with an increased risk of complications, such as preterm labor, growth restrictions, and higher rates of perinatal mortality. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at the Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics in Dhaka Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka, from January 2008 to December 2008. Total number of cases were 132. Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. A descriptive method was adopted in this study. Result: In this study of 132 twin pregnancies, 1.47% of deliveries were twins. Most patients were aged 20-35 years and multiparous. Preterm births accounted for 40.15%, with 43.93% of pregnancies reaching full term. Common maternal complications included premature labor (50%) and anemia (37.87%). The perinatal mortality rate was 10.98%, with prematurity (40.15%) being the leading cause of morbidity. Most twins had favorable APGAR scores (79.3% at 1 minute, 91.2% at 5 minutes), and birth weights were predominantly between 1.6-2.5 kg. Conclusion: This study concludes that twin pregnancies pose significant maternal and neonatal risks, including preterm labor, anemia, and hypertensive disorders in mothers, as well as prematurity and respiratory distress in neonates. However, the majority of neonates showed favorable outcomes with improved APGAR scores over time. While perinatal mortality was relatively low, proper management and early intervention are crucial in improving outcomes.

The tourism and hospitality industries are vital to the global economy, employment market, and cross-cultural interchange of nations. Libya is ripe for growth in the tourist sector thanks to its varied landscapes, rich historical legacy, and cultural attractions. The aim of this research is to analyze the effect of Tourist destination online content (TDOC) perceptions on satisfaction, behavioral intentions, and digital marketing interactions; to analyze the effect of satisfaction and digital marketing on behavioral intentions of tourists; and as mediation variable between tourist behavioral intentions and TDOC perceptions. The population in this study were individuals involved in tourism and hospitality activities in Libya. This research is quantitative research, where sampling technique used was non-probability sampling (purposive sampling). The number of samples used in this study was 300 respondents, the data collected using a questionnaire. The data analysis technique used in this study was Partial Least Square (PLS) using Smart PLS version 4.0 software. The result showed that Tourist destination online content perceptions have a positive impact on their satisfaction, Tourists’ TDOC perceptions positively impact their behavioral intentions, Tourists’ TDOC perceptions significantly and positively affect digital marketing interactions, Satisfaction can't mediates between tourist behavioral intentions and TDOC perceptions, Satisfaction significantly and positively affects the behavioral intentions of tourists, Digital marketing interactions have a positive impact on the behavioral intentions of tourists, Digital marketing can't mediate tourist behavioral intentions and TDOC perceptions. The implications of the study highlight the importance of engaging digital content, social media optimization, and improving tourist satisfaction in Libya's tourism sector. It recommends active use of social media, focusing on service quality, and training industry players to design effective digital marketing campaigns to enhance tourist engagement and behavioral intentions.

This study investigates the dynamic behaviour of an elastically supported uniform Rayleigh beam subjected to the passage of moving distributed masses with varying velocities, where the loading conditions vary arbitrarily with time. The motion of this problem is described by a fourth-order partial differential equation, which governs its behaviour. The beam’s non-stationary response under such dynamic loading scenarios is analysed using the weighted residual method, which converts the governing equation into a sequence of linked second-order differential equations to facilitate the analysis. A rewritten version of Struble’s asymptotic method further simplifies the transformed governing equation. This modification aids reduction in the complexity of the equation. The closed-form response is contrasted for the acceleration and deceleration motion. The study thoroughly examines how different velocities and frequencies of the moving force affect the dynamic behaviour of the beam. Key aspects explored include the influence of axial force, foundation modulus, and shear modulus in the support structure, the impact of varying mass distributions, and the time-dependent nature of the applied loads. The results help further understand the structural dynamics in complex environments and offer insights into optimising the design and performance of similar systems under non-stationary dynamic loads.

Acid attacks, a heinous act of violence, continue to inflict immense suffering on victims worldwide. This article explores critically the root causes of acid attacks, highlighting their connection to patriarchal norms, societal inequalities, and personal discords. The devastating physical, psychological, and socioeconomic consequences of survivors are examined, underlining the challenges they face in their recovery and reintegration. The paper analyzes the legal and social responses implemented in various countries, including Nepal, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, the United Kingdom, Uganda, and Cambodia. By analyzing these responses, the paper assesses their effectiveness in prevention, prosecution, and ensuring justice for victims. Ultimately, this paper calls for increased public awareness, strengthened legal frameworks, improved access to healthcare, and comprehensive support services to minimize pervasive scourge and empower survivors.

This study systematically examines the knowledge and practices of Peripheral Intravenous Catheterization (PIVC) among nursing professionals at the Armed Forces Hospital in King Abdulaziz Air Base (AFH-KAAB) in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. The primary objective is enhancing success rates and minimising complications associated with intravenous cannulation through improved training methodologies. Employing a mixed-methods approach, this research integrates qualitative insights from clinical practice and focus group discussions with quantitative data analysis. Data were collected using a self-administered survey and analysed using SPSS Version 29. The survey encompassed socio-demographic information, sources of knowledge concerning PIVC, and specific practices associated with PIVC. The findings reveal that socio-demographic factors significantly impact knowledge and practice levels, underscoring the need for tailored educational resources. The study concludes that implementing targeted interventions to enhance nurses’ knowledge and skills in PIVC can significantly improve patient safety, increase success rates, and lead to more favourable healthcare outcomes. These findings provide critical insights for developing customized training programs and educational initiatives to elevate nurses’ competency and proficiency in PIVC. Ultimately, these efforts contribute to achieving zero harm in intravenous care and optimising healthcare quality by reducing patient harm.

Technology has found its way slowly but surely into the classroom. This calls for the need to write on the title “Utilization of Digital Methods of Teaching for Interactivity and Effective Teacher Delivery at Basic Levels in Kaduna State.” Teachers are now exposed to using technological facilities in the instructional process to increase their abilities to use ICT gadgets for individualized instruction and assessment, arousing learners’ interest, retaining attention, and facilitating assimilation, understanding, recall, interaction, and collaboration. COVID-19 has opened a new normal in the classroom, where the sudden closure of schools calls for virtual or digital instruction. This technology can be applied to inject content, ideas, or encourage interactivity with or without a teacher. Trainees and teacher educators need to be exposed to these digital methods of teaching to remain updated, relevant, and technology-compliant. The paper discusses the nature and characteristics of technology-based methods, identifies six digital instructional methods for effective facilitation in the 21st century, and presents the processes, resources, problems, and recommendations for effective utilization. These elements are discussed in the paper for innovation and sustainability in Teacher Education.

The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction at fitness facilities. This type of research is quantitative with a correlation method, sample selection using accidental sampling consisting of: 1) 64 respondents who train at the gym, 2) 114 respondents who train at a fitness studio (type of training: training zumba, pilates, yoga, calisthenics, poundfit, TRX, body combat), 3) 82 respondents who train at a swimming pool or sports field (type of training: soccer, fun football, futsal, badminton, basketball, tennis). The questionnaire on the indicators in Service Quality is Tangibility, Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance, Empathy, then the indicators in Satisfaction are Complaints and Suggestions System, Comfort and Safety, Communication. The results of this study are that Service Quality has a positive effect on Satisfaction 0.000, then the correlation value is 1) facilities in the gym r = 0.636, 2) facilities in the fitness studio r = 0.687, 3) facilities in the swimming pool or sports field r = 0.504. The conclusion of this study confirms the importance of service quality in improving customer satisfaction in fitness facilities. For further research, it is recommended that the data collection time be extended. Then, broader research with a larger population is also needed to obtain more representative results.

Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis (PVNS) is a joint disorder characterized by benign but locally aggressive proliferation of the synovial membrane. The localized form is rare, and its nonspecific symptoms make diagnosis challenging. We report a case of localized PVNS of the knee in a 47-year-old man. Arthroscopic resection resulted in complete recovery, with total and permanent resolution of symptoms and no recurrence.

Examining end-of-life care considerations within an Islamic context, the discussion delves into the intricate nuances surrounding ECMO patients. Drawing from Quranic teachings and Hadith principles, it underscores the sanctity of life and emphasizes compassionate decision-making. Advocating for integrating religious perspectives in healthcare highlights the importance of open dialogues, consultation with religious authorities, and respect for individual values. Islamic beliefs on life, death, and destiny shape the discourse on end-of-life care, focusing on dignity and quality of life preservation. Proposing a compassionate approach to ECMO discontinuation, the narrative emphasizes early consultations, transparent communication, shared decision-making, and advanced care planning for a dignified end-of-life journey.

Topical drug administration is a localized drug delivery system anywhere in the body through Optimized invasomal formulation was sealed in 10ml glass vial and stored at refrigeration temperature (4 - 8°C) and room temperature for one month. Entrapment efficiency, physical appearance was determined at regular intervals ophthalmic, rectal, vaginal and skin as topical routes. Skin is one of the most readily accessible organs on human body for topical administration and is main route of topical drug delivery system. Invasomes are considered an inventive drug delivery system for the transdermal route. It improves the permeability of drugs across the skin layers which limits the absorption of poorly permeated drugs. It is also used for enhancing the efficacy and duration of action for drugs that had first-pass metabolism in the liver requires multiple daily doses. Invasomes contain unique components (Phospholipids, terpenes and ethanol) that act as safe and effective drug permeation enhancers across skin layer. Bacitracin is a cyclic polypeptide antibiotic used to prevent wound infections, treat pneumonia and empyema in infants, and to treat skin and eye infections. Bacitracin (200mg) was loaded in to invasomes by mechanical dispersion technique using Phospholipon 90H, terpene (Limonene) and ethanol, The optimized Bacitracin -loaded invasomes was incorporated into carbopol 934p (0.5 to 2%) solution to get a hydrogel for improving convenience in superficial application. FT-IR studies revealed no interaction between the drug and excipients. The formulated hydrogel formulation was evaluated with parameter pH, viscosity, gel strength, drug content, spreadability, in-vitro release test, washability, extrudability study and stability studies. The formulation IG-2 showed a drug content of 98.74% and drug release of 99.85% in 12hrs, which contains carbopol 934p concentration 2%w/w. The present work also focuses on making the formulation more pharmaceutically acceptable.